Behavior Of System Research Articles

Towards Integrated Safety Assurance Methodology for Autonomous Vessel Navigation Systems

Abstract Safety assurance remains paramount for the realization of autonomous vessels. A robust assurance methodology that can provide traceability throughout the design and verification process is necessary to demonstrate safety equivalence to that of conventional ships. However, there are few references that propose a holistic safety assurance scheme for autonomous ships, using actual engineering processes of ships as examples. This study proposes a design and development method for an autonomous navigation system that integrates Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and several verification methods including simulation-based tests to develop a comprehensive safety assurance scheme. This safety assurance scheme is being conducted as a case study for a newly constructed autonomous vessel. First, STPA can be performed on the conceptual design established by MBSE to extract additional safety requirements from the identified loss scenarios. Focusing on the process model in the loss scenario description leads to a deeper understanding of the system behavior. FMEA in addition identify potential component failure modes and their impact on system safety. The multi-level requirements that emerge from these activities are validated in test scenarios. Simulators are used to evaluate whether the autonomous navigation system’s safety can meet predefined pass criteria in some of the scenarios. These activities ensure traceability from safety goals to design decisions, allowing design changes and their impact on safety to be evaluated throughout the development lifecycle and allowing for more systematic ongoing monitoring during operations.

Dissipative quantum Hopfield network: a numerical analysis

Abstract We present extensive simulations of a quantum version of the Hopfield Neural Network to explore its emergent behavior. The system is a network of $N$ qubits oscillating at a given $\Omega$ frequency and which are coupled via Lindblad jump operators built with local fields $h_i$ depending on some given stored patterns. Our simulations show the emergence of pattern-antipattern oscillations of the overlaps with the stored patterns similar (for large $\Omega$ and small temperature) to those reported within a recent mean-field description of such a system, and which are originated deterministically by the quantum term including $s_x^i$ qubit operators. However, in simulations we observe that such oscillations are stochastic due to the interplay between noise and the inherent metastability of the pattern attractors induced by quantum oscillations, and then are damped in finite systems when one averages over many quantum trajectories. In addition, we report the system behavior for large number of stored patterns at the lowest temperature we can reach in simulations (namely $T=0.005\, T_C$). Our study reveals that for small-size systems the quantum term of the Hamiltonian has a negative effect on storage capacity, decreasing the overlap with the starting memory pattern for increased values of $\Omega$ and number of stored patterns. However, it also impedes the system to be trapped for long time in mixtures and spin-glass states. Interestingly, the system also presents a range of $\Omega$ values for which, although the initial pattern is destabilized due to quantum oscillations, other patterns can be retrieved and remain stable even for many stored patterns, implying a quantum-dependent nonlinear relationship between the recall process and the number of stored patterns.

Numerical and Experimental Study of Raceway Pond For Production of Microalgea in Tunisia

The objective of this work is to enhance the production of microalgae under better conditions from microalgae production units. The system studied is a raceway pond constructed in the city of Monastir in Tunisia. Using the commercial CFD software ANSYS Fluent, a series of simulations were developed to validate the hydrodynamic characteristics of the pond. The results were validated by experimental measurements of the fluid velocity in both channels of the system. The standard turbulence model k-ɛ was used to model the turbulence created by the impeller of the fluid flow. The meshing effect was used to reduce the computation time of the simulation. The effect of the velocity inlet and the position of the paddle wheel in the fluid channels on the system behavior was examined .The effect of the inlet velocity and the position of the paddle wheel in the fluid channels on the system behaviour was investigated. The numerical results show good agreement with the experimental measurements. In fact, the error between the numerical and the experimental results is recorded acceptable and is small than 6.38%.

NIR-ViS-UV broadband absorption in ultrathin electrochemically-grown, graded index nanoporous platinum films.

Nanoporous platinum broadband absorber has attracted interest in thermosensorics and IR photodetection due to its unique properties. In this work we report the physical mechanism underlying broadband absorption in electrochemically-grown, nanoporous Pt films by analyzing NIR-ViS-UV spectral ellipsometry data of nanoporous Pt films in dependence on the Pt film thickness (27, 35, 38, 48nm). For the two thinner films a single layer model with a graded optical index Pt surface layer was used. For the two thicker films a two-layer optical model with a constant optical index Pt substrate layer and a graded optical index Pt surface layer was used. The graded optical index of the Pt surface layer reduces surface reflectivity and the constant optical index Pt substrate layer supports multiple reflections in the Pt film. Finally, we relate the thickness dependent optical index with the nanostructure of the nanoporous Pt film, which can be controlled in the electrochemical growth process. We observed that while in the transverse plane the multilayer exhibits graded refractive index, in the top horizontal planes the multilayer assembly exhibits discontinuous refractive index values due to the distribution of platinum crystal islands in air, which allows a metamaterial behavior of the whole system.

The assembly and dynamics of ecological communities in an ever‐changing world

AbstractAlternative perspectives on the maintenance of biodiversity and the assembly of ecological communities suggest that both processes cannot be investigated simultaneously. In this concept and synthesis, we challenge this view by presenting major theoretical advances in structural stability and permanence theory. These advances, which provide complementary views, allow studying the short‐ and long‐term dynamics of ecological communities as changes in species richness, composition, and abundance. Here, the global attractor, technically named informational structure (IS), is the central element to construct from information of species' intrinsic growth rates and their strength and sign of interactions. The global attractor has four main properties: (1) It contains all the limits of what is feasible and unfeasible of the dynamical behavior of an ecological system, therefore, (2) it provides a thorough characterization of all combinations of species' richness and composition in which species can coexist (i.e., feasible and stable equilibrium), (3) as well as all connections (paths) of assembly between coexisting communities. Importantly, (4) such topology of coexisting communities and their connections changes when environmental (abiotic and biotic) variation affects the ability of species to grow and interact with others. Overall, these four properties allow switching from a traditional evaluation of species coexistence at equilibrium to a much more realistic nonequilibrium perspective where changes in the structure of the global attractor underlie the transient ecological dynamics. Several fields in ecology can benefit from the study of an IS. For instance, it can serve to evaluate community responses after the end of a perturbation, to design restoration trajectories, to study the consequences of biological invasions on the persistence of native species within communities, or to assess ecosystem health status. We illustrate this latter possibility with empirical observations of 7 years in Mediterranean annual grasslands. We document that extremely wet or dry years generate ISs supporting few coexisting communities and few assembly paths. The remaining communities distinguish winners from losers of ongoing climate change and indicate the limits to future community assembly opportunities. A fully tractable operational framework is readily available to understand and predict the assembly and dynamics of ecological communities in an ever‐changing world.

Probabilistic Analysis of Orbital Characteristics of Rotary Systems with Centrally and Off-Center Mounted Unbalanced Disks

Rotor dynamics plays a crucial role in the performance and safety of rotating machinery, with disk position and unbalance significantly impacting system behavior. This study investigates the dynamic characteristics of two rotor configurations: a centrally mounted unbalanced disk (Rotor05un) and an off-center unbalanced disk (Rotor025un). Using numerical simulations and Monte Carlo analysis, we examined critical speeds and orbital patterns for both configurations. Probability distributions of shaft orbital positions revealed distinct patterns for each configuration. Quantile analysis revealed approximate linear trends for Rotor025un, suggesting higher system stiffness and more predictable behavior near critical speeds. Cross-sectional analyses of the orbits provided insights into the complex interactions between disk position, gyroscopic effects, and system natural frequencies. These findings provide valuable insights for rotor system design, particularly for applications with non-ideal mass distributions. The study goes beyond traditional critical speed analysis to examine orbital patterns and point on orbit occurrence from a probabilistic perspective. Based on the simulation of the orbits, an orbital is determined that allows the probability of the shaft occurring at the analyzed distance from the origin to be determined. The paper also offers insights into the complex interaction behavior of chosen rotor configurations and highlights the importance of considering disk position in predicting and optimizing rotor dynamic behavior, contributing to the development of more robust and efficient rotating machinery.

Simulation and performance characteristics of rock with borehole using Visual Finite Element Analysis

Purpose. This study aims to investigate fluid flow and heat transfer within rocks containing boreholes, focusing on the complex mechanisms within hot reservoirs. Non-commercial finite element (FE) software is used to visualize and present the results. Methods. The study involved the use of FE method with Visual Finite Element Analysis (VisualFEA) software to analyze the coupled phenomena of fluid flow and heat transfer in a rock sample. Special attention was given to incorporating material structure and geotechnical analysis in the software, as well as the treatment of cracked elements. In addition, the validation was done by comparing the current numerical solution using VisualFEA with the numerical solution using ANSYS Software. Findings. The study findings highlight the capabilities of VisualFEA software to accurately represent fluid flow, stress, and heat transfer in borehole-containing rocks. The results include insights into flow direction within the borehole, temperature distribution, and the validation of the software performance against expected system behavior. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of VisualFEA in handling complex loading and its ability to visualize multiple flow directions within a 2D model. The results are presented in the form of contours and curves. Originality. This study contributes to the field demonstrating the application of VisualFEA software in analyzing fluid flow and heat transfer in rocks with boreholes. The focus on incorporating material structure, geotechnical analysis, and treatment of cracked elements adds originality to the study, providing a comprehensive understanding of the coupled phenomena in hot reservoirs. Practical implications. The practical significance of this study is in the validation and benchmarking of VisualFEA software for studying fluid flow and heat transfer in geotechnical application. The findings can be utilized by geotechnical engineers and researchers to better understand the behavior of borehole-containing rocks under specific pressure and thermal loading conditions. The insights gained from this study can be used in decision-making processes related to resource mining, reservoir engineering, and geothermal energy use.

A Data-Driven Predictive Control Method for Modeling Doubly-Fed Variable-Speed Pumped Storage Units

In this study, a data-driven model predictive control (MPC) method is proposed for the optimal control of a doubly-fed variable-speed pumped storage unit. This method combines modern control theory with the dynamic characteristics of the pumped storage unit to establish an accurate dynamic model based on actual operating data. In each control cycle, the MPC uses the system model to predict future system behavior and determines the optimal control input sequence by solving the constrained optimization problem, thereby effectively dealing with the nonlinearity, time-varying characteristics, and multivariable coupling problems of the system. When compared with a traditional PID control, this method significantly improves control accuracy, response speed, and system stability. The simulation results show that the proposed MPC method exhibits better steady-state error, overshoot, adjustment time, and control energy under various operating conditions, demonstrating its advantages in complex multivariable systems. This study provides an innovative solution for the efficient control of doubly-fed variable-speed pumped storage units and lays a solid foundation for the efficient utilization of new energy sources.

Analysis of existing control systems for the technological regime of the oil refining process

The control system is a critically important component in every aspect of modern life, especially in oil refining processes. It ensures continuous monitoring and optimization of technological operations such as purification, distillation, and oil heating. Improved performance of such systems leads to increased overall efficiency, which in the long term results in significant savings in resources and energy, as well as enhanced quality of petroleum products. Numerous control systems have been specifically developed for this purpose over the past few decades in response to the ongoing need for improved performance. With this in mind, this article aims to classify and analyze controllers of various types. The transition from conventional to more intelligent adaptive controllers is highlighted along with the relevant principles. Conventional regulators are those designed for linear systems without considering potential parametric changes. Adaptive controllers, on the other hand, have the ability to automatically learn and adapt to the plant’s conditions, ensuring more precise system behavior.

Delineation of the Hydrogeological Functioning of a Karst Aquifer System Using a Combination of Environmental Isotopes and Artificial Tracers: The Case of the Sierra Seca Range (Andalucía, Spain)

The Sierra Seca aquifer system is located in the northeast (NE) of the province of Granada, in the Prebetic Domain (Betic Cordillera). It is composed of different aquifer units hosted in the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous limestones. The two aquifers are separated by a low permeability marl layer, which effectively acts as a barrier between them. To outline the behavior of the hydrogeological system, 407 samples of precipitation and 67 samples of groundwater were obtained from May 2020 to Oct. 2022 and isotopically (δ18O and δ2H) analyzed. For the estimation of the recharge elevation, a new methodology has been applied to estimate the isotopic content of recharge as a function of precipitation. This allowed the evaluation of the vertical gradient of both precipitation (∇Zδ18OP=−2.9 ‰/km) and aquifer recharge (−4.4 ‰/km≤∇Zδ18OR≤−2.9 ‰/km). Therefore, estimating (1) the recharge zone elevation associated with the aquifer system, which is comprised between 1500 and 1700 m a.s.l., and (2) the transit time of recharge to reach the outflow point of the aquifer system, which varies between 4 and 5 months, is possible. Additionally, three tracer tests were conducted to outline the hydrologic connection between the recharge and discharge zones of the aquifer system. The results show that the Fuente Alta spring drains the limestones of the Lower Cretaceous, while La Natividad spring does the same with the limestones of the Upper Cretaceous. In the case of the Enmedio spring, groundwater discharge is related to infiltration through the streambed of the watercourse fed by the Fuente Alta spring.

Graph-logical models for (n, f, k) – and consecutive - k-out-of-n – systems

The article is devoted to methods of constructing graph-logical models of fault-tolerant multiprocessor systems. In particular, systems of the type (n, f, k), linear consecutive-k-out-of-n and circular consecutive-k-out-of-n are considered, which are characterized by the failure of the system when a certain number of consecutive processors fail. Graph-logical models can be used to estimate the reliability parameters of fault-tolerant multiprocessor systems by conducting statistical experiments with models of their behavior in the failure flow. The graph-logical models under construction are based on the basic models with a minimum of lost edges. It is determined that to build a graph-logical model of systems of this type, it is sufficient to calculate the maximum possible number of failed processors at which the system remains in operation. A graph-logical model of a basic system that can handle this number of failures is built, without taking into account the sequence of these failures. The next step is to identify all possible consecutive failures that cause the system to fail. Then, the base model is modified in such a way as to reflect the failure of the system when consecutive failures occur. This means weakening the base model on the previously determined vectors. The proposed methods of model construction can be used both for linear and circular consecutive-k-out-of-n systems and for (n, f, k) systems. A minor difference will be in the calculation of some parameters. The paper describes the calculation of such parameters as the maximum allowable number of failures at which the system remains in an operational state, as well as the calculation of the number of all combinations of consecutive failures at which the system fails. Experiments have been conducted to confirm the model's compliance with the system's behavior in the failure flow. Examples are given to demonstrate the process of building graph-logical models for linear consecutive-k-out-of-n, circular consecutive-k-out-of-n and (n, f, k) systems using the proposed methods.

Assembled self-centering brace with replaceable friction damper for seismic resilience: Development and mechanical behavior research

A novel seismic resilient brace, integrating a replaceable friction damper mechanism with an assembled self-centering device of combination disc springs, has been developed and investigated through experimental research. This brace can be named as the Assembled Pre-pressed Disc-springs Self-centering Replaceable Energy Dissipation (APD-SRED) brace. The working principles, structural configurations, fabrication process and mechanical behaviors of this bracing system were discussed and analyzed firstly in detail. Subsequently, five brace specimens were designed incorporating different axial pre-compression forces within a combination disc springs system and varying friction forces in the damper device. Test results exhibit a stable and repeatable flag-shaped hysteretic responses with satisfactory energy dissipation, which can be implemented under the low cyclic reversed loading. Additionally, it can be noted that the excellent seismic resilience performance can be obtained by maintaining a relative balance between self-centering and energy dissipation characteristics. The stiffness and strength of this brace can withstand cyclical loading without degradation, making superiorities against sequential design earthquakes without the replacement or repair, and facilitating replacement of the friction energy dissipation components to meet different demands. Moreover, the proposed calculation model can be validated accurately predicting the mechanical behavior of the APD-SRED brace by considering friction effects in disc-springs. This validation was achieved through comparisons with experimental results, and several crucial design factors influencing the brace's behavior were analyzed and discussed for practical application in a parametric design. Finally, drawing upon a combination of experimental and analytical studies, this study ultimately presented practical design recommendations.

Experimental and numerical analysis of L-shaped concrete-filled steel tube stub columns

This paper reports experimental and numerical studies on the cross-sectional compression resistance and behaviour of a novel L-shaped concrete-filled steel tube system. The novel composite system is proposed to eliminate concave corners and enhance the confinement of the outer steel tube to the concrete infill. A testing programme was firstly conducted, including nine tensile steel coupon tests, six compressive concrete cube tests and ten stub column tests. Upon testing, all the ten L-shaped concrete-filled steel tube stub column specimens were found to fail by local buckling. Finite-element models were then developed in the finite-element analysis software ABAQUS and validated against test results. The validated models were then employed to perform parametric studies to obtain an additional set of 48 numerical data. Test and numerical results were used to perform a design analysis, in which the suitability of the design rules in the European code EN 1994–1-1, the American specification ANSI/AISC 360 and the Chinese code GB 50936 for the developed L-shaped concrete-filled steel tube stub column system was assessed. The analysis results reveal that both EN 1994–1-1 and GB 50936 yield unsafe compression resistance predictions for the studied L-shaped concrete-filled steel tube stub columns, owing to the improper consideration of the contributions of the outer steel tube and the concrete infill to the overall capacity, while ANSI/AISC 360 offers safe design with high accuracy. The research findings are expected to contribute to the safe and wide use of the proposed novel L-shaped concrete-filled steel tube system in structural engineering and also to the further development of the current international design standards.

Relevance of Finite Element Method in Dentistry Finite with Infinite Possibilities

This narrative review gives an insight into the Finite Element Method (FEM) and its principles comprehensible from a dentist’s point of view along with its applications in different specialties of dentistry. FEM is a method for simulating the behavior of a physical system mathematically. For this, a complex structure is broken down into several smaller components (elements) while still retaining its original characteristics. Subsequently, differential equations are used to explain and solve each component. With the advent of FEM, it became easier to comprehend various elements of oral biomechanics. Biomechanical studies designed in partnership with skilled computer engineers and experienced clinicians not only provide a better insight into the mechanisms of stress distribution but also help prepare customized treatment plans that cater to the requirements of individual patients.

Prototype data analysis of the dynamics of the Venice gate-barriers during an extreme storm event

The MoSE barriers system was designed and constructed at the inlets of the Venice Lagoon (Italy) in order to limit and tame the flooding events in the Lagoon areas and in the City. The success of the design and operation of the system has been demonstrated by the significant reduction in the number and intensity of floods in the lagoon since its beginning of operations in 2020. In this study, we investigate the dynamical behavior of the MoSE system at full-scale by analyzing the barriers behavior during the severe storm event of November 22nd, 2022. In particular, the dynamical response of the Chioggia barrier to waves and storm surge is studied in detail. Spectral analysis of field records, barrier and inlet modal analyses and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) techniques are applied to provide a key for interpreting the actual behavior of such a complex system during a storm event, highlighting dominant frequencies and checking for the occurrence of resonance phenomena. First, a brief review of the experimental and theoretical studies carried out over the past forty years is given. Modal patterns of gates oscillations detected via EOF analysis confirm the presence of the eigenmodes of both the barrier and the inlet; however, the gates oscillations during the considered event are mild and the hydraulic performances of the system are satisfactory for the severe event studied. Further field measurements and future severe events should be studied to reach extended conclusions.

The correlative factors of enterprise culture and enterprise human resource based on data analysis and federated learning

Under the current big topic of enterprise management, how to cultivate, use, and maintain talents is the critical problem of modern human resource management. Based on big data mining, cloud computing, and other related model optimization technologies, this study explores the crucial significance of enterprise culture construction and enterprise human resource management in achieving the business objectives of the entire enterprise. The establishment of this model also means that the enterprise’s profit margin and business indicators have been improved and developed under a certain model. The case results demonstrate that the optimized competency model is significant to studying corporate culture management system behavior, policy analysis, and improving corporate human resource management policies.

Salt weathering resilience in masonry: An accelerated laboratory study involving wind-induced variations

Salt weathering resistance is a critical parameter governing the durability of coastal masonry units and mortars. Accelerated weathering cycles are employed at the laboratory to investigate the responses of substrates and mortars upon exposure to salt, moisture, temperature fluctuations and humidity. In this paper, the individual and synergistic performances of bricks and mortar formulations when exposed to accelerated salt weathering cycles are investigated, incorporating the influence of wind on their resilience. The study examines the behaviour of brick-mortar sandwich specimens and separate specimens of bricks and mortar mixtures comprising cement, dry hydrated lime, fly ash, and limestone. These specimens are exposed to repeated weathering cycles in a 5 % sodium sulphate solution. Along with the mass variations during each weathering cycle, physicomechanical, microstructural, mineralogical and morphological characterization of the specimens are used to compare their salt weathering resistance. The results highlight that the responses of individual masonry components might not collectively translate to the overall performance of the combined system due to hygric resistance, which is minimal when the components have comparable pore size distribution. Higher microporosity (pores of diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm) and mechanical strength enough to resist the crystallization stresses together provide better resistance to salt weathering to the individual mortars. However, pore structure compatibility and pore fraction similarity between the components govern the behaviour of the combined system and, therefore, reflect the better performance of sandwich specimens with brick and lime mortars. The study demonstrated that wind accelerates material degradation during salt weathering through progressive erosion, accelerated evaporation and subsequent formation of isolated thenardite.

Methodology for Real-Time Torque Estimation in a Ship Propulsion Digital Twin

Abstract The safe operation of ships requires the condition of propulsion components to be maintained. Digital twins are a promising alternative for intelligent monitoring of these complex systems. Digital twins require models which ensure that the digital representation is able to mimic the behavior of the physical system. Alternate modeling solutions must be found when intellectual property restrictions or lack of available information limit the usability of physics-based models. This paper considers such a case where a system model of the propulsion system requires a real-time capable model of the propeller hydrodynamic torque. The creation of a data-driven hydrodynamic torque model based on full-scale, operational measurements is discussed. The described method focuses on the significant challenges associated with data cleaning and preparation while also evaluating whether well-known machine learning methods are suited for this application. The methods use speed-over-ground, heading, course, rotational speed, and propeller pitch as inputs. The outputs of the models are the single quadrant propeller torque coefficient and the amplitude of harmonic torsional excitation. These outputs are then combined to create a holistic prediction of the torque. Results indicate that both a polynomial least-squares fit and a shallow neural network predict the mean and the amplitude of harmonic components of the torque well. This prediction can be used to isolate the hydrodynamic torque when more than one torque source is present or to simulate what-if scenarios in a digital twin environment.

Numerical investigation on behaviour of mooring line system for container ship at berth

The constant growth of the world’s maritime industry has led to the need to increase the size of ships as wellas accelerate the trend of moving ports to open sea areas and outside estuaries. Increasing the size of ships,especially container ships, has the potential to cause unsafe ship anchoring in ports. Furthermore, the mooringof ships at the harbor also lacks international guidelines on the layout of the mooring system. Meanwhile, relocating seaports outside estuaries and open seas can create conditions for high winds, high tidal fluctuationsand strong currents to penetrate the port basin. This paper presents a study using the MIKE 21 MA numericalmodel to determine the most optimal mooring layout for a container ship as well as clarify the influence offactors (wind, current, water level and ship’s draft) on the tension force of the mooring lines. The most optimal mooring layout in the study scenarios was uncovered from the simulation results. In addition, wind wasidentified as the factor with the greatest influence on the tension force of the mooring system.

Cerium single atom anchored silver selenide: A high-performance catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction with ultra-low activation energy and enhanced stability

Single-atom catalysts (SAC) have enabled high electrocatalytic activity production because of the enormous active sites bearing catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we report cerium single atom (Cesa) anchored silver selenide (Ag2Se) via metal-chalcogenide interaction for high-performance HER evolution. The designed electrocatalyst possesses extraordinary electrochemical and optical properties, thus the Cesa-Ag2Se could be a potential catalyst for the photo-electrochemical HER process. The sluggish diffusion rate of the Ce atom within the Ag2Se facilitates the high stability and the dispersed Cesa displayed ∼2 eV of energy differences with the Ce dimer proving the formation of dispersed Cesa over Ag2Se is potentially favorable. The minimum energy pathway (MEP) suggested the Cesa-Ag2Se system established only 0.003 eV as an ultra-low activation energy barrier in order to produce H2, which is by far the finest performance of Ag2Se-based thermodynamically favourable catalysis. The accumulated electron density due to the presence of Cesa enabled the presence of a large number of potential active sites (Ce and Ag) for hydrogen adsorption, in addition, the supportive zero band gap of the Ag2Se accelerated the kinetics for HER. Ultimately, we employed the Wentzcovitch cell dynamics-based molecular dynamics study for H* adsorbed Cesa-Ag2Se that suggests the stability of the catalyst for 500 fs. The in-depth HER modelling using the Lennard-Jones force field demonstrated the insightful dynamics behaviour of the catalytical system.