Syzygium Caryophyllatum Research Articles

Green synthesis, characterization, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial applications of silver nanoparticles from Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston leaves

Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston, an ethnobotanically acclaimed antidiabetic plant, was utilized for the first time in this study to synthesize silver nanoparticles (SC-AgNPs). Characterization revealed spherical SC-AgNPs (∼30 nm) with a silver content of 49.10 %, displaying diverse functional groups and significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. SC-AgNPs exhibited notable antidiabetic properties by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, while enhancing glucose uptake in L6 and yeast cells. Moreover, SC-AgNPs demonstrated profound antioxidant activities by scavenging reactive oxygen species, which led to increased catalase activity and decreased glutathione-S-transferase activity. These properties surpassed those of the plant extract. SC-AgNPs were found to show low toxicity towards L6 cells when compared to the contemporary silver nanoparticles. The eco-friendly synthesis method and comprehensive biological assessments highlight the value of this work in advancing nanomedicine for diabetes management.

Antiinflammatory Activity of Syzygium Caryophy Llatum and Syzygium Nervosum (Myrtaceae)

In the present study examined, the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous, hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanolic leaf extracts of Syzygium caryophyllatum and Syzygium nervosum (Family: Myrtaceae) was carried out according to method of Mizushima et al (1968) and Sakat et al (2010) with slight modifications. The absorbance was checked at 660nm against the blank. Acetyl Salicylic acid was used as positive control and water as negative control. The experiment was performed in triplicates for all the test samples. Percentage of inhibition was calculated. Our results indicate that the leaf extracts of Syzygium caryophyllatum and Syzygium nervosum were showed potent anti-inflammatory activity than the standard Acetyl Salicylic acid.

Propagation of Antidesma alexiteria and Syzygium caryophyllatum, two underexploited fruit plants in Sri Lanka: Effect of cutting types, potting media and auxin application

Antidesma alexiteria and Syzygium caryophyllatum are two fruit species found in Sri Lanka of which the commercial development potential has not been fully identified. To bring these fruit species back into cultivation, establishment of suitable propagation systems for mass propagation is important. Therefore, this research was designed to identify suitable potting media, stem cutting types and requirement of auxin for successful vegetative propagation of the two fruit species. Softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings of the fruit trees were planted in three potting media (M1 – topsoil, sand 1:1, M2 – topsoil, sand, compost 1:1:1 and M3 – topsoil, sand, coir dust 1:1:1) under two treatments; T1 – with plant growth reg­ulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and T0 – controls without IAA. Each treatment was conducted with 15 replicates. The cuttings were planted in individual propagators and were kept in a net house of 50% shading under room temperature. Growth performance of the cuttings was monitored in regular intervals (every 28 days) for a period of six months. According to sprouting, survival, and growth performance, both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings are suitable for vegetative propagation of A. alexiteria. The M3 medium showed 100% sprouting and survival but with respect to overall growth performance, the M1 medium was the most suitable for softwoods of A. alexiteria without auxin. Sprouting and survival of semi-hardwood cuttings were 100% with high values of growth parameters in M3 under T1 treatment. The M1 medium without auxin can be recommended for better performance of softwoods while M3with auxin is for semi-hardwoods of A. alexiteria. Softwoods, semi-hardwoods and hardwoods can be recommended for vegetative propagation S. caryophyllatum in M1 medium. Both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings under T1 treatment expressed higher sprouting and survival percentages while semi-hardwood cuttings under T1 treatment have shown the highest sprouting and growth performance. Hence, semi-hardwood cuttings with auxin can be con­sidered as the best planting material for vegetative propagation of S. caryophyllatumwhile M1 is the best medium. The vegetative propagation of S. caryophyllatum and A. alexiteria through stem cuttings can be recommended as suitable mass propagation method for the purpose of commercialization.

Elite screening and nutritional profiling of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston -an underutilized fruit tree

ABSTRACT Syzygium caryophyllatum is an underutilized minor fruit tree that bears globular fruits. When they ripen, they turn a deep purple or black colour. Even though the fruits are edible, consumption is low due to the low proportion of edible parts and limited supply of fruits. In the present study, twenty collections of S. caryophyllatum from various parts of Kerala State, India, were evaluated based on morphological (qualitative and quantitative), and biochemical traits of fruits. The findings revealed a wide range of variation among the collections. Among the selected candidate plus trees (CPTs), one CPT, SC3, appeared as a distinct candidate from all other collections in the dendrogram based on quantitative and biochemical traits. The grouping pattern in cluster analysis results was supported by a scatter plot based on Principal coordinate Analysis (PCoA). Various fruit traits of SC3 showed superiority and thus this tree was selected as the most promising among 20 CPTs with maximum pulp percentage, pulp-to-seed ratio, TSS, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, total sugar, and minimum seed percentage. The nutritional profiling of SC3 fruit showed a vital source of nutritious elements with antinutrient concentrations falling within the acceptable range.

Syzygium caryophyllatum var. abrahamianum (Myrtaceae): a new variety from Kerala, India

A new variety of Syzygium caryophyllatum is described and illustrated.

A REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF Syzygium caryophyllatum

Syzygium caryophyllatum, widely known as wild black plum, belongs to Myrtaceae. The tender leaves of Syzygium caryophyllatum are commonly used by folklore practitioners, particularly for stomatitis, diarrhea, blood-mucous stools, wounds, and ulcers. The plant contains numerous bioactive constituents like terpenoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, glycosides, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, lipids in significant amounts. The plant has reported anti-microbial effects, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. The present review describes the botanical aspects, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological actions of Syzygium caryophyllatum to authenticate its use as a multipurpose medicinal herb.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential in different parts of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston

Studies on oxidative stress and its consequences on human health have gained a lot of attention in recent years. Many diseases are caused by an imbalance between pro-oxidant production and neutralization. Antioxidant principles obtained from plant resources have a wide range of impacts and provide a lot of potential for rectifying the imbalance. These natural antioxidants are recognized to aid in the treatment of variety of human illnesses by inhibiting the formation of free radicals. In the present studies, in vitro antioxidant studies were conducted using methanolic extract of plant parts of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae). The total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were determined after the extraction. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), NO (nitic oxide), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and reducing power assays were done to evaluate antioxidant activities. Maximum levels of polyphenols (431.85±2.34 mg of GAE/g of extract), total flavonoids (201.62 ±3.39 mg of QE/g of extract) and tannins (355.32±1.77 mg of TAE/g of extract) in the bark was recorded. The bark extract showed more scavenging activity with IC50 value for DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide were found to be 6.20±0.001 μg/ml, 13.785±0.196 μg/ml and 79.855±0.003 μg/ml, respectively. When compared to the standard ascorbic acid that is commonly used to measure antioxidant capacity, the leaf, fruit, seed and bark extracts showed remarkable antioxidant activity. The result of this study are encouraging, suggesting that the bark of S. caryophyllatum can be exploited as a potent antioxidant in a variety of formulations for the treatment of disorders resulting from excessive biological oxidative stress.

Antimicrobial activity of Syzygium caryophyllatum L.

Syzygium caryophyllatum L. is a small tree or large shrub grow widely mainly in the tropical area. It is native to India and China. S. caryophyllatum L. belonging to the family Myrtaceae is taken for screening antimicrobial activity. Ethanolic extract of the leaves of Syzygium caryophyllatum was screened for antibacterial activity using Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Activity of ethanolic extract was good when compared to Ampicillin. The antimicrobial activity was determined by Agar diffusion method and also MIC technique. From the result it was found that ethanolic extract of the leaves of Syzygium caryophyllatum exhibited good antibacterial activity against these gram +ve and gram –ve microorganisms.

Antioxidant Efficacy of Selected Underutilized Fruit Species Grown in Sri Lanka

The present study was carried out to determine the vitamin C content, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant efficacy and total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMAC) of twenty-one underutilized fruit species grown in Sri Lanka. Approximately 5g of fruit homogenates was used to determine the vitamin C content while lyophilized aqueous extracts were used to perform in-vitro antioxidant assays. Folin-Ciocalteu’s colorimetric assay was used to determine TPC. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylehydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2’- azinobis- 3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) total antioxidant activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine antioxidant efficacy of fruit extracts, while the pH differential method was used to determine TMAC. The highest TPC (104 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g on dry weight (DW) basis), reducing power (155μmol of ferrous sulphate equivalents/g DW), and the lowest IC50 (0.0004 g of DW/mL) were recorded in Phyllanthus emblica and obtained the first rank in overall antioxidative properties among the tested fruit species. Fruits with the highest total antioxidant activity were Flacourtia indica, Morus alba, Phyllanthus emblica and Syzygium caryophyllatum. The highest TMAC was found in S. caryophyllatum (79 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G)/g DW) and the lowest in Elaeocarpus. serratus (0.29 mg C3G/g DW). Results obtained in this study can be used as baseline data to carry out further research and formulation of food compositional tables. The underutilized fruit species tested could be used assources of natural antioxidants in nutraceuticals and in novel food product development.

Effect of Drying Methods on Antioxidant Activity of Syzygium Caryophyllatum (L.) Fruit Pulp

ABSTRACT The perishable nature and seasonality of fruits make them harder to use in the food industry. Hence, the aim of this study is to preserve antioxidant-rich Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) fruit using different drying techniques and evaluate the efficiency of drying methods in terms of antioxidant capacity. Fruits were dried using five different drying methods, namely, sun drying, dehumidified air drying, oven drying, vacuum drying, and freeze-drying. Highest 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH%) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value retention were observed in vacuum drying and lowest in sun drying. Furthermore, during fruit drying, it is important to maintain the drying time as minimum as possible to minimize the loss of antioxidant activity. Therefore, vacuum drying was selected as the best drying method in preserving antioxidant-rich Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) fruit pulp.

Development of Syzygium caryophyllatum Fruit Pulp Incorporated Rice Flakes

Nutritional quality of rice flakes was enhanced by incorporating Syzygium caryophyllatum fruit pulp while binding it with rice flour by Neolitsea cassia mucilage. Four rice flakes formulations were prepared by altering two variables namely adding with and without leavening agent (Sodium bicarbonate) into the dough and extruded dough flaxes subjected to with and without roller milling manually. According to the results, physical properties, sensorial properties and texture profile analysis of rice flakes prepared from four treatment combinations were significantly difference to each other (p<0.05) except nutritional and antioxidant activities. SC fruit pulp added rice flakes with the leavening agent and subjected to roller milling (F4) was selected as the best rice flake formulation in terms of physical, sensorial and textural properties. Further, TPC, DPPH radical scavenging activity % and FRAP value of this (F4) formulation were 7.86 GAE/100 g, 37.21 and 36.32 TE/100 g respectively.

In vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of black plum (Syzygium caryophyllatum).

Influence of drying, juice processing, and simulated enteric digestion on bioactive constituents and bioactivity of Syzygium caryophyllatum fruit was assessed and compared with fresh blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). Methanolic extracts of fresh fruits and processed products and digesta at different digestion phases were analyzed for phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin, β-carotene, lycopene, and ascorbic acid contents, and antioxidant activities. The results indicated that fresh black-plum possesses higher bioactives content and antioxidant activities compared to processed black plum. The contents of bioactives and antioxidant activities reduced gradually due to gastrocolic digestion. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactives from blueberry, black-plum, and its products showed significant variations. These results highlighted that the alterations in contents of bioactives and antioxidant activities of black-plum due to drying, juice processing, and gastrocolic digestion could potentially influence on bioaccessibility and dialysis or potential bioavailability of bioactives found in black-plums. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present research produced a comprehensive cognition regarding alterations in the contents of bioactive constituents and antioxidant activity of black plum due to drying, juice processing, and gastrointestinal digestion, which can function as a new source of functional food.

Comparative Clinical efficacy of Jambu (Eugenia jambolana Lam.) and Kshudra jambu (Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston.) in Youvana pidaka

Aims: To compare the clinical efficacy of mature leaf of Jambu (Eugenia jambolana Lam.) and Kshudra Jambu (Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston.) in the disease Youvana pidaka (Acne vulgaris like skin manifestation).Introduction: Jambu is said to be two varieties Raja and Kshudra based on overall morphology.These two are said to have same properties, are substituted by each other and their leaf are used for the management of Youvana pidaka in folklore practice.Methods: 30 subjects having signs and symptoms of Youvana pidaka were divided into two groups of 15 each. Group A was administered Jambu patra churna (leaf powder) orally and lepa(face pack) externally once a day and Group B was administered Kshudra Jambu patra churna orally and lepa externally once a day, for a duration of 28 days. Results were assessed using objective parameters like global acne grading scale, extent of lesion, size of pidaka (lesion), healing of pidaka, number of comedones, papule, pustules and nodules, and subjective parameters like itching and srava (discharge) of pidaka. Results were interpreted using suitable statistical tests. Important observation: Jambu and Kshudra Jambu showed highly significant improvement in parameters like GAGS score, number of comedones, size of pidaka, and extent of lesion. Kshudra Jambu was slightly more effective in action than Jambu, but it was statistically insignificant. Results: Jambu and Kshudra Jambu are almost equally effective in the management of Youvana pidaka, but Kshudra Jambu has a slightly higher efficacy.

Antioxidant Activity and Physicochemical Properties Changes of Melastoma Malabathricum (L.) And Syzygium Caryophyllatum (L.) Fruit during Ripening

ABSTRACT Antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of Melastoma malabathricum (L.) and Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) fruit were determined in line with the progressive color development in three maturity stages (MS) such as unripe (MS1-green), intermediate (MS2-light purple) and ripe (MS3-blackish-purple). Antioxidant values in terms of total phenol content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity, as well as physicochemical properties, were increased significantly (P <0.05) with the ripening while decreasing titratable acidity and firmness of both fruits significantly (P <0.05). Color measurements pertaining to lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of both fruits were decreased while increasing the redness (a*) significantly (P <0.05).

Preparation of liquid-core hydrogel beads using antioxidant-rich Syzygium caryophyllatum fruit pulp as a healthy snack.

Reverse spherification is a common technique used in molecular gastronomy to produce innovative products with an improved texture by shaping a liquid into an edible semisolid sphere that gives a burst in the mouth sensation. In this study, liquid-core hydrogel beads (LHBs) were prepared using Syzygium caryophyllatum fruit pulp adapting reverse-phase molecular gastronomy as a minimal processing technique to promote it as a healthy snack. Three types of hydrogel beads were formulated while considering the stability of LHBs. Long-term hardening of fruit juice in sodium alginate solution and the addition of plasticizer was used as two methods to increase the textural stability of LHBs. Results revealed that the addition of the plasticizer imparted to improve all the physical and textural properties of beads; however, it affects the transparency of the hydrogel membrane as well. Although the plasticizer increased the textural stability of LHBs, prolong inlaying them in it (the plasticizer) contribute to occur adverse consequences on the quality. Hence, the inlaying of LHBs in glycerol for 2 min was selected as the best treatment (HBP1). Since HBP1 had a low hardness (125.00 g) and high resilience (0.21), it imparted a chewing gum-like texture to LHBs. Hence, it (HBP1) can be used as a healthy snack. While HBP1 was capable of retained 90% antioxidant activity of fresh fruit of S. caryophyllatum, total polyphenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl scavenging activity %, and ferric reducing antioxidant power value of this formulation were 59.50 GAE/g of dried LHBs, 68.96% and 139.69 TE/g of dried LHBs, respectively.

Analysis of Essential Oils from Leaf of Syzygium hancei Merr. & Perry, Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston and Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & Perry from Vietnam

The essential oils obtained from the leaf of Syzygium hancei Merr. & Perry, Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston and Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & Perry were analysed using gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yields of the essential oils were 0.15, 0.18, and 0.15 (v/w) respectively, calculated on a dry weight basis. The main constituents of the oils were γ-guaiene (11.07 %), β-caryophyllene (9.11 %), cis-calamenene (7.46 %), α- copaene (6.97 %), trans-cadina-1,4-diene (5.09 %) were identified in the leaf of S. hancei. β-caryophyllene (42.53 %), (E)-β-ocimene (19.38 %) and α-humulene (5.37 %) were identified in the leaf of S. caryophyllatum. β- caryophyllene (64.53 %), α-pinene (6.14 %), α-selinene (4.76 %) and α-humulene (4.39 %) were identified in the leaf of S. lineatum. The chemical constituents of essential oils from the leaf of S. hancei and S. lineatum are being reported for the first time. The β-caryophyllene content found S. caryophyllatum in Vietnam was higher than in other region. S. lineatum with a large percentage of β-caryophyllene could be a source to exploit this compound.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of Syzygium caryophyllatum L. Alston.

Syzygium caryophyllatum L. Alston (Family: Myrtaceae, Sinhala: Heendan) is a red-listed plant that has been used in traditional medicine in Sri Lanka for the treatment of diabetes, but it is yet to be exploited for its potential uses as a functional food or a source of supplements. The present study focused on the evaluation of antidiabetic property of S. caryophyllatum fruits and leaves assessing antioxidant, antiglycation, and antiamylase activities and functional mineral element composition. The crude extracts (CR) of leaves and fruits were fractionated into hexane (Hex) ethyl acetate (EA) and aqueous (AQ) and evaluated for bioactivities along with the crude extracts. The isolated fraction (C3) of Hex fraction of fruit showed significantly high (p < 0.05) antiamylase activity with IC50 value 2.27 ± 1.81 μg/mL where the Hex fraction of fruits exhibited the IC50 value as 47.20 ± 0.3 μg/mL which was higher than acarbose (IC50: 87.96 ± 1.43 μg/mL). The EA fraction of leaves showed highest values for DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Significantly high (p < 0.05) ABTS radical scavenging activity and iron chelating activity were observed in Hex fraction of fruit. The composition of volatiles in leaf oil was studied with GC-MS, and 58 compounds were identified. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry data revealed the presence of biologically significant trace elements such as Fe, Zn, Mg, Cu, Se, and Sr in leaves and fruits. It is concluded that the Hex fraction of S. caryophyllatum fruits will be a good source for the formulation of supplements for diabetic management with further evaluation of potency and efficacy.

Characterization of Pigments from the Berries of Syzygium caryophyllatum: Novel Source of Anthocyanins

Extract was prepared from the pulp and peels of the Syzygium caryophyllatum berries. At pH ≤2, the extract showed prominent red coloration and at pH values above 7, the extract attained bluish-green coloration. These typical characteristics indicate presence of anthocyanin pigments in the berries. The yield of the anthocyanins was around 1.9mg per gram wet weight and, around 43% of the anthocyanin pigments appear to be present in polymerized forms. At pH 1.0, the pigments absorbed maximally at 515nm and at pH 9.0, the pigments were found to absorb to a maximum extent in the range of 380-400nm. The colors at alkaline pH were unstable, while the red coloration under acidic conditions was relatively stable when exposed to fluorescent light and temperature of 50°C. Mass spectrum of the extract showed predominance of malvidin and petunidine derivatives in the extract. Syzygium caryophyllatum berries can serve as reservoirs of anthocyanin pigments.&#x0D; Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 291-297

Phenological Patterns of an Endangered Tree Species Syzygium caryophyllatum in Western Ghats, India: Implication for Conservation

In order to understand the vegetative and reproductive phenological behaviour of Syzygium caryophyllatum, the knowledge of the factor influencing leaf flushing, maturation, leaf fall, flowering and fruiting of this tree species is required. The authors used field observations collected over 3 years (2012–2015) at Neeliyarkottam sacred grove, Kannur district, Western Ghats of Kerala, India, to characterize the relationship between phenological pattern and biotic and abiotic (climatic) factors. The relationship between phenological pattern of the selected species and abiotic variables such as precipitation and temperature exhibited significant variation among the species. Flowering begins from second week of March to till May with a peak in April followed by the fruiting. Hand pollination tests indicated that most of the fruits were developed through xenogamous pollination. The breeding test results indicated S. caryophyllatum is self-incompatible and out-crossing is fertile. The foraging activities of some common pollinators on S. caryophyllatum flowers were also studied. The main flower visitors and foragers include honey bees, different varieties of butterflies, wasps, carpenter bees, small flies, bugs and ants. The flowering and fruiting exclusively occur in the dry season and are followed by germination and establishment of seedlings during the subsequent rainy season. The authors conclude that the investigations on the reproductive phenology, floral biology, breeding systems and pollinator visitation are important due to population survival of the species and its evolutionary success.

EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF SYZYGIUM CARYOPHYLLATUM FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES

Objective: It has been well documented that traditional medicinal plants confer considerable antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms.Methods: The present study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Syzygium caryophyllatum against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, and Vibrio cholerae. The aqueous extract was prepared using cold percolation method, and ethanolic extract was prepared in Soxhlet apparatus using ethyl alcohol. Antimicrobial activity is being determined by time-kill assay and minimum inhibitory concentration.Results: From our study, it is found that all tested organisms were sensitive to both aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves of S. caryophyllatum. The ethanolic extract showed better antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. typhi when compare to aqueous extract. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, and saponins in the ethanolic and aqueous extract of S. caryophyllatum. Conclusion: We hypothesize that these active phytoconstitutents might be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of this plant.