Protection System Research Articles

High-temperature oxidation and ablation behavior of (Zr1/3Hf1/3Ti1/3)C ceramic

With the increasing requirements on thermal protection systems of aerospace aircraft, multi-component ultra-high temperature ceramics (MC-UHTCs) are emerging and considered to be candidate materials. In this work, (Zr1/3Hf1/3Ti1/3)C ceramics were prepared by hot pressed sintering, and the behaviors from oxidation to ablation of the ceramics over a wide temperature range was systematically investigated for the first time. The oxidation rate is controlled by oxygen diffusion at initial stage with high activation energy and is slower at lower oxygen partial pressure. The intermediate layer (Zr,Hf,Ti)CxOy, along with the dense oxide layer formed through preferential oxidation, plays a crucial role in hindering oxygen diffusion. Diffusion of Zr, Hf, and Ti elements during oxidation results in Ti enrichment on the ablation surface, enhancing ablation protection. However, high temperatures and prolonged ablation times cause Ti-rich oxides dissipation and significant evaporation of TiO, resulting a porous surface, compromising ablation protection efficacy.

U.S. State rates of newborns reported to child protection at birth for prenatal substance exposure

BackgroundIn the U.S., the opioid epidemic has revitalized national attention to newborns with prenatal substance exposure (PSE). These newborns and their caregivers have specific health and treatment needs and frequently interact with multiple systems, including child protection systems (CPS). MethodsThis study calculated rates of newborns (less than 15 days old) reported to CPS per 1,000 births due to PSE by state and year using data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). Given the lack of a clear definition of PSE reports in the data, we calculated rates using three different definitions. To examine the relationship between different state laws regarding the mandated reporting of PSE and PSE reports rates, we used panel data analysis. ResultsRates of newborn reports more than doubled between 2011 and 2019. There was extensive state variability of rates including some states that were consistently more than 100 % greater than and others consistently more than 150 % less than the annual national mean. Reporting rates were not associated with state requirements to report PSE, but were positively associated with rates of diagnosed neonatal abstinence syndrome. ConclusionState-level inconsistencies in identification, reporting, and CPS responses prevent a clear understanding of the scope of the affected population and service needs.

Intermediary organizations, international cooperation and the changing social contract: Morocco’s new development model

ABSTRACT In 2021, King Mohammed VI’s appointed commission released a new vision for Moroccan state-society relations: the New Development Model (Nouveau Modèle de Développement, NMD). Presented as a ‘national collective and federative project’, it entailed a social protection system called a ‘social pact’ or ‘social contract’. The King’s vision articulated in the NMD promises changes that many Moroccans have long been calling for. The government has created several intermediary organizations mandated to work on reforms, which reflect citizens’ expectations but keep the pace of change under control. From an international cooperation perspective, these bodies are potential partners for reforms and achieving common development objectives. This article addresses two related questions: what scope of action do Moroccan intermediary organizations have to press for changes to the social contract under the NMD? Do they require international support in fulfilling their roles as change makers? Our analytical framework is based on scholarship exploring political settlements and institutional mandates in neo-patrimonial political systems. We focus on three intermediary organizations relevant to the deliverables of the social contract and discuss the extent to which they push the limits of their mandates to facilitate change. We then turn to the support that international development cooperation could provide.

System theory safety analysis of network malfunction in nuclear power plant distributed control systems

Abstract A secure and highly reliable communication network is a crucial component of the distributed control system (DCS) in nuclear power plants (NPPs), particularly for the protection system. However, there have been numerous reported cases of cyber-attacks in the field of nuclear power, and the cybersecurity threats faced by a DCS are increasing. Given that the DCS is a complex integrated system combining computers, communication, and control with a large number of interactions between components and external interferences, traditional linear safety analysis methods fail to meet its requirements. To minimize cybersecurity accidents caused by potential vulnerabilities, it is necessary to conduct systematic safety analysis on DCS cybersecurity accidents in NPPs. Therefore, this paper selected a specific case of cybersecurity accidents in a NPP for abstract modeling and reproduction. The causal analysis based on system theory (CAST) method was applied to conduct an analysis of the accident causes. It can identify existing vulnerabilities and potential factors impacting the safe operation of NPPs, and countermeasures and recommendations can be proposed. The reference for assessing potential risks and devising solutions can be provided for other DCS communication networks.

Reliability analysis of digital reactor protection systems in floating nuclear power plants

Abstract This paper presents a reliability model for digital reactor protection systems (RPSs) in floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs) that accounts for both the internal characteristics of RPS and the external environment. The internal characteristics of RPS include independent failures and common-cause failures (CCFs) of components, repair behavior, and actuation logic degradation. For the external environment, we incorporated a parts-pressure method and used the environmental factors to describe the impact of marine environment at component level. Detailed Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) algorithm was proposed to solve the reliability models with different environmental factors, and the results showed that the maximum value of the environmental factor was 3.2 under the requirements that the probability for RPS failing to generate the trip signal does not exceed 1 × 10−5 and the spurious trip frequency does not exceed one time per year. Reliability indexes, such as failure probability and spurious trip frequency, were also derived. The 90 % confidence intervals of these two indexes were further calculated in the uncertainty analysis by using the kernel density estimation (KDE) approach.

The Current Situation and Prevention of AI Telecom Fraud: Starting from Personal Information Protection

AI telecom fraud is an act of using artificial intelligence deep cooperation and analysis technology to create false information to lure and deceive individuals and illegal possession of money. With the rapid development of the Internet and AI, the number of AI telecom fraud cases has exploded, so how to prevent AI telecom fraud has become an important issue in society. AI telecom fraud has led to a series of problems, such as the illegal collection and malicious disclosure of personal information, criminals using AI to analyze personal information for fraud, and the industry does not adequately supervise the collection and use of personal information by companies. This article uses case analysis, normative analysis, and comparative research methods to analyze the above three problems and proposes the solution, including establishing a complete legal regulatory system for personal information protection and the prevention and control of AI telecom fraud, and strengthening industry supervision. It is hoped that by applying the above-mentioned solutions, the protection of personal information and the prevention and control of AI telecom fraud can be strengthened, and the development of AI telecom fraud prevention and control in China can be promoted.

Optimal Resilience and Risk-Driven Strategies for Pre-Disaster Protection of Electric Power Systems against Uncertain Disaster Scenarios

Pre-disaster protection strategies are essential for enhancing the resilience of electric power systems against natural disasters. Considering the budgets for protection strategies, the dependency of other infrastructure systems on electricity, and the uncertainty of disaster scenarios, this paper develops risk-neutral and risk management models of strategies for pre-disaster protection. The risk-neutral model is a stochastic model designed to maximize the expected value of resilience (EVR) of the integrated system. The risk management model is a multi-objective model prioritizing the minimization of risk metrics as a secondary goal alongside maximizing the EVR. A case study conducted on the energy infrastructure systems in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) validates the effectiveness of the models. The findings reveal the following: (i) increasing the budget enhances the EVR of the integrated system; however, beyond a certain budget threshold, the incremental benefits to the EVR significantly diminish; (ii) reducing the value of the downside risk often results in an increase in the EVR, with the variation in Pareto-optimal solutions between the two objectives being non-linear; and (iii) whether for the risk-neutral or risk management protection strategies, there are reasonable budgets when considering disaster intensity and the cost of protection measures. The models can help decision-makers to select effective protection measures for natural disasters.

A detection and defense security system design for nuclear waste storage against stealth terrorists attack

Abstract The physical protection system (PPS) is one of the main systems used in nuclear facilities to protect these facilities from terrorist attacks, the possibility of bombing, sabotage, and theft. Installation of a security system for nuclear waste stores from the outside is necessary and very important for early detection and physiological deterrence greater than the internal security system. From this perspective, this work provides a solution for the protection of nuclear waste stores, which means detection and defense systems. This paper introduces an advanced security system and proposes a design for a detection and defense security system for nuclear waste storage against stealth terrorist attacks. The security system that is being suggested will have smart camera surveillance system, electric chock system, intense flashlight barrier, high-intensity sound barriers, and dual-side infrared rays. Three consecutive processes – detection, deterrence, and defense – will be operated around the building of the waste storage. The concept may be implemented by establishing an early detection system to detect any intrusion by terrorist attackers through a protected area surrounded by storage. The following step is deterring the attackers from completing their mission by installing advanced deterrence system and putting delay components along the path of their attack on the waste storage to complicate the mission. Then the defense system is operating to stop terrorist progress. Finally, the work make an evaluation process of the overall security system which has been designed by using EASI program to verify the accepted level of physical protection, maintain the validity and updates of security system components, and follow procedures, rules and requirements of the nuclear regulatory authority at the national level and meet the international IAEA concept and recommendations.

Thermal–Structural Coupled Analysis and Design of a Reentry Capsule with Ablative Thermal Protection Systems

Thermal–Structural Coupled Analysis and Design of a Reentry Capsule with Ablative Thermal Protection Systems

To the problem of the shielding systems efficiency in constructions of extra-high voltage electrical apparatus

In the article, the authors proposed a method for estimating the electric load parameters to calculate the distribution of the electric field strength of the solid insulating structure of gas-filled high-voltage devices with axial symmetry. This structure consists of a support and insulating busbar filled with SF6 gas as an internal insulating medium. This technique allows to evaluate the parameters of the electrical load (voltage and field strength) depen-ding on the design features of the device and the shielding system used to equalize the electric field. The proposed methodology allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the influence of design parameters of the protection system for gas-filled high-voltage equipment (instrument transformers, arresters, surge arresters, etc.) when designing and improving individual design solutions. The calculation results are in good agreement with the data of experimental studies and statistical information obtained as a result of monitoring the operation of insulating structures, taking into account actual operating conditions and the influence of external factors. The implementation of this technique allows us to take into account the influence of external factors and operational characteristics inherent in instrument transformers and surge suppressors. In the proposed methodology, as an example, we consider a supporting insulating coating that is in operation under the most unfavorable conditions, such as external pollution, moisture and their combination, overvoltage of various origins, etc. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the results of calculations using the example of the support-insulating cover of the surge suppressor of the OПН-500 series. A more accurate determination of the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for predicting the field strength distribution parameters under the influence of a shielding system can be achieved by conducting an additional series of calculations and experimental tests of specific insulating structures. Thus, it was concluded that the obtained results can be used to evaluate the external insulation characteristics of both surge suppressors and gas-filled instrument transformers, as well as similar high-voltage equipment of switchgears and transformer substations in conditions of ultra- and transformer substations ultra-high voltages

Workers with disabilities

This article deals, as an object, with the main legal achievements of the protective system established in the search for equalization of conditions and accessibility, in general, for people with disabilities, with a focus on inclusion through work, notably analyzing Decree nº 11,793/23, which establishes the National Plan for the Rights of People with Disabilities. As an objective, it seeks to present the main obstacles still found and active, in the social environment and work-corporate environment, so that this inclusion becomes effective, especially due to ableism, in addition to focusing on the paradigmatic changes in confronting exclusion, found in this process. As a methodology, it uses doctrinal and legal analysis. As a partial result, this gap is indicated between legal formulations, of a formal nature, in comparison with effective inclusion, still marked by misinformation and historical and structural prejudices, naturalized in the social environment.

Exploring the innate immune system of Urechis unicinctus: Insights from full-length transcriptome analysis

The Echiura worm Urechis unicinctus refers to a common benthic invertebrate found in the intertidal zone of Huanghai as well as Bohai Bay. U. unicinctus is known to contain various physiologically active substances, making it highly valuable in terms of its edibility, medicinal properties, and economic potential. Nonetheless, the limited study on the immune system of U. unicinctus poses difficulties for its aquaculture and artificial reproduction. Marine invertebrates, including shellfish and U. unicinctus, are thought to primarily depend on their innate immune system for disease protection, owing to the severalinnate immune molecules they possess. Herein, we employed PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to perform the full-length transcriptome analysis of U. unicinctus individuals under five different conditions (room temperature (RT), low temperature (LT), high temperature (HT), without water (DRY), ultraviolet irradiation (UV)). Concequently, we identified 59,371 unigenes that had a 2,779 bp average length, 2,613 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 59,190 coding sequences (CDSs), 35,166 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and 1,733 transcription factors (TFs), successfully annotating 90.58 % (53,778) of the unigenes. Subsequently, key factors associated with immune-related processes, such as non-self-recognition, cellular immune defenses, and humoral immune defenses, were searched. Our study also identified pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that included 17 peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), 13 Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs), 18 scavenger receptors (SRs), 74 toll-like receptors (TLRs), and 89 C-type lectins (CLTs). Altogether, the high-quality transcriptome obtained data will offer valuable insights for further investigations into U. unicinctus innate immune response, laying the foundation for subsequent molecular biology studies and aquaculture.

Flexural performance of seawater sea sand concrete composite beams enhanced by dual-functional C-FRCM jackets

The flexural performance of seawater sea sand concrete (SSC) composite beams enhanced by the dual-functional carbon-fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (C-FRCM) jackets was experimentally investigated. Five SSC composite beams were constructed and tested in flexure under four-point loading, including one control specimen, one C-FRCM enhanced beam without the presence of the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system, and three C-FRCM jacketed beams implementing the ICCP system (three different current densities: 25, 75 and 125 mA/m2). The failure modes observed and the performance of the strengthened beams with the dual-functional C-FRCM jackets were discussed in details. The results indicated that the C-FRCM jacketing effectively increased the cracking load up to 46.43 % and delayed yielding. The C-FRCM jacket had a relatively small impact on the initial stiffness of the specimens but significantly increased the load-carrying capacity (up to 18 %) and improved ductility. With the increase in current density, the load-carrying capacity gradually decreased, the crack inhibitory effect gradually weakened, but the ductility coefficient increased notably (up to 98 %). Regarding the failure modes of the composite beams, both fiber fracture and fiber slippage coexisted, and with the increase of current density, the latter became more predominant. Based on the design guidelines provided by ACI 549.4R-13, an analytical formula for bending moment was proposed and compared with the experimental results, providing a reference for the design of such components.

Retraction Note: Research on campus network security protection system framework based on cloud data and intrusion detection algorithm

Retraction Note: Research on campus network security protection system framework based on cloud data and intrusion detection algorithm

Indonesia’s social protection system: the relevance of informal social protection to strengthen adaptation to climate change

ABSTRACT Social protection is praised as a multipurpose instrument to protect the most vulnerable people and ensure socioeconomic development. Recently, this approach has also been recognized by climate scientists. Over the past few decades, Indonesia, a highly exposed and vulnerable country facing climate change, has increased its efforts to protect all marginalized and vulnerable groups. However, the high uncertainty of social and economic impacts triggered by climate and environmental change increases pressure on the social protection system, leading to a rising need for deeper and broader coverage, especially among the most vulnerable people. This paper argues that vulnerable groups have built their own systems to be socially protected, which we refer to as informal social protection (ISP). Given that there is little reference to these particular structures in the literature on social protection, this study aims to explore their relevance and potential challenges. Jakarta, a highly urbanized and vulnerable city, was used as a case study. The city is simultaneously challenged by the increasingly adverse impacts of climate change. Gaps in formal social protection (FSP) will be analysed using qualitative and quantitative data to assess how and to what extent the most vulnerable groups are protected and whether ISP structures can fill the identified gaps. The results show that ISP can function as a solution to protect marginalized and vulnerable groups; however, more information is needed to ensure security considering long-term developments and increased future uncertainties. HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY FSP coverage in Indonesia still has gaps due to unregistered target groups, such as the missing middle population and informal sector workers. The uncertainty of the social and economic impacts caused by climate change increases pressure on the social protection system, leading to a greater need for broader coverage. ISP provides vulnerable groups with flexibility, local specificity, mutual benefits and reciprocity, collective decision-making, social cohesion, and trust. ISP involves community-based adaptation and support from NGOs to enhance ISP and make it more adaptive. ISP supports vulnerable groups affected by the unintended consequences of adaptation measures implemented by the government.

An Examination of Social Work Interventions for Female Survivors of Sexual Abuse: Example of Türkiye

This study explores the life experiences of young women in northwest Türkiye, who were subjected to childhood sexual abuse. It considers the social services provided during their time in institutional care and their subsequent life experiences. The research adopts a holistic approach, encompassing the young women’s childhood experiences, the disclosure of abuse, the care received from statuary services, and the post-care challenges based on their narratives. The key research questions are: "How do institutional social work interventions affect the long-term recovery of young women who experienced childhood sexual abuse?" and "How effective is institutional care in preparing these women for life thereafter?" Employing a qualitative research methodology, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 12 women to retrospectively analyze their life experiences through the life history method. Furthermore, focus group discussions were conducted with social workers and representatives from non-governmental organizations. The findings emphasize that although institutional care caters to the immediate needs of children, it inadequately supports their development into well-adjusted adults capable of informed decision-making across different life contexts. Consequently, this deficiency leads to new and persisting challenges in family relationships, housing, partner choice, marriage, and motherhood, exacerbating the trauma resulting from sexual abuse. Results suggest a need to restructure social services in the field of child protection system in Türkiye to better address the long-term effects of trauma of child sexual abuse. Further research should assess the interventions for families of these children’s in care, to identify and meet specific needs, thereby enhancing intervention strategies.

Optimal adaptive coordination of overcurrent relays in power systems protection using a new hybrid metaheuristic algorithm

AbstractAdvent of distributed generation and progression towards an intelligent grid infrastructure within the domain of contemporary electrical power systems have created dynamic load profiles. Accompanying these developments, protective relays are faced with an evolving electrical load landscape and variable fault current conditions, resulting in disparate operational timings throughout the diurnal cycle. In light of these challenges, this paper delineates the formulation and simulation of a novel adaptive protection strategy for overcurrent relays, meticulously tailored to accommodate the fluctuations in electrical load. To construct a robust framework for this adaptive mechanism, a series of hypothetical fault current scenarios are meticulously crafted to activate the relays within the briefest time interval feasible. Further innovating within this sphere, this paper introduces a new hybrid algorithm, deftly amalgamating the strengths of three preeminent metaheuristic models: Improved Harmony Search, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Differential Evolution. Simulations and analyses substantiate the efficacy of the algorithm in optimizing the coordination among overcurrent relays aiming to uphold the overarching protective imperatives of the grid. For the IEEE 6‐bus system, the mean value of the objective function during 24 h in Monte Carlo is 292.6607 and very close to 272.0758 in the simulation of eight stochastic scenarios, which contributes to the validity of the approach in practical settings. Also, in the IEEE 30‐bus system, the results of the mean relay operation time set for the hours with the lowest and highest consumption load are 17.1297 and 14.8049 s, which reveals the increase in the operation speed of the relays.

Comprehensive evaluation of urban river ecological bank protection based on AHP-TOPSIS method

ABSTRACT An ecological revetment is a new type that combines natural vegetation with civil engineering technology to establish functions, such as flood control, drainage, ecology, and landscape. Various types of ecological and other bank protection lead to different bank protection effects. Urban river ecological bank protection can effectively prevent bank collapse and promote mutual infiltration between river water and soil and is important for maintaining the balance of the river ecosystem and enhancing the ecological service function of river bank protection. To scientifically and accurately evaluate the ecological protection of riverbanks, this study screened 16 evaluation indicators based on four aspects: structural stability, ecological functionality, landscape suitability, and socio-economic status. A comprehensive evaluation index system for urban river ecological protection was constructed and an urban river ecological protection evaluation model based on the AHP – TOPSIS method was established. The model was used to evaluate the ecological protection of the rivers in the study area. The results revealed that the evaluation value, 0.830, of the self-embedded retaining wall exhibited the best performance among the current slope protection types. In addition, structural stability is a crucial factor in river ecological revetments, and the evaluation results were consistent with the revetment type selected in actual engineering. Therefore, the evaluation system constructed in this study is reasonable and reliable and has strong generalizability. This study provides theoretical guidance for selecting ecological protection banks for future river management projects and has specific references important for academic research and the development of environmental protection banks.

Safeguarding Smart Horizons: Crafting the Future of IOT Security Through Intrusion Detection and Prevention

It is crucial to secure digital assets and networks against harmful activity in the linked world of today. Through the detection and mitigation of unauthorized access, malicious activity, and possible security threats, Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) are essential to the protection of systems and networks. The development, approaches, technologies, difficulties, and future directions of intrusion detection and prevention systems are all covered in detail in this research paper. The study examines the advantages and disadvantages of several IDPS methodologies, such as hybrid, anomaly-based, and signature-based techniques. It also addresses how to improve the efficacy and efficiency of IDPS using cutting- edge methods like big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. In addition, the study discusses and suggests possible solutions for the problems that IDPS faces, including false positives, evasion strategies, and scalability concerns. In order to assist academics, researchers, and practitioners with insights, it concludes by outlining future directions for study and development in the field of intrusion detection and prevention systems.

Experimental Study of Thermomechanical Characteristics of C/ARMC Composites at High Temperatures as Thermal Protection Systems for Aerospace Applications

Experimental Study of Thermomechanical Characteristics of C/ARMC Composites at High Temperatures as Thermal Protection Systems for Aerospace Applications