Protection System Research Articles

Intermediary organizations, international cooperation and the changing social contract: Morocco’s new development model

ABSTRACT In 2021, King Mohammed VI’s appointed commission released a new vision for Moroccan state-society relations: the New Development Model (Nouveau Modèle de Développement, NMD). Presented as a ‘national collective and federative project’, it entailed a social protection system called a ‘social pact’ or ‘social contract’. The King’s vision articulated in the NMD promises changes that many Moroccans have long been calling for. The government has created several intermediary organizations mandated to work on reforms, which reflect citizens’ expectations but keep the pace of change under control. From an international cooperation perspective, these bodies are potential partners for reforms and achieving common development objectives. This article addresses two related questions: what scope of action do Moroccan intermediary organizations have to press for changes to the social contract under the NMD? Do they require international support in fulfilling their roles as change makers? Our analytical framework is based on scholarship exploring political settlements and institutional mandates in neo-patrimonial political systems. We focus on three intermediary organizations relevant to the deliverables of the social contract and discuss the extent to which they push the limits of their mandates to facilitate change. We then turn to the support that international development cooperation could provide.

Review of ethical values across the ICRP's system of radiological protection.

In 2018, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) released Publication 138, which highlights the ethical values foundational to the system of radiological protection. Additional work, both within and beyond the ICRP, has proposed or recommended ethical values associated with applications of the system in different areas, perhaps most notably in medical, veterinary, and environmental radiological protection. There are also existing ethical frameworks not specifically related to radiological protection that are nonetheless relevant to its practice; for example, the Beauchamp and Childress principles of biomedical ethics are of particular significance when it comes to medical uses of radiation and radioactivity. At first glance, it may seem as if there are unique or isolated sets of ethical values that need to be applied depending on the circumstance. Yet while each area of application will indeed have its own unique aspects and associated value judgements, there are consistent and complementary relationships between these ethical values. This paper reviews the work of the ICRP related to ethics, including brief historical context, and highlights the similarities and differences between sets of ethical values with emphasis on medical, veterinary, and environmental applications of radiological protection.

Retraction Note: Research on campus network security protection system framework based on cloud data and intrusion detection algorithm

Retraction Note: Research on campus network security protection system framework based on cloud data and intrusion detection algorithm

Indonesia’s social protection system: the relevance of informal social protection to strengthen adaptation to climate change

ABSTRACT Social protection is praised as a multipurpose instrument to protect the most vulnerable people and ensure socioeconomic development. Recently, this approach has also been recognized by climate scientists. Over the past few decades, Indonesia, a highly exposed and vulnerable country facing climate change, has increased its efforts to protect all marginalized and vulnerable groups. However, the high uncertainty of social and economic impacts triggered by climate and environmental change increases pressure on the social protection system, leading to a rising need for deeper and broader coverage, especially among the most vulnerable people. This paper argues that vulnerable groups have built their own systems to be socially protected, which we refer to as informal social protection (ISP). Given that there is little reference to these particular structures in the literature on social protection, this study aims to explore their relevance and potential challenges. Jakarta, a highly urbanized and vulnerable city, was used as a case study. The city is simultaneously challenged by the increasingly adverse impacts of climate change. Gaps in formal social protection (FSP) will be analysed using qualitative and quantitative data to assess how and to what extent the most vulnerable groups are protected and whether ISP structures can fill the identified gaps. The results show that ISP can function as a solution to protect marginalized and vulnerable groups; however, more information is needed to ensure security considering long-term developments and increased future uncertainties. HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY FSP coverage in Indonesia still has gaps due to unregistered target groups, such as the missing middle population and informal sector workers. The uncertainty of the social and economic impacts caused by climate change increases pressure on the social protection system, leading to a greater need for broader coverage. ISP provides vulnerable groups with flexibility, local specificity, mutual benefits and reciprocity, collective decision-making, social cohesion, and trust. ISP involves community-based adaptation and support from NGOs to enhance ISP and make it more adaptive. ISP supports vulnerable groups affected by the unintended consequences of adaptation measures implemented by the government.

Optimal adaptive coordination of overcurrent relays in power systems protection using a new hybrid metaheuristic algorithm

AbstractAdvent of distributed generation and progression towards an intelligent grid infrastructure within the domain of contemporary electrical power systems have created dynamic load profiles. Accompanying these developments, protective relays are faced with an evolving electrical load landscape and variable fault current conditions, resulting in disparate operational timings throughout the diurnal cycle. In light of these challenges, this paper delineates the formulation and simulation of a novel adaptive protection strategy for overcurrent relays, meticulously tailored to accommodate the fluctuations in electrical load. To construct a robust framework for this adaptive mechanism, a series of hypothetical fault current scenarios are meticulously crafted to activate the relays within the briefest time interval feasible. Further innovating within this sphere, this paper introduces a new hybrid algorithm, deftly amalgamating the strengths of three preeminent metaheuristic models: Improved Harmony Search, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Differential Evolution. Simulations and analyses substantiate the efficacy of the algorithm in optimizing the coordination among overcurrent relays aiming to uphold the overarching protective imperatives of the grid. For the IEEE 6‐bus system, the mean value of the objective function during 24 h in Monte Carlo is 292.6607 and very close to 272.0758 in the simulation of eight stochastic scenarios, which contributes to the validity of the approach in practical settings. Also, in the IEEE 30‐bus system, the results of the mean relay operation time set for the hours with the lowest and highest consumption load are 17.1297 and 14.8049 s, which reveals the increase in the operation speed of the relays.

Comprehensive evaluation of urban river ecological bank protection based on AHP-TOPSIS method

ABSTRACT An ecological revetment is a new type that combines natural vegetation with civil engineering technology to establish functions, such as flood control, drainage, ecology, and landscape. Various types of ecological and other bank protection lead to different bank protection effects. Urban river ecological bank protection can effectively prevent bank collapse and promote mutual infiltration between river water and soil and is important for maintaining the balance of the river ecosystem and enhancing the ecological service function of river bank protection. To scientifically and accurately evaluate the ecological protection of riverbanks, this study screened 16 evaluation indicators based on four aspects: structural stability, ecological functionality, landscape suitability, and socio-economic status. A comprehensive evaluation index system for urban river ecological protection was constructed and an urban river ecological protection evaluation model based on the AHP – TOPSIS method was established. The model was used to evaluate the ecological protection of the rivers in the study area. The results revealed that the evaluation value, 0.830, of the self-embedded retaining wall exhibited the best performance among the current slope protection types. In addition, structural stability is a crucial factor in river ecological revetments, and the evaluation results were consistent with the revetment type selected in actual engineering. Therefore, the evaluation system constructed in this study is reasonable and reliable and has strong generalizability. This study provides theoretical guidance for selecting ecological protection banks for future river management projects and has specific references important for academic research and the development of environmental protection banks.

Experimental Study of Thermomechanical Characteristics of C/ARMC Composites at High Temperatures as Thermal Protection Systems for Aerospace Applications

Experimental Study of Thermomechanical Characteristics of C/ARMC Composites at High Temperatures as Thermal Protection Systems for Aerospace Applications

Sodium alginate-based coaxial fibers synergistically integrate moisture actuation, length tracing, humidity sensing, and electric heating.

The development of wearable electronics has driven the need for smart fibers with advanced multifunctional synergy. In this paper, we present a design of a multifunctional coaxial fiber that is composed of a biopolymer-derived core and an MXene/silver nanowire (AgNW) sheath by wet spinning. The fiber synergistically integrates moisture actuation, length tracing, humidity sensing, and electric heating, making it highly promising for portable devices and protective systems. The biopolymer-derived core provides deformation for moisture-sensitive actuation, while the MXene/AgNW sheath with good conductivity enables the fiber to perform electric heating, humidity sensing, and self-sensing actuation. The coaxial fiber can be programmed to rapidly desorb water molecules to shrink to its original length by using the MXene/AgNW sheath as an electrical heater. We demonstrate proof-of-concept applications based on the multifunctional fibers for thermal physiotherapy and wound healing/monitoring. The sodium alginate@MXene-based coaxial fiber presents a promising solution for the next-generation of smart wearable electronics.

EGO to ECO: Tracing the History of Radioecology from the 1950s to the Present Day.

This paper starts with a brief history of the birth of the field of radioecology during the Cold War with a focus on US activity. We review the establishment of the international system for radiation protection and the science underlying the guidelines. We then discuss the famous ICRP 60 statement that if "Man" is protected, so is everything else and show how this led to a focus in radioecology on pathways to "Man" rather than concern about impacts on environments or ecosystems. We then review the contributions of Radiation Research Society members and papers published in Radiation Research which contributed to the knowledge base about effects on non-human species. These fed into international databases and computer-based tools such as ERICA and ResRad Biota to guide regulators. We then examine the origins of the concern that ICRP 60 is not sufficient to protect ecosystems and discuss the establishment of ICRP Committee 5 and its recommendations to establish reference animals and plants. The review finishes with current concerns that reference animals and plants (RAPs) are not sufficient to protect ecosystems, given the complexity of interacting factors such as the climate emergency and discusses the efforts of ICRP, the International Union of Radioecologists and other bodies to capture the concepts of ecosystem services and ecosystem complexity modelling in radioecology.

Investigation of normal zone propagation velocity in AgSn/Ag/Ba122 superconducting tapes using a conduction cooling test system

The investigation of the behavior of quench propagation in iron-based superconducting (IBS) tapes is important for their application in magnets and the design of quench protection systems. However, little research has been done in this area. In this work, a conduction cooling test system for IBS tapes and coils has been built, which has functions such as charging test, temperature and voltage data acquisition, pulse current heating, quench detection and protection. A series of experiments were performed on several 27 cm long IBS tapes to measure their normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV). The variation trends of NZPV with different operating temperatures, and with different ratios of operating current to critical current were systematically explored. In addition, monitoring all the voltages between different positions of an IBS tape, including two joints, has provided more detailed results and findings.

A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Power System Stability, Control, and Protection: Insights and Future Directions

This review comprehensively examines the burgeoning field of intelligent techniques to enhance power systems’ stability, control, and protection. As global energy demands increase and renewable energy sources become more integrated, maintaining the stability and reliability of both conventional power systems and smart grids is crucial. Traditional methods are increasingly insufficient for handling today’s power grids’ complex, dynamic nature. This paper discusses the adoption of advanced intelligence methods, including artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL), machine learning (ML), metaheuristic optimization algorithms, and other AI techniques such as fuzzy logic, reinforcement learning, and model predictive control to address these challenges. It underscores the critical importance of power system stability and the new challenges of integrating diverse energy sources. The paper reviews various intelligent methods used in power system analysis, emphasizing their roles in predictive maintenance, fault detection, real-time control, and monitoring. It details extensive research on the capabilities of AI and ML algorithms to enhance the precision and efficiency of protection systems, showing their effectiveness in accurately identifying and resolving faults. Additionally, it explores the potential of fuzzy logic in decision-making under uncertainty, reinforcement learning for dynamic stability control, and the integration of IoT and big data analytics for real-time system monitoring and optimization. Case studies from the literature are presented, offering valuable insights into practical applications. The review concludes by identifying current limitations and suggesting areas for future research, highlighting the need for more robust, flexible, and scalable intelligent systems in the power sector. This paper is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers, providing a detailed understanding of the current and future potential of intelligent techniques in power system stability, control, and protection.

Legal Strategy To Prevent And Overcome Abuse Of Funds In Digital Wallets

E-wallet, or electronic wallet, is an application or software that enables users to store, manage, and conduct financial transactions electronically. E-wallets usage is able for various purposes, such as making payments, transferring money, or storing payment information for online transactions. Despite the advantages of e-wallets, there are still risks associated with their use, such as the potential loss of consumer funds and the possibility of personal data leaks due to inadequate security measures on the platform. It can disadvantage consumers as users of e-wallets. Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection contains various provisions aimed at directing manufacturers and businesses, especially those in the business sector, to behave in a manner that supports national economic development. Bank Indonesia has implemented a legal protection system for digital wallet users, starting from the issuance of regulations and policies. One such policy is the creation of guidelines for the operation of payment system services, especially for the use of digital wallets. These guidelines are regulated in Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 20/6/PBI/2018, which discusses the operation of payment systems through digital wallets. This regulation, known as the Bank Indonesia Electronic Money Regulation, establishes licensing and supervision procedures for electronic money operations, including the use of digital wallets. Bank Indonesia not only regulates operational procedures but also emphasizes consumer protection for payment system users, including those using digital wallets, by issuing Bank Indonesia Regulation Number 16/1/PBI/2014 concerning Consumer Protection for Payment System Providers.

Optimization of the Steam Turbine Protection System as Part of an Electrohydraulic Control System

Optimization of the Steam Turbine Protection System as Part of an Electrohydraulic Control System

Study on the Limitations of Economic Digitalization and Development Strategies under the New Development Strategy

With the rapid development of the digital economy and the rise of the industrial Internet, China has made significant progress in terms of industrial competitiveness and industrial innovation and development. However, China's capacity for independent technology innovation must be improved. Firstly, China's independent innovation capacity in key core technology areas could be more robust. This mainly manifests in China's reliance on imported technologies and equipment in high-end manufacturing and emerging industries. Although China has made certain technological breakthroughs in specific fields, there is a particular gap between China and the international advanced level. Secondly, the investment in technological research and development of Chinese enterprises must be increased. Although the R&D investment of Chinese enterprises is gradually growing as more attention is paid to scientific and technological innovation, there still needs to be a significant gap compared with developed countries. In particular, the R&D investment of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively low, resulting in the overall level of independent technological innovation not being high. Again, China needs to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. For a long time, the construction of China's intellectual property protection system has been lagging, and the problem of intellectual property infringement is relatively prominent, which has formed a particular obstacle to independent technological innovation. Therefore, studying economic digital development restrictions and development strategies has profound theoretical and practical significance in the new development pattern.

Improving the system of social protection of self-employed citizens

Subject. This article considers the self-employed as a subject of economic activity, and it discusses the participation of the self-employed population in the system of social and pension insurance. Objectives. This article aims to analyze the development of the pension and social insurance system of the self-employed people. Methods. For the study, we used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article presents an author-developed algorithm of actions of the self-employed in terms of relations with government agencies on registration, taxation and insurance, and it offers certain approaches to the development of the system of voluntary social insurance of the self-employed. Conclusions and Relevance. Based on the analysis of the current regulatory documents, the article concludes that it is necessary to determine the legal status of the self-employed, the list of obligations to pay taxes and fees, and the specification of their social guarantees and rights. The practical application of the results of the study can improve the mechanism of employment management, which is important for the development of Russia as a social State.

Application of uncertainty quantification techniques in the framework of process safety studies: Advanced dispersion simulations

AbstractIn the framework of process safety studies, consequence assessment of accidental scenarios is a crucial step affecting the eventual risk profile associated with the facilities under analysis. Conventional models used for consequence assessment are based on integral models, and may not be adequate to cope with the dynamic evolution of accidental scenarios and their three‐dimensional features. On the other hand, consequence assessment models based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches are promising to cope with complex scenarios and environments, but setting the simulation introduces relevant uncertainties associated with both the input data, assumptions, and with the modelling of physical effects involved. In the present study, uncertainty quantification (UQ) techniques are applied to support advanced safety studies based on CFD simulations of hazardous gas dispersion. Firstly, the accidental scenarios are characterized by defining release scenarios and conditions and quantifying source terms using integral models. At the same time, input meteorological data are gathered. This enables the development of high‐fidelity CFD simulations of gas dispersion based on different input sets and eventually the implementation of UQ techniques. The generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) expansion is employed to obtain hazardous gas concentration based on the variation of wind direction and speed. The present method is applied for the analysis of a real plant featuring a complex layout. The results show the advantages of the present approach by quantifying the influence of meteorological conditions and providing indications for supporting the development of protection systems and emergency measures.

“URBAN REHABILITATION IN RUSSIA BROOKS NO DELAY”: STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE FIGHT AGAINST RIVERS POLLUTION AT THE END OF THE 19th — EARLY 20th CENTURIES

At the turn of the 19th and20th centuries, the growth of urban population and development of urban infrastructure were accompanied by the emergence of environmental problems, including the increase of river pollution, which might cause water supply diffi culties. The central and local authorities, as well as representatives of various public, scientific, professional organizations and business circles, were involved in solving these problems. The order of their interaction could be diff erent, but these joint projects made it possible to achieve the best results in combating river pollution caused by industrial and domestic waste, to determine priorities in the system of water protection and to improve the supply of potable water to the population. Thanks to the activities of such organizations as the Society for Assistance to the Improvement and Development of Manufacturing Industry, Russian Water Supply Congresses, sanitary stations, and the Provisional Committee for the Development of Measures to Protect the Water Bodies of the Moscow Industrial District from Pollution, a rather extensive set of measures was carried out to study the properties, nature, and degree of water pollution in the rivers that served as sources of water supply for city dwellers, and the most eff ective methods of water purifi cation were determined in experiments. Practical recommendations were developed on the use of the most eff ective and cost-efficient methods and facilities for industrial wastewater treatment. The best domestic specialists were involved in solving the identified problems, who utilized international and Russian experience. The lack of sufficient funding for water protection activities resulted in some initiatives not being or being only partially implemented. In addition, a number of practical measures which had been planned in this area had to be postponed because of the outbreak of World War I in 1914

Energy management in gyms microgrid: Nonlinear control of stationary bikes and treadmills with parallel rectifiers and AC/DC conversion

This article presents the complete design of a nonlinear control system for multiple stationary bikes connected to a mechanical energy conversion system equipped with squirrel cage induction generators (SIGs) linked to AC/DC converters. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of powering multiple treadmills using the DC bus via DC/AC converters. The novelty of our approach lies in the integration of a new strategy of control system to achieve multiple control objectives within a gym microgrid environment, and an energy management algorithm to ensure the energy flow between intermittent generation and the considered, somewhat random, demand. The system is composed of several subsystems: i) stationary bikes connected to the DC bus via inverters acting as intermittent power sources; ii) a Li-ion battery-based energy storage system interfaced through a Buck-Boost converter; iii) electromechanical loads, including treadmills, powered by DC/AC converters, in addition to other DC loads. The main control objectives are as follows: a) each stationary bike extracts energy from the DC network by regulating the torque applied by the athlete, ensuring that the torque follows the reference torque; b) the treadmill’s speed must follow the reference generated based on the athlete’s condition; c) ensuring the protection of the energy storage system by monitoring its current and voltage; d) all mentioned objectives are achieved while maintaining the DC bus voltage at a reference value. To achieve these objectives, a nonlinear control approach based on Lyapunov theory is used to design the controllers. A formal analysis is conducted to assess the performance of the studied system. The system’s performance is demonstrated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Numerous simulations demonstrate that every control objective is achieved. Specifically, the system maintained the DC bus voltage at 500 V with a maximum deviation of 1 V, and the treadmill speed followed the reference within a margin of 0.1 m/s.

МЕТОД ОЦЕНКИ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СИСТЕМ ПОЖАРНОЙ АВТОМАТИКИ МНОГОКВАРТИРНЫХ ЖИЛЫХ ДОМОВ

A method is proposed for evaluating the functional characteristics of fire automation systems of apartment buildings based on the use of an electronic database, providing input, storage, structuring, presentation and processing of data characterizing the ability of fire automation systems and their individual elements to perform the required functions. The analysis of data on the operability of fire automation systems in operation beyond their service life in multi-apartment residential buildings in Saint-Petersburg, according to various differentiated characteristics, in order to determine their ability to perform specific functions, as well as the reasons for their failure. The necessity of evaluating the effectiveness of fire protection systems of apartment buildings is substantiated, taking into account the results of the study of functional characteristics at various stages of their life cycle, the task of forming a unified information database on the operability of fire protection systems of apartment buildings in Saint-Petersburg and its subsequent integration with the state information system «Monitoring the technical condition of apartment buildings in Saint-Petersburg».

A numerical oxidation model for SiC‐coated thermal protection systems in hypersonic applications

AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) is a widely used component for thermal protection system (TPS) design. This material is often used either as a coating layer to protect beneath carbon‐based material against oxidation or as a ceramic matrix for composite materials used in the hypersonic leading edges. A numerical equilibrium model for SiC‐coated material ablation is developed in this study to compute the material response of coated TPS in hypersonic relevant aerothermal environment. The developed model is based on an equilibrium approach similar to the carbon graphite oxidation framework for ablative charring materials. The equilibrium wall composition is calculated based on the minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The proposed method can capture numerically the transition from passive to active oxidation while maintaining a low computational cost and good numerical stability. Implementation of the model in the Porous Material Analysis Toolbox based on OpenFOAM code permits to compare against previous literature test cases. By comparing the surface temperature obtained from the model with the experimental data, it is observed that the numerical model gives a good estimation providing accurate surface temperature prediction.