System In South Korea Research Articles

Hybrid Performance Modeling of an Agrophotovoltaic System in South Korea

APV systems producing both crops and electricity are becoming popular as an alternative way of producing renewable energy in many countries with land shortage issues (e.g., South Korea). This study aims at developing a hybrid performance model of an Agrophotovoltaic (APV) system that produces crops underneath the PV modules. In this study, the physical model used to estimate solar radiation is integrated with a polynomial regression approach to forecast the amount of electricity generation and crop production in the APV system. The model takes into account not only the environmental factors (i.e., daily temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind speed) but also physical factors (i.e., shading ratio of the APV system) related to the performance of the APV system. For more accurate modelling, the proposed approach is validated based on field experiment data collected from the APV system at Jeollanam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in South Korea. As a result, the proposed approach can predict the electricity generation quantity in the APV system with an R2 of 80.4%. This will contribute to the distribution of the APV system, which will increase farmers’ income as well as the sustainability of our society.

The Retrospective Study of Advanced Cancer Patients Receiving Integrative Cancer Treatments in single Comprehensive and Integrative Medicine Hospital

Objectives: Traditional Korean medicine (TKM) has been supplied as part of a national health care system in South Korea under a dual medical system, however it has been difficult to mix western medicine and TKM medical practices in existing hospitals. For the objective of innovative integration between them, Comprehensive and Integrative Medicine Hospital were founded in Daegu, South Korea. Here, we discussed the clinical outcomes of cancer patients who received integrative cancer treatment (ICT).Methods: A total of 678 patients previously diagnosed with cancer were retrospectively checked in our institution for 2 years. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 573 patients were eligible for the final analysis. The overall survival (OS) of these patients in the aftercare period were determined. We looked at how clinical factors and treatments including chemotherapy, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and TKM affected the OS.Results: At the first visit, 212 subjects had no evidence of disease after tumor resection and 355 ones with advanced cancer, who receiving ICT including chemotherapy, CAM, and TKM showed better OS compared to the CAM including TKM or the best supportive care (median OS = 216, 78, and 46 days, respectively). The median OS was not reached in TKM only, even though the sample size was small (N = 12). Even after adjusting for clinical factors associated to liver, renal, and hematologic manifestation, ICT still remained significant.Conclusions: We demonstrated that ICT might be beneficial for advanced cancer regardless of the performance status, liver and renal function, since it positively affected the OS.

Expansion of Firefighting Work Area by Improving the Forest Fire Response System in South Korea

On April 1, 2020, the South Korean Fire Officials Act was revised by unifying the right to appoint fire officials and the class system. Over the past five years, firefighting has expanded large-scale personnel, replaced aging firefighting vehicles and supplied insufficient personal safety equipment, providing conditions for safer and quicker field activities. Furthermore, the scope of work has gradually expanded from firefighting to rescue, emergency, disaster and natural disaster and life safety activities. In particular, based on the lack of firefighting personnel and equipment and on-site command in the Uljin and Samcheok forest fires, which caused property damage of KRW 226.1 billion over 213 h since 1986, a more effective forest fire response system was established that expanded the scope of firefighting by converting the organization and budget operation authority of the Korea Forest Service to a firefighting-led suppression system that the public is aware of.

Optimization of a wheat small red bean double cropping system in South Korea

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and small red bean [Vigna angularis (Willd. Ohwi & Ohashi)] are the main ingredients of walnut-shaped “Hodugwaja”. An innovative wheat small red bean double cropping system was evaluated in a rice field in the Cheonan region (Korea) to determine its effect on land use. The effects of different nitrogen levels, sowing dates, and density on growth, yield, and quality of wheat and small red bean were also investigated using selected wheat (‘Keumgang’, ‘Sooan’, and ‘Goso’) and small red bean (‘Hongeon’, ‘Chungju’, and ‘Arari’) varieties. The effect of different fertilizer treatments [N1 (50%, 6.6 kg/10a), N2 (100%, 8.8 kg/10a), and N3 (200%, 13.2 kg/10a)] were investigated for wheat, while the effect of sowing date and density were investigated for the small red beans. Our findings revealed that the best variety, sowing date, and nitrogen level combination for wheat small red bean double cropping system in Cheonan area is ‘Goso’ sown on October 26, N3 nitrogen application, and ‘Chungju’ sown on July 10 with high ridge cultivation, at a density of 60 × 15 cm. This system was the most ideal yielding 521.6 kg/10a (1000 m2) and 275 kg/10a of ‘Goso’ and ‘Chungju’, respectively. This pioneering research provides a reliable cultivation plan and theoretical basis for implementing the double cropping system of wheat small red beans in central Korea. Undeniably, this study also provides a basis for future field experiments on wheat planting patterns and small red bean fertilization.

Active Distribution Management System Based on Smart Inverter Control of PV/ESS Integrated System

The smart inverter (SI) is an emerging technology, which enables the effective integration of distributed energy resources (DERs). Nevertheless, the operation by the only single SI function is not sufficient to deal with various conditions in a distribution system. In other words, all DERs are required to rapidly update the proper mode of SI functions depending on the system conditions. In this article, we propose the new active distribution management system (ADMS) for photovoltaic (PV)/energy storage system (ESS) integrated system based on the SI functions. It effectively regulates the system voltage, and it solves the line congestion problem in a distribution system by adaptively controlling the mode of SI functions. This method enables DER to effectively regulate its generation without the additional controllers. The effectiveness of the proposed ADMS is verified by several case studies on a practical distribution system in South Korea with the real measurements of generation from PV and load consumption based on the electromagnetic transient program. Also, the PV/ESS integrated system prototype of 100 kW is implemented for the experimental verification of the proposed ADMS.

Downstream Transport of Geosmin Based on Harmful Cyanobacterial Outbreak Upstream in a Reservoir Cascade.

Understanding water quality events in a multiple-impoundment series is important but seldom presented comprehensively. Therefore, this study was conducted to systematically understand the explosion event of geosmin (GSM) in the North Han River (Chuncheon, Soyang, Euiam, and Cheongpyeong Reservoirs) and Han River (Paldang Reservoir), which consists of a cascade reservoir series, the largest drinking water source system in South Korea. We investigated the spatiotemporal relationship of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in the upstream reservoir (Euiam) with the water quality incident event caused by the GSM in the downstream reservoir (Paldang) from January to December 2011. The harmful cyanobacterial bloom occurred during August–September under a high water temperature (>20 °C) after a heavy-rainfall-based flood runoff event. The high chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the upper Euiam Reservoir was prolonged for two months with a maximum concentration of 1150.5 mg m−3, in which the filamentous Dolichospermum circinale Kütz dominated the algal community at a rate of >99%. These parameters remarkably decreased (17.3 mg Chl-a m−3) in October 2011 when the water temperature decreased (5 °C) and soluble reactive phosphorus was depleted. However, high and unprecedented GSM concentrations, with a maximum value of 1640 ng L−1, were detected in the downstream reservoirs (Cheongpyeong and Paldang); the level was 11 times higher than the value (10 ng L−1) recommended by the World Health Organization. The concentrations of GSM gradually decreased and had an adverse effect on the drinking water quality until the end of December 2011. Our study indicated that the time lag between the summer–fall cyanobacterial outbreak in the upstream reservoir and winter GSM explosion events in the downstream reservoirs could be attributed to the transport and release of GSM through the effluent from hydroelectric power generation in this multiple-reservoir system. Therefore, we suggest that a structural understanding of the reservoir cascade be considered during water quality management of drinking water sources to avoid such incidents in the future.

Characteristics of recent HIV infection among individuals newly diagnosed as HIV-positive in South Korea (2008–2015)

Most HIV-positive individuals diagnosed in Korea are infected through sexual contact, with the time of HIV infection therefore often being unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of diagnosed patients near the time of HIV seroconversion to establish useful HIV intervention strategies. Cross-sectional study. Newly diagnosed HIV cases based on the national HIV surveillance system in South Korea, 2008–2015. To distinguish recent from long-standing HIV infection among 5898 nationwide HIV-positive specimens, limiting antigen avidity assays (Sedia HIV-1 LAg-Avidity EIA, cut-off = 1.5) were performed. Data on CD4+ T cell count at HIV diagnosis and death from AIDS within one year after first HIV diagnosis were used to distinguish recent HIV infections. Acute HIV infection is characterized by detectable HIV RNA or HIV p24 antigen levels, along with a negative or indeterminate antibody western blot result, but with the subject subsequently testing positive after a predetermined period. We analyzed the characteristics of recent and acute HIV infections by sex, age, nationality, HIV testing site, region, and reason for HIV testing. Recent and acute HIV infections were described as the proportion of recent and acute HIV infections among newly-diagnosed cases in a given year. Recent and acute HIV infections over the 8-year study period were 20.5% (1210/5898) and 9.5% (562/5898), respectively. Both infections were generally higher in the following groups: males, younger age, Koreans, individuals who were tested due to disease, residents of smaller city or rural area, and individuals diagnosed in recent calendar years. Acute infections were significantly higher among individuals tested in hospitals and due to suspected HIV infection. The recent and acute HIV infection in younger age groups (< 30 years) has been increasing in a given year. There was an increase in the proportion of young individuals with recent HIV infection, and we identified risk groups more at risk of HIV infection recently in Korea. Therefore, our results could prove useful for the development and assessment of national HIV prevention strategies in Korea and provide valuable data for further HIV research.

Multilevel Network Item Response Modelling for Discovering Differences between Innovation and Regular School Systems in Korea

AbstractThe innovation school system in South Korea has been developed in response to the traditional high-pressure school system in South Korea, with a view to cultivate a bottom-up and student-centred educational culture. Despite its ambitious goals, questions have been raised about the success of the innovation school system. Leveraging data from the Gyeonggi Education Panel Study along with advances in the statistical analysis of network data and educational data, we compare the two school systems in more depth. We find that some schools are indeed different from others, and those differences are not detected by conventional multilevel models. Having said that, we do not find much evidence that the innovation school system differs from the regular school system in terms of self-reported mental well-being, although we do detect differences among some schools that appear to be unrelated to the school system.

학점은행제의 현황과 향후 과제

Based on the Act on Recognition of Credits, the Academic Credit Bank System (ACBS) is an open educational system which recognizes diverse learning experiences gained not only in-school but also out-of-school. When a learner accumulates the necessary ACBS-approved credits, he/she can be awarded a degree. This study is to analyze the characteristics, achievements, and challenges of the ACBS from the perspective of the policy's operational structure such as 'Standardized Curriculum', 'Accreditation of Educational Programs' and 'Credit Recognition'. First of all, unlike traditional university the ACBS is a provider of education that is characterized by openness and diversity, in that various educational and training institutions can participate in. ACBS learners can acquire a degree through various credit recognition without a hard selection procedure if he or she graduated from high schools. Also, educational programs are operated flexibly to respond to the rapidly changing social structure. Next, the achievement of the ACBS has developed into a representative open higher education system in South Korea that guarantees opportunities for higher education through credit recognition for various learning experiences. However, majors have been operated by the ACBS are not differentiated from traditional university, and many degree earners are too driven in certain majors linked to some certificates, and the criteria for credit recognition among various quality of courses within the ACBS are not clear. Therefore, the ACBS should expand the specialized majors of various educational and training institutions, and enhance the equivalency by credit recognition standards for various experiential learning in the future.

Economic crises and fiscal measures in South Korea: Asian Financial Crisis, Global Financial Crisis, and COVID-19

ABSTRACT . This study conducts a changes-in-changes analysis to identify the adverse effects of three economic crises and the countercyclical stabilisation effect of the welfare system in South Korea. First, the crises commonly delivered disproportionate effects and the economically vulnerable experienced more severe damages. Second, even though the welfare system has better mitigated negative impacts during the recent crises thanks to welfare expansion, it still provided limited coverage and insufficient benefits. Therefore, the Korean government introduced the Emergency Disaster Relief Funds as the first-ever one-off universal benefit, but it did not mitigate early damages and had temporary positive effects.

Association of short-term particulate matter exposure with suicide death among major depressive disorder patients: a time-stratified case-crossover analysis

There is growing evidence that suggests a potential association between particulate matter (PM) and suicide. However, it is unclear that PM exposure and suicide death among major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, a high-risk group for suicide. We aimed to assess the effect of short-term exposure to PM on the risk of suicide in MDD patients who are at high risk for suicide. We investigated the risk of suicide among 922,062 newly-diagnosed MDD patients from 2004 to 2017 within the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database. We identified 3,051 suicide cases from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017, within the death statistics database of the Korean National Statistical Office. PMs with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), less than 10 μm (PM10), and 2.5–10 μm (PM2.5–10) were considered, which were provided from the National Ambient Air Monitoring System in South Korea. Time-stratified case-crossover analysis was performed to investigate the association of particulate matter exposure to suicide events. The risk of suicide was significantly high upon the high level of exposure to PM2.5, PM2.5–10 (coarse particle) and PM10 on lag 1 (p for trend < 0.05). Short-term exposure to a high level of PM was associated with an elevated risk for suicide among MDD patients. There is a clear dose–response relationship between short-term PM exposures with suicide death among MDD patients. This result will be used as an essential basis for consideration when establishing an air pollution alarm system for reducing adverse health outcomes by PM.

Does public opinion shape public policy? Effect of citizen dissent on legislative outcomes

In South Korea, the Advance Notice Legislation (ANL) system requires by law that a public announcement be issued on any proposed bill that is likely to affect the fundamental rights, duties, and/or daily life of the general public. By investigating the effects of public dissent submitted via the online ANL system in South Korea, this study attempts to address the critical issue of how to increase citizen participation in the political process and to offer a possible strategy that modern democratic governments can employ in this regard. The findings suggest that citizens will actively participate in the political process to make their voices heard when an appropriate participatory mechanism is available, but they will be more active if the administration encourages citizen participation with various policies and institutions. In other words, formal and informal institutions actively interact to affect the behavior of actors both within and outside the political arena.

Development of a deep neural network for predicting 6 h average PM2.5 concentrations up to 2 subsequent days using various training data

Abstract. Despite recent progress of numerical air quality models, accurate prediction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is still challenging because of uncertainties in physical and chemical parameterizations, meteorological data, and emission inventory databases. Recent advances in artificial neural networks can be used to overcome limitations in numerical air quality models. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) model was developed for a 3 d forecasting of 6 h average PM2.5 concentrations: the day of prediction (D+0), 1 d after prediction (D+1), and 2 d after prediction (D+2). The DNN model was evaluated against the currently operational Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system in South Korea. Our study demonstrated that the DNN model outperformed the CMAQ modeling results. The DNN model provided better forecasting skills by reducing the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) by 4.1, 2.2, and 3.0 µg m−3 for the 3 consecutive days, respectively, compared with the CMAQ. Also, the false-alarm rate (FAR) decreased by 16.9 %p (D+0), 7.5 %p (D+1), and 7.6 %p (D+2), indicating that the DNN model substantially mitigated the overprediction of the CMAQ in high PM2.5 concentrations. These results showed that the DNN model outperformed the CMAQ model when it was simultaneously trained by using the observation and forecasting data from the numerical air quality models. Notably, the forecasting data provided more benefits to the DNN modeling results as the forecasting days increased. Our results suggest that our data-driven machine learning approach can be a useful tool for air quality forecasting when it is implemented with air quality models together by reducing model-oriented systematic biases.

Critical Discussion on the Higher Education System in South Korea

이 연구의 목적은 이해당사자들 간에 논쟁의 대상이 되고 있는 한국 고등교육체제의 구성요인을구분하여 그 의미를 규정하고, 각 요인이 어떻게 작동하는가를 사회적/교육적 맥락에 맞춰 비판적으로 논의하는 데 있다. 담론분석을 활용한 이 연구는 고등교육체제를 목적구성, 지배구조, 예산구조, 성과지표로 나눠 각 요인의 개념을 정의한 후 그 특성을 설명하고 당면문제를 규명했다. 연구에서 확인된 당면문제는 목적구성의 모호함, 지배구조의 관료화, 예산구조의 사적가치 강화, 성과지표의 역기능등이다. 확인된 문제에 대한 미래 대응방안은 네 가지다. 첫째, 목적구성에는 각 고등교육기관이 처한사회적 맥락과 학생특성을 구체적으로 반영해야 한다. 둘째, 지배구조는 고등교육기관이 그 자체로자율성과 책무성을 강화할 수 있는 법적기반을 마련해야 한다. 셋째, 예산구조는 고등교육의 공공성강화를 위해 공적자금 집행방식을 교부금 중심으로 전환해야 한다. 넷째, 고등교육기관의 성과에 대한 인식전환이 시급하며, 성과관리에 소요되는 막대한 행정비용의 절감을 위해 성과지표의 활용을 제한해야 한다. 결론에서는 이 연구의 가치를 세 가지로 나눠 논의했는데, 그것은 담론분석(지식-권력간 관계)에서 핵심어/개념의 의미 규정과 사용맥락에 따른 접근의 중요성 확인, 교육부 주도의 관료체제 한계 규명, 그리고 고등교육체제의 가치기반 전환의 시급성 확인 등이다.

Analysis of court rulings on involuntary manslaughter or at-fault injury due to professional negligence by pediatric nurses: a systematic content analysis study.

PurposeThis study systematically analyzed cases in South Korea wherein nurses were prosecuted for involuntary manslaughter or injury due to professional negligence in pediatric care.MethodsWe analyzed the precedents using the methodology of Hall and Wright (2008) and Austin (2010). Of the 618 cases retrieved from the Supreme Court Decisions Retrieval System in South Korea, we selected the 12 cases in which children were the victims and nurses were the defendants, using a case screening methodology.ResultsThe most frequent penalty was a fine, and newborns were the most frequent victims. The distribution of cases according to Austin's violation categories was: improper administration of medications (n=5), failure to monitor for and report deterioration (n=4), ineffective communication (n=4), failure to delegate responsibly (n=4), failure to know and follow facility policies and procedures (n=1), and improper use of equipment (n=1).ConclusionTo ensure the safety of children, nurses are required to teach and practice a high standard of care. Nursing education programs must improve nurses’ awareness of their legal obligations. Nursing organizations and leaders should also work towards enacting effective nursing laws and ensuring that nurses are aware of their legal rights and responsibilities.

Perceived impact of the patent linkage system on pharmaceutical market from the viewpoint of the domestic manufacturers in South Korea

BackgroundThe United States requires a patent linkage system in other countries as part of free trade agreements. However, introducing a patent linkage system could be a significant barrier to the timely approval of generic drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the perceived impact of the patent linkage system in South Korea held by domestic manufacturers and analyze variations in evaluating the system according to the characteristics of domestic manufacturers.MethodsIn 2020, we conducted a questionnaire survey of 39 domestic manufacturers. The survey consisted of perceptions of the system, factors affecting patent challenges, and the perceived impact of the system. A 5-point Likert scale was used to rate each item. Domestic manufacturers were categorized into three groups based on their experience of listing a patent and acquiring first generic exclusivity.ResultsMore than half of the manufacturers surveyed had experience of listing a patent. The patent linkage system could protect the involved patents. However, manufacturers perceived that they could successfully challenge the validity of the involved patents and then obtained market approval for generic drugs. Manufacturers responded that market size, expectations for succeeding in litigation, and expectations for manufacturing the drug were the most relevant factors when they initiated patent challenges. Manufacturers reported that the system, in particular the first generic exclusivity, enhanced the research and development capability of generic manufacturers, increased their domestic sales, and improved access to generic drugs.ConclusionsThe perceived impact of the patent linkage system was limited to the domestic market and generic drugs. In narrowing the impact to the effects on the domestic industry, the system had positive impacts of the system on generic manufacturers. The first generic drug exclusivity lies at the center of this positive perception. However, manufacturers perceived that the current system did not provide enough incentives for domestic manufacturers to be granted first generic drug exclusivity through patent challenges.

Satisfaction Factors with a Dental Unit Chair System in South Korea: A Dentist's Perspective.

This study aimed to survey users’ satisfaction with a dental unit chair in order to highlight the elements affecting the dentist’s satisfaction. The questionnaire items were drawn up with seven components that constitute a dental unit chair, including the light, patient seat, foot controller, water fountain and cuspidor, monitor, bracket table and controller, and dentist chair. With these questionnaire elements, a pilot experiment was conducted to test the reliability, and reliability analysis was conducted. The scale reliability was checked using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Bartlett’s test of sphericity, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure, and factor analysis were performed to test whether the items would constitute appropriate questionnaire items for the survey. The survey was conducted with 26 dentists with more than three years of clinical experience. A correlation analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) (α = 0.05) to analyze the impact of the factors on the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair. The items that were strongly correlated with the overall satisfaction score of the dental unit chair were the design and appearance quality of the dental unit chair (PCC = 0.781), its maintenance (PCC = 0.784), and the overall satisfaction with the water fountain and cuspidor (PCC = 0.703) (p < 0.05). Most of the questionnaire items could affect the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair. Additionally, because the design and appearance quality, maintenance, and overall satisfaction with the water fountain and cuspidor may have the greatest impact on the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair, the improvement of these elements may bring about the enhancement of the overall satisfaction.

Plan for Establishing a Safe Perinatal Transport System

The collapse of perinatal healthcare is inevitable considering demographic factors and factors associated with medical resources due to the rapid decrease in the fertility rate in South Korea. In order to maintain the perinatal healthcare system, an appropriate healthcare delivery system must be established, but even the regional hospitals are facing a situation in which medical care is disabled due to a shortage of workforce. Government support is required to prevent the collapse of perinatal healthcare as public healthcare, emergency healthcare, and national essential healthcare system. In reality, it is necessary to strengthen perinatal healthcare through regionalization and to establish a maternal and child transport system. How­ever, there are no guidelines for the perinatal transport system in South Korea, which also lacks professionalism, with a focus on the simple transportation of patients. Therefore, by integrating the transport systems of advanced countries and domestic efforts to improve transport systems, a realistic perinatal transport system establishment plan is proposed as follows. In order to strengthen the perinatal healthcare center under legal and institutional support, a professional workforce equivalent to that of the emergency healthcare center is ensured to organize a specialized perinatal transport team, and a perinatal emergency information center is established to form a safe transport linkage system. The perinatal emergency information center, which provides information on perinatal healthcare, linking and evaluating transportation between hospitals, should be incorporated into the emergency healthcare system, playing a pivotal role in the perinatal emergency healthcare management system. In addition, a dedicated transport team for perinatal healthcare should be formed for each region, transport guidelines for transport vehicles and equipment should be established, and legal and financial support should be provided to ensure safe perinatal healthcare transport. The prehospitalization level perinatal transport is configured as an integrated model of the 119 paramedics, aiming at quick transport. A team of perinatal special paramedics should be organized for each base to transport patients by special vehicles, and information from the perinatal emergency information center should be used to select a transfer hospital and to receive medical guidance from a perinatal care physician during transport between hospitals. Transport between hospitals aims at safe transport with triangular transport. A perinatal transport team is in charge of transport between hospitals, and a specialist is on board in a special ambulance to provide medical care during transport between hospitals. Support from the government and local governments is absolutely necessary to strengthen the perinatal healthcare center and establish a perinatal transfer system, which must be realized through a pilot project with fee support.

The mediating role of informal learning on job performance: the work-learning dual system in South Korea

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the link between informal learning and employees’ in-role performance and whether the mechanism through informal learning mediates the relationships between self-efficacy, job characteristics, trust and in-role performance.Design/methodology/approachBased on data (n = 294) obtained from the firms with the Work–Learning Dual System in South Korea, a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was conducted.FindingsThe findings indicated that trust and job characteristics affected informal learning and informal learning mediates the relationships of trust and job characteristics with job performance.Originality/valueThe significant contributions of this study to the extant literature on informal learning are as follows: first, the present study investigates a mechanism and a mediating role of informal learning using SEM, while most previous studies in literature have employed qualitative research in informal learning. Second, this study explores the mediating role of informal learning between personal/job-related determinants of informal learning and in-role performance, which has not yet been examined in existing literature. Finally, this study provides practical implications regarding how organizations can facilitate more informal learning among employees to enhance their performance.

Redesigning and Implementing the Public Game Information and Rating System in South Korea

Rating reviews in the game industry aim to enhance the protection of young users, promote game ethics, and prevent negative use of it as a gambling but recent studies and public opinions have reported that the current rating system in South Korea is excessively regulative. To address this issue, this study was conducted to redesign the public game rating system on the Game Ratings and Administration Committee (GRAC) for the public data usage based on the comparison with other better structured media rating systems. The redesigned system utilized a parsing technique to easily access specific data or items, and a Jsoup library was utilized in the Java environment. The system consists of a URL collection module, connection module, detailed collection module, and storage module. If a user requests information from a game rating database through the proposed system, the requested information is arranged sequentially and provided to the user in XML and JSON forms. The designed and implemented collection data were comparatively inclusive and structural to satisfy the public for the better and easier public data usage. This study is expected to help build an environment where game users can obtain information both easily and correctly, and it will eventually lead to a better understanding of the current game industry in South Korea and its clear way to go.