Systems In Rural Areas Research Articles

A Study on the Funds and Investment Management of the Dehradun Urban Co-Operative Bank in Uttarakhand

Cooperative credit can be broken down into Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs) and Rural Cooperative Banks. Rural cooperatives play a big part in the credit delivery system in rural areas. Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) try to get savings from middle and low-income people and give them money to people who need it. People who work for UCBs and rural cooperative credit banks are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and NABARD, respectively. Both are regulated by the State Government in regard to certain types of work they do.The research demonstrates that in the majority of situations, the bank handles money and investments more effectively and efficiently. On the other hand, the bank’s high cost deposits are on the higher side, which will have a stronger impact on the bank’s profit and profitability in the long run. To provide more contemporary banking services and to attract new consumers, the bank should place a premium on providing high-quality services. Delivering high-quality services and transitioning from conventional to digital banking will undoubtedly bring value to the bank. Developing an appropriate plan to address difficulties such as NPA management, increasing competition from new generation banks, small and payment banks, would undoubtedly increase the bank’s operating efficiency.

Exploratory Analysis on the Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Beitang Landscape in the Shangzhuang Basin

Beitang landscape is a production system and land use pattern that ancient people created to adapt to droughts and floods during a long traditional farming culture. It has a critical reference meaning for water resource use and water systems protection in modern cities. Taking the Shangzhuang Basin (China) as an example, this study used multi-source data, such as remote sensing images, Beitang vector dataset, land-use dataset, elevation, slope, river, road, and field survey, to investigate the spatial distribution and influencing factors Beitang landscape. Results showed that in a typical small watershed basin, an area of ponds accounted for 1.0%, about 12 ponds per square kilometer—the average area of ponds is 814 m2, of which the vast majority is less than 1000 m2. The study found that the spatial distribution of Beitang in the Shangzhuang Basin has cluster characteristics, influenced by elevation, slope, aspect, river, roads, villages, farmland, woodland, and other factors, all of which have closely related to the natural environment development and human activities. The upstream, middle, and downstream of three Beitang landscapes were coordinated to support the Beitang landscape system in the small watershed of the basin. Findings provided a model for protecting and utilizing natural water systems in rural areas during the construction of sponge cities.

A two-stage benefit optimization and multi-participant benefit-sharing strategy for hybrid renewable energy systems in rural areas under carbon trading

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) are a promising tool for reducing emissions in rural areas. Suitable transaction mechanisms and impartial benefit-sharing strategies are the basis for sustainable HRESs. An HRES that focuses on biomass energy comprising three participants, is proposed and a two-stage benefit optimization and sharing model that is based on a reward-punishment-tiered carbon trading (CT) policy is established in this study. To ensure that maximum benefits are gained from HRESs, impartial benefit-sharing strategies such as minimum cost-retaining savings, Nash negotiation, and an improved Shapley value are selected. The results of the first stage show that the benefits of an alliance between the three participants increased by $22621.08 and $11497.49, respectively, under CT. The results of the second stage show that a suitable benefit-sharing strategy can be selected according to the needs of different cooperation models, with the contribution of all participants fully reflected under the improved Shapley value method. The use of a two-stage optimization model improved the willingness of participants to cooperate, based on the premise of maximum benefits. Additionally, new ideas for promoting the development of rural energy can further be provided.

Feasibility study on the construction of multi-energy complementary systems in rural areas—Eastern, central, and western parts of China are taken as examples

In this study, the feasibility of constructing multi-energy complementary systems in rural areas of China is examined. First, the rural energy structure and energy utilization in the eastern, central, and western regions of China are analyzed, and the development and utilization modes of multi-energy complementary systems in different regions are evaluated based on the differences in the resource endowment in different regions. Second, the input-output status of the multi-energy complementary mode in different regions is analyzed. Then, based on the assumption of technical feasibility, the feasibility of the multi-energy complementary system is analyzed in terms of various dimensions, such as economic, energy conservation, environmental protection, and social benefit. Finally, an empirical study is conducted by comparing the proposed multi-energy complementary system with traditional energy supply system. The results show that the development of a multi-energy complementary system in each region is feasible from the perspective of multiple dimensions to reduce environmental pollution, create employment opportunities, and improve the economy. Moreover, the system can significantly reduce the peak-valley difference and improve energy efficiency.

How Does Social Insurance Affect the Social Interactions of Rural Residents in China: Study on the Impact of Rural Formal Social Security System on Informal Social Security Mechanism.

With the increasing mobility of the rural population in China and the growing number of residents moving to the cities for work or study, rural society is forming a pluralistic, interest-centered, “open” social networks relations that follows the modern rule of law contract. Based on Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data, the results of the empirical study finds that social insurance can significantly enhance the social interactions of rural residents in China, that is, formal social security system in rural areas promotes informal social security mechanisms such as social interactions. The results of the grouping test show that rural residents in China’s different regions were affected by social insurance in different ways. Social insurance has a greater impact on the social interactions in the eastern region than in the middle and western regions. The propensity score matching method was used to reduce the sample selection bias, and the findings of the paper were found to be robust.

Design and Simulation of a Hybrid Microgrid System for Remote Areas of Kuakata, Bangladesh

Electrification of the rural areas which are located far from the grid is comparatively more expensive due to the high cost associated with power transmission. Renewable energy-based hybrid micro-grid systems can be a cost-effective method for the supply of electricity in these remote areas. This study aims at assessing the technical and economic viability of a hybrid micro-grid system for rural areas of Bangladesh. A hybrid microgrid system consisting of PV solar cells, wind turbine, and Diesel Generator has been designed for remote regions of Kuakata, Patuakhali. A combination of different technologies capable of generating electricity has been used to ensure the reliable and continuous supply of electrical power. HOMER, a simulation software, has been used for optimizing multiple energy sources to maintain an uninterrupted supply of power in a cost-effective way. Finally, cost analysis and consistency checking have been done by another simulation software called RETScreen.

Simulation of hybrid renewable systems in rural areas

The hybridization of renewable energy resources is a known topic in sustainable technology. Many projects are going on based on the topic. The use of Photovoltaic, wind energy, and other renewable resources can be helpful to optimize the load in the utility grid. Countries like Europe and other western countries have electricity storage, whether the developing countries are still struggling to make sure the stable utility grid connection to the distribution network system. In this research, we would like to discuss the different energy production processes sustainably. As we know, the energy sources are volatile and cannot always assure stable production to keep the requirements or demand properly. We want to use the combination of the sources in a way so that we can make the balance between the demand and the supply system. This research will be an overview in terms of technical and financial sites. Also, by using the different combinations of the Internet of things and data analysis method, we will see the correlation between the different sources and their production. Based on the production data, we can determine the financial feasibility and the outcome of the system. The main problem of renewable energy sources is uncertainty. In terms of wind energy, the velocity is also not stable according to the location. We want to show a predictive model by using the intelligent formula by which we can maintain the hybrid system. The production data from different sources will tell us their contribution to the system. This contribution will help us monitor the system and control which sources have more contribution on the demand side. The predictive model will have consisted of renewable sources such as photovoltaic, wind, utility grid, and inverter systems. In the research, the tool such as Artificial Intelligence can be implemented by sustainable management. The arrangement information is prepared to extricate data and based on resources. The renewable sources data are variant according to their location and it has an impact in terms of energy production. Data acquisition and analysis could help the current technologies such as smart grid, microgrid, and their control systems. This exploration aims to introduce a predictive foundation for the management of enormous volumes of data through large Information instruments (sensors) to help the coordination of environmentally friendly power. The main difference between the conventional electricity system and the renewable energy system is the variability of sources, with conventional sources such as utility grids and diesel generators and renewable sources consisting of photovoltaic (PV), wind, etc.

The System of Public Administration in educational institutions in rural regions in the context of the development of educational culture

The main purpose of the article is to study the main qualities of public administration of the higher education system in rural areas. One of the tasks of the state policy in relation to higher education in rural areas at present is the development of a system for diagnosing the quality of education to determine the compliance of the level of education with state standards. In the formation of state policy in the field of higher education in modern conditions, in comparison with recent times, the problem of the quality of higher education has become the leading one. Formation of conditions for the fullest satisfaction of the needs of citizens in high-quality higher education, and the economy - in competent specialists, is becoming one of the main tasks of public administration bodies in higher education in rural areas. In modern conditions of civilizational development, the state plays the main, decisive role in the development of education - by its inherent methods, it is actively involved in the management of educational processes in rural areas. As a result of the study, the most indicative foreign experience of public administration of the higher education system in rural areas was analyzed.

Sustainability of public transport in rural areas - Case study city of Jastrebarsko

The mobility of people in rural areas and low population density areas is sometimes difficult. This may be due to the inability of owning a means of transport as well as the inaccessibility of the public transport system. The development of public transport system in areas of low population density can be significant for ensuring mobility for all users. In this way, the quality of life in rural areas will increase. Numerous studies deal with the topic of introducing public transport systems in developed urban areas. In most cases, such systems have an economic calculation due to the large number of its users. On the other hand, there is a small number of studies that are dealing with the topic of introducing public transport systems in rural areas and sparsely populated areas. This paper analyzes the issue of introducing a public passenger transport system in rural areas with an emphasis on economic profitability and analyzes the economic indicators of the public transport system in detail. This paper also presents a case study of the public passenger transport system justification in the city of Jastrebarsko. Namely, a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was prepared for the purposes of determining the financial and economic justification of the system and ultimately as a basis for obtaining co-financing from national and European Union funds. When calculating the basic financial and economic indicators of the cost-benefit analysis for the introduction of a public transport system of electric vehicles in the city of Jastrebarsko the influence of all measurable factors, both quantitative and qualitative, was included.

Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process for selection of alternative solutions for domestic wastewater treatment

Choosing the best form of domestic sewage treatment requires analyses that allow decision-making on the ideal solutions for implementation, according to the particularities of each regionality, especially when it comes to rural and isolated areas dependent on decentralized solutions. Thus, through this study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used from a data collection on simplified treatment systems existing in temperate municipalities without a dry season, to evaluate priority systems in different scenarios considering environmental, social, and technical-economic indicators. Among the results for the scenarios performed, the compact upflow anaerobic reactor, the septic tank and anaerobic filter, and the septic tank and built-in flooded system of vertical subsurface flow were the solutions that proved to be the most indicated following the indicators used and the existing information. It is noteworthy that the results refer to the study area in question, and new applications of the method are needed in different climatic regions. From the application of the methodology, the AHP tool indicated that it is a viable method to assist in decision-making regarding the selection of sewage treatment systems in rural areas, which, being tied to municipal planning in basic sanitation, assists in the optimization of existing resources. The sensitivity of the method showed the importance of its application with data collected on site, in addition to the incorporation of public and experts opinions in the contribution of the degree of importance of the criteria and indicators used.

Research on the construction of rural public sports service system in Sichuan province from the perspective of urban-rural integration

From the perspective of urban-rural integration, this paper analyzes the current situation of public sports service system in rural areas of Sichuan Province. In order to break through the dilemma of the Rural Public Sports Service System in Sichuan Province, we must seize the opportunity of the integration of urban and rural areas, conform to the regional characteristics of Sichuan, plan the steps of the supporting reform between urban and rural areas as well as the farmers’ personal sports needs; and increase the farmers’ economic income, meanwhile, we should introduce and attract social enterprises and social forces to invest a lot in the human, material and financial resources of rural public sports. Promoting the development of rural public sports service in Sichuan Province by optimizing the allocation of resources.

Light or Dark Greywater for Water Reuse? Economic Assessment of On-Site Greywater Treatment Systems in Rural Areas

Water scarcity is causing a great impact on the population. Rural areas are most affected by often lacking a stable water supply, being more susceptible to the impact of drought events, and with greater risk of contamination due to the lack of appropriate water treatment systems. Decentralized greywater treatment systems for water reuse in rural areas can be a powerful alternative to alleviate these impacts. However, the economic feasibility of these systems must be thoroughly evaluated. This study reports an economic analysis carried out on the viability of greywater reuse considering scenarios with light greywater or dark greywater to be treated. For this, data obtained from the assembly and monitoring of greywater treatment systems located in the north-central zone of Chile, supplemented with data obtained from the literature were used. The results showed that both scenarios are not economically viable, since the investment and operating costs are not amortized by the savings in water. In both evaluated cases (public schools), the economic indicators were less negative when treating light greywater compared with the sum of light greywater and dark greywater as the inlet water to be treated. The investment and operating costs restrict the implementation of these water reuse systems, since in the evaluation period (20 years) a return on the initial investment is not achieved. Even so, our results suggest that the best alternative to reuse greywater in small-scale decentralized systems is to treat light greywater, but it is necessary to consider a state subsidy that not only supports capital costs but also reduces operating and maintenance costs. These findings support the idea that the type of water to be treated is a factor to consider in the implementation of decentralized greywater treatment systems for the reuse of water in rural areas and can help decision-making on the design and configuration of these systems.

Land certification, rental market participation, and household welfare in rural China

AbstractThe 2009 land reform in China marks a move toward a more flexible land tenure system in rural areas. This study evaluates the effect of this reform on rental market participation and household welfare in rural China. Using a four‐period nationally representative household‐level panel data during 2010–2016, we find that the 2009 land reform increased rental market participation by 6.6 to 7.0 percentage points on average. The effect varies significantly with village and household characteristics. The welfare impact of rental market participation on rural households depends on the type of participation. Specifically, the households renting in land witness an increase in their aggregated income by 10.7% on average through the expansion of farm production, which is accompanied by an increase in aggregated expenditure by approximately 11.2%. Those leasing out their land lose the portion of income on the farm but the aggregated household income is on average statistically unchanged, possibly due to a higher off‐farm income and the inflow of land rental income. Along with the statistically unchanged aggregated expenditure, the households leasing out land experience no significant welfare changes after the 2009 land reform.

REPRESENTATION OF THE FINANCIAL NEEDS OF RURAL MALAGASY HOUSEHOLDS

Madagascar is committed to implementing local financial services to facilitate rural households' access to these various services and promote rural development. The objective of the study is to understand the realities of the financing system in rural areas and more particularly in the rural commune of Alakamisy Itenina in vohibato district, and this, through the experience of rural households that determine the different financial needs and their financial priority. Using the Schwartz formula, surveys of 81 households were statistically treated. The results show that rural households prioritize social needs by meeting the social obligations dictated by fihavanana. The first place of the social obligations is perceived through the attachment to the traditional practice by the proverb “atero k'alao” which means "one receives by giving". This is how behavioural logic has been observed in localities far from financial services. Changing this behavioral logic turns out to be the best option. Rural households should accept new forms of financial innovation.

생활서비스 공급 측면에서 본 전라북도 농촌지역의 중심지체계와 읍·면 중심지의 역할

This study aims to derive the life service supply structure in rural areas of Jeollabuk-do through the analysis of the centrality of life service in Eup/Myeon central area. In addition, mutual relationship between the settlement system in rural areas and the current status of the supply of living services in Eup/Myeon areas were also analyzed. In particular, in this study, the entire administrative districts of Jeollabuk-do are intended to be established as a single wide area unit, breaking away from the current status of living service supply at the Si/Gun level. This study mainly conducted with three points. First, the spatial range of Eup/Myeon central districts with centrality in terms of living service supply was established. Second, the hierarchical structure of the living service supply system in the rural areas of Jeollabuk-do was investigated through the analysis of the living service supply level based on the centrality and geographical distribution in Eup/Myeon central districts. Based on the analysis results, the central place system of rural areas in Jeollabuk-do was established in terms of living service supply. Third, through the analysis of the living service functions distributed in the central area, and the type of living service supply by hierarchy was identified.

Modeling Renewable Energy Systems in Rural Areas with Flexible Operating Units

Designing energy systems becomes more and more important as distributed and renewable energy production gains attention. As distributed systems have quite different challenges than centralized ones, novel solution methods are in demand and have been proposed. Sustainability is an ever increasingly important factor for decision makers. The aim is to utilize renewable energy sources like wood, grass, manure, etc., while keeping in mind that their transportation for long distances is impractical. Revitalization of local and regional economy is also a priority. Previous work applied the P-Graph methodology to design an energy system based on biomass in a rural region. A more recent extension of the P-Graph framework is the utilization of operating units with flexible input materials, which makes more accurate equipment models possible. This flexibility is important because certain operating units can tolerate some change in the ratio of their input materials and others cannot. In this work, a method is proposed to design an energy system in a rural area. The notion of flexible operating units is applied to a case study, giving us the possibility to identify optimal composition of biomass feeds and plant size. Our model includes the collection and transportation of local renewable resources, fermenters and combined heat and power (CHP) plants, in order to optimize profit from generated heat and electricity. The case study shows that this modeling technique results in 31% more profit with a considerably lower computational effort.

A Study on the Performance of Regional Rural Banks in India

Banking plays a vital role in the growth and development of developing countries like India. Banks lubricate the entire monetary and financial system and ensure smooth operations. Nearly 70%of the total of Indian population lives in rural areas. For the development of Indian economy, there is a need for the development of the rural areas. For the purpose of rural development, there is a need for the banking system in rural areas which provide credit at lower and at reasonable terms to the rural households unlike traditional moneylenders which exploit the rural people by providing loans at a very high interest rate which leads to rural people were unable to repay loans given by moneylenders and lost everything and also commit suicide. To avoid all those negative consequences, the government appoints a working group on rural credit, the narasimhan committee. On the basis of recommendations given by the narasimhan committee, regional rural banks were established. The main objective behind the establishment of these banks is the development of agriculture, trade, commerce, industry and other productive activities in the rural areas particularly in those areas where banking services does not exist and make available cheaper institutional credit to the weaker sections of the society. This research paper throws light on the need of banking system in rural areas and significant role played by banking system in the development of rural areas and discusses about the problem faced by regional rural banks in India and suggestions to overcome the problems. The main aim of this paper is to analyse the present level of financial performance of RRBs in India as on 31st march 2017 in comparison to 31st march 2016. This study is based on the secondary data collected from the annual reports of NABARD. This study finds and concludes that the RRBs play a very important role in the development of rural areas.

New Perspectives on the Community Impact of Rural Education Deserts

Understanding how the lack of higher education opportunities due to geographic distance affects perceptions of communities and education is essential in creating sustainable education systems in rural areas. More specifically, this research examines how geographic distance and the absence of institutes, sometimes called an education desert, affect perceptions of community and the perceived value of education. We used data from the 2017 Rural Utah Community Study (RUCS) of residents living in twenty-five rural communities, with a sample size of 1286, and found that the proximity to different types of higher education, four- and two-year institutions, can significantly influence community well-being and the perceived value of education.

Underutilised Indigenous Vegetables for Household Dietary Diversity in Southwest Nigeria

The diets of many households in developing countries are monotonous and starch-based. Integrating underutilised indigenous vegetables (UIVs) to cropping systems can contribute to both crop and dietary diversities, thereby improving rural households’ nutrition and boosting food security. Therefore, this study established a link between the UIVs’ diversity and the household dietary diversity (HDD) of the UIVs producers in the rural area of Southwest Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 191 UIV-producing households in the region. Their HDD was measured based on the 12 unique food groups consumed by households over a 7-day reference period preceding the survey, and negative binomial Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between UIV diversities, other sociodemographic characteristics, and the HDD score of the UIV-producing households in the area. The results showed that only about four groups of food contributed greatly to the HDD score. The result of the negative binomial Poisson regression analysis showed UIVs diversity as a significant variable that increased the HDD score in the study area. Other factors that determined the HDD score of UIV-producing households were the marital status of the household head, farm distance from the home, UIVs land area, off-farm income, UIVs gross margin, per capita food expenditure, and Oyo location. The study concluded that the inclusion of diverse underutilised indigenous vegetables into cropping systems in rural areas and vegetable home gardening practices in the rural and urban areas of developing countries could alleviate the challenge of nutrition insecurity.

An Aging Study of NCA/Si-Graphite Lithium-Ion Cells for Off-Grid Photovoltaic Systems in Bolivia

Performance and aging of lithium-ion 18650 cylindrical cells containing NCA and Si-graphite composite electrodes are investigated during long-term low current rate (∼0.1C) cycling protocol resembling charge/discharge profile of off-grid photovoltaic battery system. The cells are cycled within 30% and 75% state-of-charge ranges (∆SOC) with low, middle and high cut-off voltages. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data of full cylindrical cells exhibit severe aging for cells that have been cycled at higher cut-off voltage of 4.2 V. Symmetric cell impedance from each electrode shows that aging of NCA is dominant over aging of Si-graphite. Using a Newman-based impedance model, the NCA symmetrical cells’ impedance spectra are parameterized to evaluate the aging modes. The resulting parameterization confirms increased particles’ surface film resistance due to possible electrolyte oxidation and tortuosity increase at high cut-off voltages. Cycling the cells with middle and low cut-off voltages causes few significant changes when compared to calendar-aged samples. This opens up the possibility to significantly increase battery lifetime for small photovoltaic battery systems in rural areas of Bolivia.