System Of Higher Medical Education Research Articles

MEDICAL MORPHOLOGY AND DIGITAL LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES

On November 19, 2020, within the framework of the XI National Congress with international participation «Ecology and human health in the North», the All-Russian workshop «Medical morphology and digital learning technologies» was held at the videoconference. The meeting was attended by teachers-morphologists of medical universities and faculties of cities located in territories with especial ecological and geographical conditions of residence and education of students (Yakutsk, Saint-Petersburg, Perm, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk). The current situation in the world, caused by the Covid-19 virus infection pandemic, posed an unprecedented challenge to many social institutions of modern society, including the system of higher medical education and training of medical personnel. She accelerated the controversial, largely uncertain and not painless transition to digitalization of education as part of the implementation of the national digital economy program. Medical higher education, starting from the first courses, is extremely practical in its essence. The existing electronic platforms and digital instruments, despite all their effectiveness, still cannot be an adequate replacement for those technologies that have traditionally served as the educational and methodological base of preclinical disciplines for many decades, while anatomy is the basic practical discipline for all clinical specialties. This situation is not specific only for individual countries, it is the same for the entire medical higher school around the world. The result of the exchange of experience of the anatomical departments of medical universities at the meeting was the conclusion that the weakest link of distance technologies - digital proctoring of practical anatomical knowledge should be organizationally supported in the form of appropriate scientific and pedagogical seminars and conferences, widely published and recommended, are determined its limits, possibilities and use. It is necessary to analyze and revise the existing work programs of disciplines in order to determine the structural sections of the programs of disciplines and the volume of their transfer to digital platforms, partially or completely, or technologically unchanged at all. It is also mandatory to develop new training, retraining and advanced training programs for morphologists who carry out educational activities using an intermediary language and digital technologies. It is recommended that teachers of morphological departments of medical universities and faculties practically master and bring the relevant professional competencies in the field of mastering the tools of the electronic information educational environment to the level of documented professional excellence. At the same time, when creating educational literature, digital tutorials and gadgets on human anatomy, one should strictly adhere to the international anatomical terminology TA-2 (London, 2019) to eliminate the confusion and variety of terms used to denote the same anatomical structures.

Methodical approach to teaching students mechanisms of hemoblastosis development at the department of pathophysiology

This work is a fragment of the initiative research "The role of transcription factors, the circadian oscillator system and metabolic disorders in the formation and functioning of pathological systems" (№ 0119U103898).The article is devoted to the problem of methodical approach to teaching the topic "Hemoblastosis" at the Department of Pathophysiology. Module 2 "Pathophysiology of organs and systems" begins with the study of the submodule "Pathophysiology of the blood system" for all students majoring in 222 "Medicine", 228 "Pediatrics" and 221 "Dentistry". One of the difficult topics for students to understand is the topic of "Hemoblastosis".InUkraine, the system of higher medical education is undergoing active innovative changes. This process is characterized by the introduction of new technologies and techniques in the educational process. Innovative forms and methods of teaching are developed and implemented.The purpose of this work is to analyze the difficulties that students have when they studying the topic of "Hemoblastosis" and the development of methodological approaches to their elimination.According to the WHO: cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world: in 2012, there were 8.2 million deaths from cancer. Hemoblastosis accounts for approximately 8% of all malignancies and all together they are among the 6 most common types of malignant tumors. Acute leukemias account for about 50-60% of all leukemias, with acute myeloblastic leukemia being slightly more common than acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Chronic leukemias account for about 40-50% of all leukemias, with chronic lymphocytic leukemia being slightly more common than chronic myelocytic leukemia. Hemoblastosis is a relatively rare disease; mortality from them is 1.7-3.1 per 100,000 population. Among therapeutic diseases, leukemia occurs in 1.5-2.6% of cases. Recently, the incidences of hemoblastosis, especially acute, have increased in all countries.

ПОДГОТОВКА ВРАЧЕБНЫХ КАДРОВ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ СУБЪЕКТОВ РФ, ВХОДЯЩИХ В СОСТАВ СИБИРСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА

Significance. Training of medical personnel is the most important factor determining the level of development of human resources in health care. The transformations that have been taken place in the Russian system of higher medical education in recent years substantuate scientific research in this area. Purpose of the study: to analyze training of doctors in the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the Siberian Federal Okrug. Material and methods. The authors used specially developed statistical maps, which included information from the reporting forms «No. 1-Monitoring», the number of which corresponded to the number of medical universities and medical faculties in the subjects of the Siberian Federal Okrug, 10 in total. Each of the statistical maps included over 30 criteria. Results. The study has identified subjects of the Russian Federation in the Siberian Federal Okrug with population growth accompanied by the reduced number of doctors (the Republic of Tyva and Altai), which only exacerbated their shortage. However, against the background of the population decline, there is a rather pronounced increase in the number of medical personnel (the Irkutsk Oblast and the Republic of Khakassia) in some subjects of the Siberian Federal Okrug, The subject ranking based on the comparison of indicators of the number of doctors and volumes of their training in these regions, shows that the Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Omsk regions, where, despite the high number of medical personnel, there is a large number of medical graduates, top the ranking. Vice versa, in other subjects of the Siberian Federal Okrug, the relatively low number of medical personnel is combined with small volumes of training of doctors (the Republic of Khakassia, the Republic of Altai and Kemerovo region), preventing effective ellemination of the personnale shortage in the coming years. Analysis of indicators characterizing activities of medical universities in the Siberian Federal Okrug made it possible to compare subjects of the Siberian Federal Okrug by the most important performance criteria, including implementation of the educational process, development level of infrastructure, financial and economic indicators, and others. The results obtained made it possible to determine ranking positions of each educational organization that trains doctors in the Siberian Federal Okrug. Conclusion. The presented results are recommended for use in the process of forming the evidence-based personnel policy in health, both at the level of the Siberian Federal Okrug and in other regions of the Russian Federation, while the presented experience in conducting such studies is recommended for use in general management of health personnel.

Formation and development of public health teaching in the system of higher medical education (From social hygiene to public health and health care)

The article deals with the historical ways of formation and development of the educational and scientific discipline Public Health and Healthcare, underlines the role of N.A. Semashko in the formation and development of the educational and scientific discipline, in the foundation and holding the first Department of Social Hygiene in Russia. The features of teaching the discipline at the stage of formation, the content of the first Russian manual on Social Hygiene are highlighted in this article. The stages of the formation and development of the discipline in Russia since the 20s of the last century until the present, the peculiarities of teaching the discipline at each of the stages, the reasons for changing the name of the discipline are considered. The special role of the Department of Public Health and Health Care Organization, among other departments dealing with the study of health, is highlighted. The article substantiates the leading, methodological role of the Department in teaching the issues of preserving, strengthening and restoring public health, presents the modern requirements for the departments of Public Health and Health Care Organization, as well as for teachers, shows special aspects of teaching the discipline, the content of the national education program and differences from foreign programs. The ways of development of the academic discipline and the Departments teaching it are also presented.

Особливості застосування інтерактивних, високотехнологічних інформаційних та дистанційних методів при вивченні дисципліни «Внутрішня медицина» в умовах змішаного навчання

The current state of the system of higher medical education is grounded on many factors including the growing volume of specialized information and the need to expand the level of students’ independent work as well as the conditions of certain restrictions independent of the educational system associated with quarantine measures, etc. This situation predetermines the model of blended learning and the search for both new and improvement of traditional methods and approaches for achieving a high-quality educational process, the purpose of which is to train a highly qualified future internship doctor. Relevant introduction of innovative methods along with the classic teaching “at the patient's bedside” both independently and together with the teacher is one of the motivating components for the student to master the discipline “Internal medicine”. There may be the following variants of interactive forms of learning: role play, work in small groups, case method, lesson-conference, creative tasks: thematic crosswords, quizzes; interactive video courses; methodology in the form “brainstorming”, “discussion”; research work), using different computer multimedia training programs, the department's website, electronic textbooks, online conferences, webinars and other high-tech tools. Of course, the model of distance learning introduced by higher education recently cannot replace traditional education, where the basic skills are formed in the field of practical improvement of the patient’s examination and treatment, but it can supplement it in the context of blended learning. In case of being properly applied and as a part of blended learning this model can really improve the interaction between a teacher and a student while preparing for the classroom lesson and during the student's independent work. In this case, the importance of independent theoretical training for a practical lesson becomes crucial with the growth of the motivational component in the conditions of organized interaction and control of academic performance making it possible to increase the volume of practical work with patients in the classroom. Conclusion. Using traditional, interactive and high-tech methods that complement each other in blended learning, the application of an integrated approach helps to improve the quality and effectiveness of education, expands the ability to form the experience of the student's creative and innovative activities which ultimately affects the future doctor’s competence

Методика реализации педагогических условий формирования коммуникативной культуры будущих врачей в ходе изучения дисциплины «Педагогика»

The paper aims to develop a methodology for realization of pedagogical conditions of future physicians’ communicative culture formation while studying the discipline “Pedagogy”. The research objectives are as follows: to justify the role of pedagogy as a science and an academic discipline in the higher medical education system; to clarify the notion “communicative culture”; to describe pedagogical technologies, active teaching methods as a mechanism to form medical students’ communicative culture. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the author proposes her own definition of the notion “communicative culture”, develops a methodology to form medical students’ communicative culture. The research findings are as follows: the author clarifies meaningful and technological conditions for future physicians’ communicative culture formation.

The COVID-19 pandemic: higher medical education challenges and responses

The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has become a challenge to higher education worldwide, affecting roughly over 90% of the student community. Due to the pandemic issues, it was essential to adjust the educational process to changing circumstances. Efforts to curb the spread of the disease, including social distancing and self-isolation, have led to the need of initiating a new approach of education and developing effective communications in medical education with the organization of online education from 23.04.2020. The Saint Petersburg state pediatric medical University of the Ministry of health of Russia has adopted the Discord platform for distance learning. Training courses have been organized for physicians working in hospitals that have been sorted out to operate with patients with coronavirus infection using the Moodle platform with access to register and monitor trainees as well. Instructing teachers to work in these Internet scopes required fewest time, which allowed them to switch to distance learning in due time. In order to attest the timeliness and adequacy of the response of the higher medical education system in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in this article, the experience of the transfer of the Department of infectious diseases of adults and epidemiology to running educational activities in remote mode. The possibility of conducting online classes not only theoretical, but also practical in the specialties of infectious diseases and epidemiology with students, residents, postgraduates and physicians was demonstrated.

COVID-19: High Risk Groups for COVID-19 and Challenges for Medical Universities

COVID-19 as a global pandemic created a new challenges to all countries in the world. Since 18 March 2020 there is cases of COVID-19 in Uzbekistan and in collaboration with WHO all medical society were prepared and trained under International standards in order provide adequate medical services to people. In order to better organize medical services to COVID-19 patients it is very important to clarify people with the high risk to COVID-19 and prioritize their treatment and prevention. Number of recent research and data was investigated and adopted to local condition of Uzbekistan. But still there is a group of people, which could be at the higher risk for COVID-19 than others. During decades the Republic of Karakalpakstan (in Uzbekistan) considered as the epicenter of the Aral Sea crisis with high level pollution. High level of Tuberculosis (TB), anemia, cancer and other diseases was discovered among local population. Our previous investigation has shown disorders in the immune, endocrine systems and other pathologies in women and children of this region. So the patients with TB and anemia, as well cancer and HIV considered the highest risk groups for COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic also affected education system in general. But it is especially very important to consider at the Higher medical education system in order to better organize education and practice for medical students, organize the activities of the teaching staff, improve capacity of the clinics, research and international collaboration.

Развитие учебно-профессиональной самостоятельности студента высшей медицинской школы в преподавательской деятельности педагога.

The aim of the work is to theoretically substantiate the importance of teaching for the implementation of the social order of society for the system of higher medical education: to create conditions for the development of student's educational independ-ence, which guarantees the achievement of educational results of the level of quality set by society. The novelty of the research lies in the disclosure of the essence of the stu-dent's educational and professional activity, the conditions for its organization in the context of the competence-activity approach in any higher educational institution, en-suring the achievement of a high level of educational results for each student. The paper describes the types of educational and professional activities of a student of a medical university, the organization of which by a teacher in teaching academic disciplines leads to the development of educational and professional independence. The article reveals their structure and content, forms, technologies and means of organization in the educational process in accordance with the psychological nature of the process of assimilation by the subject of social experience. The article presents educational and methodological materials for organizing and managing the types of educational and professional activities of a student, ensuring the development of his educational and professional independence. The research results described in the work reveal to the teacher of a medical university the vector of his organization of teaching activities, which guarantees each student the achievement of the planned educational results. The materials of the work performed can be used by any teacher in the practice of the educational process and lead to the same results as those of the authors.

PROFESSOR IVAN NIKIFOROVICH PIKSIN (to the 85th anniversary of the birth)

The article is dedicated to the 85th birthday of the famous scientist, honored worker of science of the Russian Federation, honored worker of science of the Republic of Mordovia, honored doctor of the Republic of Mordovia, laureate of State prize, head of the scientific-pedagogical surgical school, doctor of medical Sciences professor Piksin Ivan Nikiforovich. I. N. Piksin is the author of fundamental studies of the biomedical effects of quantum radiation at the molecular, cellular and organismal levels in patients with acute destructive diseases of the lungs, purulent-septic diseases, lactational mastitis and other pathologies. The team of the scientific-pedagogical school led by I. N. Piksin explores the problems of diagnosis and treatment of gastroduodenal bleeding, mechanical jaundice, pancreatitis, suppurative diseases of the lung and pleura, surgical diseases of the heart, blood vessels, prevention of complications of limb injuries, diabetes and diabetic foot care, pediatric orthopedics. Under the leadership of I. N. Piksin, new minimally invasive technologies have introduced: transthoracic drainage and rehabilitation therapy of purulent cavities of the lung and pleura, percutaneous and transhepatic cholecystocholangiography, diagnostic and treatment interventions in space-occupying lesions of the abdomen and thyroid gland, ultrasound techniques of diabetes in acute destructive pancreatitis and others. He is considered as one of organizers of higher medical education system in the region. The professor is actively working on improvement in training of medical and scientific personnel for various regions of the Russian Federation.

Problems and prospects of training specialists for the provision of comprehensive social-medical and psychological-pedagogical assistance in higher medical education system

Problems and prospects of training specialists for the provision of comprehensive social-medical and psychological-pedagogical assistance in higher medical education system

CURRENT STATE OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE

In the article the current state of the system of higher medical education in Ukraine is analyzed. The necessity of professional training in higher medical educational institutions in Ukraine is grounded. The importance of professional level improvement of health care representatives in the context of the health care system’s reformation of Ukraine is determined. It has been discovered that over recent years there has been a change in educational paradigms from analytical to synthetic, mostly aimed at system solutions, – informatization of education. The author points out that the university education implements the processes of synthesis of new information due to the active work of the bearer– the pedagogue or the lecturer. It is noted that the pedagogical process is focused on the self-education of a future specialist; the use of information and communication technologies is also important, it will simplify the development, replication and use of teaching materials, and ultimately improve the quality of education. That is why the training of general practice doctors – family doctors – requires updating of programme and methodological teaching resources to adapt specialists for work at primary level, in rural areas, providing the appropriate level of knowledge and practical skills and abilities not only for the provision of emergency assistance, internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, but also for preventive health care, in particular sanitary and educational and anti-epidemic work.It is determined that changes in medical education are fully integrated into the logic of higher education reformation, beginning from 2014 with the adoption of the new law “On Higher Education». The initiated reform is being built around the idea of expanding university autonomy. Despite the fact that broad autonomy is an integral part of modern successful higher educational systems, it does not exclude external quality control. This issue is especially important for so-called «regulated professions” – those whose work provides for particularly high level of responsibility for safety and health of people. These include lawyers, pilots, doctors, and in some countries, access to the profession of teacher, architect, etc., is also regulated. Regulated profession status implies that access to it is only possible through compliance with mandatory requirements for the level of education, preparation of special examinations, obtaining a license or membership in a professional association. Discussions about the introduction of «regulated profession» concept in the legislation are only ongoing, but de facto the certain part of professions has special regulation already. Educational legislation also provides that for certain professions the state may conduct an independent assessment of educational results in the form of a single state qualification examination. Science is international, medicine is developing all over the world, and the most up-to-date scientific articles, the best studies are published today in English. Therefore, without its understanding, the probability that a medical student will read new books, receive relevant knowledge, is very low. Future Ukrainian doctors will know the international language of modern science, and the incentive for this will be a mandatory English test. Not only university education is important for the medical profession, but also a constant increase of the professional level for already working doctors. Still, this requirement is formally provided by the system of “advanced training” in the form of pre-certification cycles in institutions of postgraduate education, every five years. The new Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine resolution, initiated by the Ministry of Education and Science, changes the system of one-time (and, frankly, rather formal) training and creates the preconditions for the comprehensive system of continuous professional development. According to the new model, there should be a monopolization of education – now the choice of place or organization is given to the doctor, recognized: education received abroad, participation in professional seminars and conferences, online courses, workshops held in Ukraine by international organizations and professional associations.

The modern concept of teaching genetics at a medical higher educational institution

Aim. To study and evaluate the peculiarities of teaching genetics in the system of higher medical education of Ukraine. Methods. Studying typical and working programs of educational disciplines of medical universities, analysis of their interconnections with the volume and depth of knowledge and achievements of genetics. Results. The worldwide rapid development of genetic technologies, that open up new possibilities for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of many hereditary and non-hereditary diseases, requires the unification of the disparate efforts of scientists and practitioners. A significant role in solving this task should be played by higher medical school. Compact information about general genetics and the basics of anthropogenetics is received by medical students in the first year of study. This creates an appropriate basis for understanding the basic laws of the emergence of various forms of human pathologies, but does not ensure the assimilation of the genetic methodology of clinical disciplines and sections related to the organization of health protection and social medicine. Conclusions. An urgent need as of today is an inter-departmental and multi-level program on general genetics, human genetics, medical and clinical genetics, which would be compiled in accordance with the achievements of modern biology, medicine and genetics, and would penetrate all the stages of undergraduate and postgraduate education of doctors.
 Keywords: genetics, teaching in higher medical school.

Explorations on the construction of an experimental teaching center for basic medical sciences based on the concept of collaborative innovation

With the deepening of the reform of management system of higher medical education in China and the comprehensive advancement of quality education, the teaching laboratories in medical colleges have evolved from traditional laboratories serving the needs of a single discipline to medical laboratory centers classified by subject groups and their corresponding functions. Applying the concept of collaborative innovation, practical explorations in such aspects as building a big experimental teaching center, establishing a new system of experimental teaching courses, exploring a new model of innovative practical education, and building an excellent teacher team engaging in experimental teaching by means of synergic work have been made by the Army Medical University in its construction of an experimental teaching center for basic medical sciences, which also provides practical reference for the construction of experimental teaching centers in the future. Key words: Collaborative innovation; Experimental teaching center; Exploration

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE TRAINING OF FOREIGN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

The humanitarian training occupies the significant part in the system of higher medical education in Ukraine in the present day. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the humanitarian training in the medical academy. It is proved that the humanitarian training is an important component in the formation process of the personality of a doctor.Using scientific approaches, the pedagogical conditions of the humanitarian training of foreign students - future medical doctors – have been determined. Each of the pedagogical conditions aim at the implementation of the previously defined components of the socio-cultural competence of foreign medical students, such as: creation of the educational and cognitive environment during the study of the academic discipline "Ukrainian as a Foreign Language" to motivate foreign students to expand their outlook, to form a motivational component, improvement teaching of the knowledgeable training of foreign students from the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian culture through the use of innovative pedagogical technologies; the direction of humanitarian training of foreign students – future physicians for the development of analytical skills on the basis of interdisciplinary integration and organization of students' self-education activities

Prospects for the introduction of the consultative-individual and simulation forms of education in the system of higher medical education in Ukraine

The transformation of the teaching methodology in European universities is connected with the increase in the proportion of self-study according to the method of consultative-individual form involving the platform of the simulation center, which is one of the conditions for the introduction of the fundamental educational principle of continuous education throughout of life in the modern realities of globalization and transformation into the postindustrial environment.Information and communication technologies (ICT) develop the ideas of programmed learning, provide completely new technological options for assimilating information related to the unique capabilities of modern computers and telecommunications. An example of this is the introduction of telemedicine, which allows to provide high level consultations and real time debate with the participation of a wide range of diverse specialists in the format of «medical debates». The perspectives of higher education are «cloud technologies» which cease limits of time and space. This is facilitated by the creation of a broad library network, a significant expansion of the presentation of scientific literature on Internet resources with free access to electronic information media.Conclusions. The difficult period of educational integration processes and reforms requires the effective implementation of the experience of developed countries to prepare a mobile, creative highly qualified specialist with extensive involvement of the potential of cognitive-creative and intellectual-creative directions through the introduction of an consultative-individual form of education with a wide application of the possibilities of simulation medicine to the higher education system of Ukraine. The creation of electronic resource centers is an effective tool for simulation training and for an objective assessment of professional competence, and is also the basis for management decisions to monitor the quality of provision and performance of medical services.

Образовательные Интернет-ресурсы для подготовки врачей-рентгенологов

The analysis and systematization of the main directions of the Internet resources used in the training of highly qualified personnel in the system of higher medical education designed for ensuring the competency approach and the success of training medical doctors in the specialty «Roentgenology».

Construction of Quality Assurance System of Higher Medical Education in China

Construction of Quality Assurance System of Higher Medical Education in China

Comparison of school training features in Ukraine, India and Israel, affecting the adaptation to the system of higher medical education in Ukraine

Background. In conditions of reduce the amount of local applicants, the attraction of citizens of other countries for studying in Ukraine becomes particularly relevant. To ensure this the most effective adaptation of foreign applicants to the system of national higher education should be provided. Since different countries have their own features of school education, and school education differs from university education, it is expediently to highlight the most critical inconsistencies of these systems and to focus attention of first-year students on them. Objective. The purpose of the article was to compare the features of education in schools in Ukraine, India and Israel, which affect adaptation to the system of higher medical education in Ukraine. Methods. To solve the task, the students of the 1st, 2nd year of the Dnepropetrovsk Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine were questioned. The survey involved 98 students from Israel, 100 from Ukraine, 100 from India. Results. The results of the data analysis of a survey have revealed that Ukrainian students are most adapted to study in higher medical institutions of our country, although they face a number of difficulties that related to the change in the assessment, increasing importance of self-education and the need for regular preparation for each lesson. Students from Israel are faced with the most inconsistencies between the systems of their school education and Ukrainian higher education. First of all, they are studying in a non-native language and the language of their education in the university differs from the language in the school. In addition, they are less inured to self-work (in comparison with the other two groups of comparison) and demonstrate greater dependence on the teacher in the studying process. Also, students of this category may underestimate the value of marks that they receive in practical lessons and the regular preparation of a homework. An additional stress for these students is the need to reply orally, as well as the fact of publicity of the achievement scores. For students from India, one of the most significant moments in adaptation is the need to reply orally and to be assessed on each class. They are also less adapted to self-work as compared with Ukrainian students. Сonclusions. Obtained results evidence the necessity to work differentially with foreign students taking into account the peculiarities of school education in their countries.

MECHANISMS OF NEPHROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

The review discusses the issue of reflux nephropathy for specialists of the system of higher medical education: the article provides the definition, characterizes the epidemiology, risk factors for disease development in children with vesicoureteral reflux, causes and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis formation and progression in reflux nephropathy, markers for diagnosing and predicting the disease course.