Green Space System Research Articles

Community Catalyst: Building a Water Sanitation System for Social Inclusion in Winneba, Ghana

Located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana, West Africa, the city of Winneba boasts one of the important ecological wetlands inscribed on the list of Ramsar Sites. However, Winneba faces daunting environmental, economic and social challenges—e.g. water sanitation crisis, infrastructure deficiency, environmental degradation, gender inequality, and social conflicts—interacting with each other to create a vicious cycle. Based on a collaborative workshop, a “crowd-sourcing” decisionmaking process, on-site fieldworks, and an Interactive Web Map, the project team develops in-depth study of the social context and traditional customs of Winneba. A water sanitation system, also as a network of public spaces that facilitates ecological and social improvement, is proposed. It includes drainage systems, rain gardens, water kiosks, orchards, public biogas toilets, and organic waste collection stations. Combining a three-phase implementation, i.e. establish the concept of public space, create a site through collaborative work, and connect communities, the project team introduces a bottom-up incentive system that encourages local community residents to collaborate and participate in constructing and maintaining the public space system for their communities, so as to improve the wellbeing of the communities and the city. Not just proving a design strategy for a kind of public space or a plan for a network of urban green space system, this project sets an exemplar to long-term sustainable management of water sanitation system through self-government of residents and communities in developing countries.

城市绿地与居民健康福祉相关性研究进展——基于生态系统服务供需匹配视角

城市绿地耦合了生态系统服务与人类福祉，兼顾公平与效率的城市绿地空间格局，是提升人居环境和改善民生的重要途径。在厘清相关概念内涵的基础上，基于Citespace软件对城市绿地生态系统服务与健康福祉及其相近概念进行关键词共现图谱与聚类分析，可以发现：研究集聚性强、各集群下研究领域重叠度高，研究尺度逐渐精细化，城市绿地与建成环境、休闲性体力活动与健康空间分异成为近几年研究热点。从供给侧：城市绿地绿地生态系统服务类型以及其估与测度方法，需求侧：居民健康福祉需求测度方法及时空表达，供需匹配：城市绿地生态系统服务供需匹配方法与空间公平，提升与调控：城市绿地时空结构优化与高效服务4个方面系统地综述了绿地生态系统服务与居民健康相关性研究，并指出目前城市绿地生态系统服务供需研究在研究内容、研究逻辑、研究方法及研究结果等方面还需进一步深化与提升。未来研究应重点关注城市绿地生态系统服务空间特征关系与居民健康需求层级的供需匹配程度，通过耦合新数据环境下精细化、规范性居民健康时空行为空间研究，总结供需平衡状态下多维度城市绿地高效服务的空间形态、功能结构与要素组织，并将其应用到城市绿地空间格局研究与绿地系统规划实践中，拓展人居环境优化提质的理论与方法。;Urban green space couples with urban ecosystem services and human well-being. The pattern of urban green space which takes fairness and efficiency into account is an important method to enhance the human settlements environment and improve people's livelihood. On the basis of clarifying the relevant concepts and connotations, based on Citespace software, keyword co-emerging network analysis and cluster analysis of urban green space ecosystem services, residents' health and human well-being and their similar concepts can be found:The research clusters are highly concentrated, the research fields under each cluster have a high degree of overlap, and the research scale is also more refined. The differentiation of urban green space and the urban built environment and leisure physical activity and health spatial has become the research hot spots in recent years. In this paper, the correlation research between urban green space ecosystem services and residents' health is systematically summarized from the following four aspects:1) Supply side, which mainly includes the types of urban green space ecosystem services as well as their evaluation and measurement methods; 2) demand side, that is, the measurement methods of urban residents' health and human well-being needs and their temporal and spatial expression; 3) the matching of supply and demand, relating to the matching method of supply and demand of urban green space ecosystem services and spatial equity; 4) and the promotion and regulation, including optimization of spatial and temporal structure of urban green space and efficient service. It is pointed out that the existing research on the supply and demand matching of urban green space ecosystem services needs to be further deepened and improved in terms of research content, research logic, research methods and results. Future research needs to pay more attention to the spatial characteristics of urban green space ecosystem services and the matching degree of supply and demand at the level of residents' health needs. The spatial form, functional structure and element organization of multidimensional urban green space efficient service under the equilibrium state of supply and demand are summarized through the coupling with refined and normative research of residents' health temporal and spatial behaviors in the context of new data environment. At the same time, it is applied to the research of the spatial pattern of urban green space and the practice of urban green space system planning for expanding the theory and methods of optimization and improvement the quality of human settlements environment.

Adana Yüreğir Kıyı Park Tasarımı ve Kentsel Rekreasyon Planlamasındaki Rolü

Today’s most important problem in terms of urban planning is rapidly diminishing urban green areas due to rapidly increasing housing. In urban planning, urban green space systems play an important role in meeting the recreational needs of people living in the city. Thus, within the urban green space system, urban parks contribute to the unification of disconnected biotopes in the urban green space system, the development of green corridor lines, and the sustainability of wildlife in the city as well as its benefits such as providing an aesthetic look, reducing noise, cleaning air, creating a microclimate, and reducing the pollution. In this study, “Adana Coastal Park Project” has been prepared for an urban green area in Yüreğir, Adana, which was reserved by Yüreğir Municipality and its function in Adana's urban green space system has been evaluated. In the evaluations, criteria such as activity, functions, materials used, aesthetic design principles, comfort, image, security, and maintenance have been taken into consideration.

Equity to Urban Parks for Elderly Residents: Perspectives of Balance between Supply and Demand.

As population ages, ensuring that the elderly get their due rights has become a common concern of scholars in many fields. However, as an important public service facility in daily life of elderly, the research on the equity of urban parks is mostly based on the evaluation of accessibility. The equity of the elderly's access to urban parks services has been rarely discussed from the perspective of supply and demand balance. In the context of the concept of spatial equity, we used urban parks in the main city of Harbin as a case study, the actual travel mode of the elderly was considered in the evaluation, adopted an Integrated Spatial Equity Evaluation (ISEE) framework, quantitative evaluation of the equity of different levels of urban park under multiple traffic modes. In this study, the results showed that under the three modes of travel, the degree of spatial equity was higher for non-motorized trips than for the other two modes. In terms of urban parks hierarchy, the spatial equity of urban parks at district level were much higher than those at the neighborhood level and street level. The inequity between supply and demand for urban park for elderly people was significant and varies between administrative districts. The empirical evidence in this research may provide references and suggestions for urban parks planning and decision-making. In cities where the scale of land use is basically stable, such as Harbin, we can start from the spatial configuration of park green space system and public transportation system to improve the efficiency of urban parks provision. Thereby promoting the construction and development of an “old age-friendly” society.

Roberto Burle Marx’s Cidade Parque

The work of Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx evidences the implementation of a new, all-encompassing landscape in urban space, conveying an unprecedented and unique image of the city conceived of as a park. Through a paradigmatic case study of Rio de Janeiro, this article discusses the modern system of green spaces designed by Burle Marx in which the rediscovery of an elevated quality of nature, one that recalls the native ecology and the essence of the urban environment, plays a decisive role in introducing the invention of a Brazilian modern landscape. By focusing on the idea of the city understood as a distinct form of landscape, Burle Marx’s Cidade Parque is ultimately the expression of a modern system of creative principles as they apply and adapt to nature and to the individual. This article therefore aims to put forth an alternative reading of Burle Marx’s work, starting at the metropolitan scale where a modern consistent continuum of public spaces was created, beginning with a rediscovery of the virgin forest.

Research on the Complexity of Forms and Structures of Urban Green Spaces Based on Fractal Models

The fractal nature of urban green spaces is the product of the self-organizing evolution of the complex urban system into a higher stage, and orderly patterns and complex structures of urban green spaces will tend to manifest after they develop to a certain stage. On the basis of GF1 satellite data in 2019 and three fractal models, the complexity of the forms and structures of a green space system in downtown Dalian, China, was studied. The results showed that the boundary dimension measured by the perimeter-scale model was 0.64–1.40, and the boundary dimension measured by the area-perimeter model was 1.79–1.99; these results indicate that the degree of human disturbance in green space boundaries was high, and the stability of the green space spatial structures was poor. The grid dimension measured by the area-scale model was 0.49–1.42, and the average radius dimension measured by the area-radius model was 0.35–0.76; these results indicate that the balance of the spatial distribution of green spaces was low, and the green spaces were excessively concentrated in the city center. Through comparisons of the scaling range among various types of green spaces, the characteristic range (gradient structure) of the spatial distribution of urban green spaces was found, which can reflect the maturity of green space growth and the quality of the green space layout. The gradient structure of green spaces in Dalian was characterized by three gradients, namely, 0–4000 m, 4000–8000 m, and 8000–16,000 m. The development of green spaces in the first gradient zone was the best, and the second and third gradient zones showed relatively large potential for improvement. These research results are of practical significance for guiding the planning and construction of green spaces in urban areas.

Conceptual Planning of Urban–Rural Green Space from a Multidimensional Perspective: A Case Study of Zhengzhou, China

The structure and function of green-space system is an eternal subject of landscape architecture, especially due to limited land and a need for the coordinated development of PLEs (production, living, and ecological spaces). To make planning more scientific, this paper explored green-space structure planning via multidimensional perspectives and methods using a case study of Zhengzhou. The paper applies theories (from landscape architecture and landscape ecology) and technologies (like remote sensing, GIS—geographic information system, graph theory, and aerography) from different disciplines to analyze current green-space structure and relevant physical factors to identify and exemplify different green-space planning strategies. Overall, our analysis reveals that multiple green-space structures should be considered together and that planners and designers should have multidisciplinary knowledge. For specific strategies, the analysis finds (i) that green complexes enhance various public spaces and guide comprehensive development of urban spaces; (ii) that green ecological corridors play a critical role in regional ecological stability through maintaining good connectivity and high node degree (Dg) and betweenness centrality index (BC) green spaces; (iii) that greenway networks can integrate all landscape resources to provide more secured spaces for animals and beautiful public spaces for humans; (iv) that blue-green ecological networks can help rainwater and urban flooding disaster management; and (v) that green ventilation corridors provide air cleaning and urban cooling benefits, which can help ensure healthy and comfortable urban–rural environments. In our view, this integrated framework for planning and design green-space structure helps make the process scientific and relevant for guiding future regional green-space structure.

Optimization Strategy of Landscape Ecological Planning in Urban Green Space System

In recent years, China’s urbanization process has increased year by year, and the environmental problems brought by it have become increasingly prominent. The urban ecological environment and urban green space are closely connected. The improvement and reconstruction of the ecological environment need to be realized through the urban green space system planning. Therefore, it is imperative to apply landscape ecology in the urban green space system planning. This paper first outlines the important role of urban green space systems in restoring ecological and environmental problems. Second, based on the research on the landscape ecological progress of urban green space systems at home and abroad, through in-depth investigation of some representative urban green space systems in China, the current domestic Problems existing in urban green space system planning. Finally, based on the principles of landscape ecology, an optimization strategy for landscape ecological planning in urban green space systems was proposed. The results show that the use of landscape ecology can rationally plan the landscape space, green space corridors, green space patches and other factors in the green space system, thereby achieving the purpose of improving the urban environment and promoting ecological balance.

Landscape Fragmentation and Accessibility of Green Spaces

To improve the positive effects provided by green spaces on human well-being in dispersed urban areas is a key challenge for sustainable spatial development in Europe. This article presents a methodology that allows for the comparison of the potential of green spaces in territories-inbetween across Europe, in a way that crosses the fields of urban ecology and urbanism. The article adds to the existing knowledge and understanding of the relation between the spatial organisation of systems of green spaces and their accessibility to biodiversity and human well-being. Firstly, it adapts the fragmentation index in a way that it can be applied to the specific spatial characteristics of territories-in-between. Secondly, it combines the fragmentation index with an indicator for accessibility of green spaces, in order to integrate aspects of ecology, human well-being and the spatial heterogeneity of the relation between them. The methodology is applied to ten areas across western Europe in order to inform decision and policy makers including urban planners, designers and environmental agencies to be able to assess the potential of system of green spaces for biological diversity and human well-being in an integrated manner.

The geography of urban environmental protection in Slovenia: The case of Ljubljana

This paper uses findings from sustainability studies to present the development of environmental urban geography in Slovenia in recent decades. Modern European cities, of which Ljubljana is no exception, depart significantly from sustainable development concepts. Compared to other similar cities, Ljubljana has an effective green space system, which its residents also perceive as offering a better-quality living environment. The major, poorly addressed problems are primarily inherited issues, such as gravel pits, illegal dumping sites, and unregulated gardens in suburbanized water protection areas on which residents depend. These, however, show a large gap between claimed and actual environmental awareness.

Research on the Strategy of Urban Green Space System Planning Based on the Eco Oriented Development Model

Research on the Strategy of Urban Green Space System Planning Based on the Eco Oriented Development Model

Patterns of Urban Park Use and Their Relationship to Factors of Quality: A Case Study of Tehran, Iran

Urban parks play an important role in increasing the quality of urban life. Thus, a variety of approaches to planning and decision-making regarding sustainable open spaces and urban parks is needed, especially when models from one location are borrowed to another with a very different culture. In many developing countries cities are expanding without proper planning of public green spaces which places pressure on the quality of life. In common with many Middle Eastern cities, Tehran, the capital of Iran is a large sprawling metropolis which has experienced fast growth since 1970 and with little in the way of comprehensive planning of green spaces as an organised system. To date there has been no comprehensive investigation of urban parks regarding their level of use, range of activities, quality of maintenance, evidence of anti-social activities or the demographic character of their catchment—important information for effective park planning. In this study a representative sample of 16 parks in Tehran was studied using a combination of site assessments and user observations. We found that a combination of factors concerning the quality of the parks such as presence of facilities, existence of water and other special attractions, as well as how well-lit they are, how well maintained and safe they are, has a lot to do with their level of use. Some pleasant parks with good facilities are less well used because of, e.g., evidence of anti-social behaviour, poor maintenance and accessibility. A key aspect we found is the difference between male and female users, with some parks being much less-well-used by women. Much more attention is needed for planning and management of parks in Tehran. The approach applied here has potential to help other cities in similar areas to learn more about their green space systems for planning purposes.

Культивована дендрофлора міста Ужгород

The Uzhgorod green space system includes a large number of parks that are monuments of local landscape art. It is relevant today to study their species composition and ecological and biological features. Eight parks and squares of the city of different subordination, which are a part of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, were selected as objects of research. During the subarea inventory, the taxonomic composition of the plantations of these objects was established, which is formed by representatives of 36 families, 67 genera, and 119 species of woody plants. Predominantly representatives of the Department of Angiosperms (93 species). The systematic analysis of the dendroflora showed the numerical representation of the families Pinaceae (22%), Rosaceae (17 , 6%) and Oleaceae (14 , 7%). Most North American species (36 , 4%). The researches of the identified plants according to their relation to the main environmental factors – light, humidity, air temperature and soil richness are carried out. The results obtained indicate a broad amplitude of ecomorphs and adaptive features of woody plants

Index System of Ecological Planning of Urban Greenspace in Northeast China

Nowadays, scientists generally apply routine index of greenspace system planning in urban greenspace planning and design. Along with its development, the ecological planning plays a more and more important role in urban planning of greenspace. This article attempts to establish a primary ecological index system of urban greenspace in northeast China by extracting some ecological index from the usual quantitative indicators, the ecological planning of greenspace heterogeneity, and diversity of the system and structure of urban greenspace system etc.

The Continuity of Open Greened Spaces-Basic Principle of Urboecology

For home urban planning of the last quarter of a century, a very low level of urban culture is typical. Today, the ecological principles of the formation of an urbanized landscape can become the methodological basis for designing a city. These principles consist in striving to achieve the sustainability of the urban landscape, in other words, the balance of human management processes and self-regulation processes at the expense of its natural components. Urban-ecological approach is carried out through the formation of a system of open green spaces of the city. One of the basic principles of building a system is the continuity of intracity and external, suburban and inter-settlement green spaces. The existence of natural elements introduced into the urbanized environment is facilitated by connections with the biogenic complexes of the suburban area. Thus, instead of the convenient, but absent today, planned indicators of the development of the economy, more complex and not familiar ecological foundations of the formation of the city have been proposed. The most important is the principle of continuity of open green spaces, which determines the quality of the ecological framework of the city.

Normative and technical regulation in the field of urban green space arrangement

Introduction. One of the urban planning key tasks is to ensure the personal and social safety and create a high-quality urban environment defined as the ability of the environment to meet human needs. Creating a favorable urban environment is also one of the most important strategic tasks of the state. For that reason, in the nearest future, it is necessary to ensure a cardinal increase in the urban environment comfort, increase the urban environment quality index and reduce the number of settlements with an unfavorable environment. Thus, there is a need to introduce new urban planning system approaches to the assessment of the effectiveness of design solutions in the field of urban green space arrangement. The scope of the research is normative and technical regulation in the field of urban green space arrangement, while its objective is the analysis of the main regulation problems.
 Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of urban planning based on the calculation of triple balances of the biotechnosphere. By varying the elements of the green space arrangement, it is possible to regulate the level of the biosphere’s regenerative forces, thus balancing the anthropogenic impact on the urban environment. Methods of the research are familiarization with the relevant legal documents in the field of urban green-space arrangement and integrated analysis of urban planning documentation for solving the problems of strategic planning of territorial development.
 Results. The analysis of the main problems of normative and technical regulation in the field of urban green space arrangement is performed. The functions of gardening in the composition of the urban territorial zones are revealed. The paper shows a gradation of landscaping systems in the urban planning structure at various urban planning levels. A comparative analysis of the landscaping of the territorial zones is given for three major towns of the Central Federal district: Orel, Smolensk, and Tambov. A method to create favorable conditions for life, is proposed for regulating the regenerative forces of the biosphere with the balance ratios of the components of the biotechnosphere balance, including elements of various gardening intensities.
 Conclusions. Creating a continuous system of green and other open spaces based on the principles of urban planning is currently the main tool for creating a favorable urban environment. Currently, new system approaches are required to assess the effectiveness of design solutions in the field of landscaping and introducing a new integrated indicator of the availability of green spaces.

The Formulation of the Special Planning of Blue and Green Space System at County Level under the Background of Ter- ritorial Space Planning System

In recent years, the planning of blue-green space system has become a very important part of special planning in China’s municipal and county-level land spatial planning. It is not only the main measure for the overall requirements of China’s land spatial planning and the refinement and classification of blue-green space, but also the highlight in the process of reform and upgrading of spatial planning system, reasonable preparation is very important. Based on this, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the compilation of special planning of blue and green space system at the county- level under the background of territorial space planning system, in order to provide help for enhancing the compilation effect of relevant special planning.

LiDAR based urban vegetation mapping as a basis of green infrastructure planning

Planning green infrastructure in the cities is a challenging task for planners and city managers. Developing multifunctional green space systems provide many benefits including: increasing water retention, mitigating urban heat island effect, microclimate regulation, reducing air, water and noise pollution and conservation biodiversity. The greenery in the city also have an impact on human health. The paper presents the possibilities of using LiDAR data mapping vegetation density in urban areas on the example of Gorzów Wielkopolski (Poland). Maps made as a result of processing the point clouds obtained from airborne laser scanning represents the most accurate, comprehensive and detailed assessment of Gorzów Wielkopolski vegetation cover to date and establishes the baseline for greenery governance and planning of green infrastructure in the city.

The Development Simulation of Urban Green Space System Layout Based on the Land Use Scenario: A Case Study of Xuchang City, China

The development and evolution of an urban green space system is affected by both natural effects and human intervention. The simulation and prediction of an urban green space system can enhance the foresight of urban planning. In this study, several land use change scenarios of the main urban area of Xuchang City were simulated from 2014 to 2030 based on high-resolution land use data. The layout of each scenario was evaluated using landscape indexes. A Cellular Automata–based method (i.e., future land use simulation, FLUS) was applied to develop the urban green space system, which we combined with urban land use evolution. Using recent data, the FLUS model effectively dealt with the uncertainty and complexity of various land use types under natural and human effects and solved the dependence and error transmission of multiperiod data in the traditional land use simulation process. The root mean square error (RMSE) of probability of the suitability occurrence module and the Kappa coefficient of the overall model simulation accuracy verification index both met accuracy requirements. It was feasible to combine the evolution of the urban green space system with urban land development. Moreover, under the Baseline Scenario, the urban land use layout was relatively scattered, and the urban green space system showed a disordered development trend. The Master Plan Scenario had a compact urban land use layout, and the green space system was characterized by networking and systematization, but it did not consider the service capacity of the green space. The Planning Guidance Scenario introduced constraint conditions (i.e., a spatial development strategy, green space accessibility, and ecological sensitivity), which provided a more intensive and efficient urban space and improved the service function of the green space system layout. Managers and planners can evaluate the urban future land use development mode under different constraints. Moreover, they would be able to adjust the urban planning in the implementation process. This work has transformed the technical nature of the planning work from “static results” to a “dynamic process”.

Low-carbon optimization of spatial pattern in Shenfu New District based on genetic algorithm

The realization of low-carbon development is the key to solving the global climate change problem. China’s total carbon emissions share in the world is increasing year by year. Taking the road of low-carbon city development is the inevitable trend of China’s city development in the future. Increasing the concentration of urban land space can improve energy utilization and achieve the optimal goal of energy conservation and emission reduction. Genetic algorithm is a method to search the optimal solution by simulating the natural evolution process, providing a scientific solution for low-carbon city planning. This paper starts with the spatial arrangement of land use, minimizes people’s spatial travel distance through the global optimization ability of genetic algorithm. It summarizes the low-carbon spatial organization characteristics of Shenyang-Fushun New City, explores the analysis method of urban spatial low-carbon pattern, puts forward the optimization strategies of urban spatial structure, urban transportation network, green space system and low-carbon industrial layout, adjusts the development trend of urban areas, promotes low-carbon living and production behaviours, and provides theoretical basis and practical experience for the planning of low-carbon cities.