Modern Conditioning Systems Research Articles

Теоретические основы построения систем управления современными предприятиями

Timely research and analysis of enterprise management systems, their competent decomposition into component parts in order to implement corrective actions to improve the final efficiency of the management process as a whole, are relevant areas of theoretical and practical scientific research. As a result of the study of existing approaches to the concept of a management system, its substantive characteristics as an anthropogenic system and directions for study, analysis and improvement at specific enterprises have been clarified. The importance of such properties of the management system in modern conditions is substantiated as: integrity, manifested in the presence of its own pattern of development and influence on the characteristics of the controlling and controlled subsystems; synergy, providing qualitatively new properties, and dynamic equilibrium, compensating for the effects of the internal and external environment on the functioning of the enterprise. As the main directions of the decomposition of the management system, the following are highlighted: functional areas of management – production subsystem, financial subsystem, personnel subsystem, etc.; management functions – planning, organization, motivation, control, etc.; object and subject of management; dynamic and static subsystems, where the static subsystem (structure, resources, controls) sets the framework for management activities, and the dynamic subsystem (management process carried out using management functions) transfers the system from one stable state to another to compensate for the effects exerted by the external and internal environment.

Development of the bank of russia’s fast payment system in modern conditions

The financial market development in Russia and in the world is currently characterized by a number of processes such as emergence of a large number of new products and new formats implementation for their provision, expansion of the geography of financial institutions presence, national boundaries erasure in acquisition and provision of financial services, sales channels improvement for financial products and services, including remote ones, using modern information technologies. The article studies issues related to the current state and prospects of the fast payment system (hereinafter referred to as FPS) development considering the synergetic impact of payment services digitalization and sanctions restrictions. It analyzes the changes taking place in the FPS service in recent years, focusing on innovative business models, new functions implementation, technological transformations, as well as regulatory and risk aspects. The study pays special attention to the financial technology impact on development and functioning of the system as a key element of the payment industry. The potential of FPS in the context of ensuring the Russian payment infrastructure security represents an important direction for strengthening user confidence and system sustainability. The paper considers a number of promising areas for further development of FPSs, including their applicability to cross-border payments.

Trajectories of a doctor's professional development: a narrative interview. Part 1

BACKGROUND: Medical education is one of the most prestigious and in demand at the present stage, which, first of all, is reflected in the high competition rates for admission to a medical university. At the same time, the digital development of the Institute of Medicine determines the increasing academic load and the need to expand the range of disciplines studied at a medical university. AIM: To study of the trajectories of professional development of a young doctor in the Russian healthcare system in modern conditions. METHODS: The study of the trajectories of professional development of young doctors was carried out by the method of narrative interview (n=52) in September–December 2022 on the basis of the Institute of Social Sciences of Sechenov University. The study involved young internists (n=11), pediatricians (n=11), obstetricians and gynecologists (n=10), dentists (n=10), surgeons (n=10). RESULTS: The analysis of the array of narratives allowed us to identify three key semantic and semantic data blocks (including seven subgroups), which served as the empirical basis of the standard narrative plot: the pre-university stage ["playing the profession" (3–7 years), "premonition" of professional choice (8–11 years), professional self-determination or the formation of professional intentions (12–17 years)]; university stage [obtaining medical education as the "foundation" of professional socialization (1–2 years), determining the desired trajectory of the professional path (3–6 years)]; postgraduate stage [debut of professional activity (residency), "challenges of professional autonomy"]. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the corpus of narratives of young doctors made it possible to identify the key temporal points of the trajectory of their professional formation in the modern situation, and showed that the formation and professional self-determination of a medical specialist is determined not only by internal motivation, but also by the influence of social agents (specific for each stage), the conditions of the social and professional environment.

The method of assessing the sustainability of the functioning system based on the combat capabilities of the armies

The authors' analysis of the calculation of the value of the stability indicator of the military communication system, based on the experience of conducting military operations in the east of the country, proved by the use of the classic approach by the officials of the communication management staff is not possible. It requires carrying out numerous specialized calculations separately for the directions of communication with their further generalization for the military communication system as a whole in the conditions of uncertainty of conducting active hostilities. In addition, resilience is an integral indicator from the convolution of probabilistic partial indicators of survivability, reliability, immunity and cyber security. Therefore, the authors proposed to develop a new methodology for calculating the value of the stability of the operation of the military communication system in the modern conditions of conducting hostilities. Unlike the classical approach, it should be based on the use of other indicators that will simplify calculations. The authors developed a graphic model of the operation of the military communication system in modern conditions of active hostilities. To describe the operation of the proposed model, the authors used the values of the combat capabilities of troops (forces). The methodology takes into account the predicted impact of means of fire damage, radio-electronic warfare of the enemy on our military communication system and the implementation of combat support and radio-electronic protection measures by the communication units. To formalize the methodology, the authors obtained a number of compact analytical expressions that establish the probabilities of the ratio between the values of the combat capabilities of our troops and the enemy's troops. The methodology is easily implemented in the form of an information and calculation task and significantly reduces the time of operational calculations for the military communications management staff to make sound management decisions.

A contrast sensitivity model of the human visual system in modern conditions for presenting video content.

Digital video incurs many distortions during processing, compression, storage, and transmission, which can reduce perceived video quality. Developing adaptive video transmission methods that provide increased bandwidth and reduced storage space while preserving visual quality requires quality metrics that accurately describe how people perceive distortion. A severe problem for developing new video quality metrics is the limited data on how the early human visual system simultaneously processes spatial and temporal information. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that the few data collected in the middle of the last century do not consider current display equipment and are subject to medical intervention during collection, which does not guarantee a proper description of the conditions under which media content is currently consumed. In this paper, the 27840 thresholds of the visibility of spatio-temporal sinusoidal variations necessary to determine the artefacts that a human perceives were measured by a new method using different spatial sizes and temporal modulation rates. A multidimensional model of human contrast sensitivity in modern conditions of video content presentation is proposed based on new large-scale data obtained during the experiment. We demonstrate that the presented visibility model has a distinct advantage in predicting subjective video quality by testing with video quality metrics and including our and other visibility models against three publicly available video datasets.

Звітність суб’єктів господарювання як джерело аналізу та інструмент управління

The article summarizes the results of the study of the modern specifics of reporting of an economic entity and its types in the context of consideration as a source of analysis and management needs. An analysis of modern types of reporting from the standpoint of their essence, purpose, brief overview of indicators and interconnectedness of data on the activities of an economic entity is carried out. Attention is focused on transformational changes in economic emphasis and the development of sustainability reporting and taking into account strategic prospects. This made it possible to substantiate the conclusion about the growing role of reporting in increasing the level of development and competitiveness of enterprise. It is argued that a comprehensive analysis of reporting provides a wider range of indicators for managerial decision-making, which allows making more reasonable and high-quality managerial decisions on activities and determining directions for improving the processes taking place in the enterprise. The principles of formation and the principles of selection of types of reporting of economic entities necessary for management, in accordance with the objectives and requests of the management system in modern conditions, are determined. A structural-logical scheme of the relationship between types of reporting and the managerial process has been proposed, which reflects the step-by-step analytical component, as well as the corresponding steering algorithms that are adequate to different levels and types of management. It is proved that the use of information data of all types of reporting will allow to effectively analyze and evaluate, as well as determine the directions of development of an economic entity, taking into account the existing modern challenges. The place of types of reporting in the managerial process of enterprise is determined, which shows their importance in determining new vectors of development of economic entities in an unstable and competitive environment. In the perspective, the relevant direction of research is the development and substantiation of new methodological approaches to the analysis of the reporting of economic entities, argumentation of the composition of analytical indicators and solving the problem of identifying tasks and algorithms for their calculations.

New technologies for the creation of an automatic security and fire alarm system

The object of this study is the analysis of the latest domestic and foreign technologies for the creation of automatic fire alarm systems. The subject of the study is the fire protection system of the laboratory building of the University. The purpose of the study is to design a demonstration stand for an automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing system in the laboratory building of the University based on the analysis of the latest domestic and foreign research. The theoretical and methodological basis for the analysis of Russian and foreign technologies in fire alarm systems were legislative acts, regulatory documents, and other sources on the topic of the work. A study has been carried out on the development of a demonstration stand of an automatic fire alarm system in modern conditions using statistical data and scientific publications of recent years. In the work, the structural and schematic diagrams of the stand for demonstrating the operation of automatic fire alarm systems are designed, the rationale for choosing the base of the main elements of the alarm system is given, the characteristics of the elements and their reliability indicators are calculated.

Вплив цифрових валют центральних банків на міжнародну фінансову систему

The aim of the article is to study the impact of digital currencies of central banks on the international financial system in modern conditions. The article defines that the central bank digital currency (CBDC) is an electronic form of the national currency, which is created and controlled by the central bank and is implemented in various formats, including retail and wholesale options, as well as on the basis of accounts or tokens, using digital ledgers, with the possible application of technologies such as blockchain. CBDC is a central bank commitment and can be used to make payments, store value, and other financial transactions, while enabling fast, secure, and cost-effective transactions for consumers and businesses. The main directions of influence of digital currencies of central banks on the international financial system are considered and defined. A study of the advantages and disadvantages of the CBDC issue has been carried out. It is emphasized that digital currencies have a significant number of advantages and a significant impact on global financial markets due to their unique properties, despite a number of risks they entail. Based on this, the most popular private digital currencies in 2024 and their direct impact on the international financial system are determined. Their market capitalization is also determined. Based on this, it is emphasized that private digital currencies play a significant role in the development of the global financial system, stimulating innovation and increasing the efficiency and accessibility of financial services. Exactly these currencies have become the main driving force for the creation of central bank digital currencies. The authors consider digital currencies of central banks of different countries, characterizing the most popular ones in 2024. Thus, the market share of these currencies is determined, which shows how the major economies of the world are actively developing their digital currencies to maintain economic stability and strengthen their position in the global financial system. It is emphasized that Ukraine also continues to work on the launch of its central bank digital currency – the e-hryvnia. A number of challenges and prospects posed by the introduction of central bank digital currencies for the international financial system are identified.

Big Data in strategic management accounting

The importance of the influence of Industry 4.0 and the digitalization of the economy on the development of the accounting system in modern conditions has been grounded. The role of Big Data in solving key accounting problems and increasing the relevance of accounting information has been grounded. The reasons for the relevance of using Big Data in management accounting have been analyzed. The problems caused by using Big Data in management accounting have been identified and analyzed. The need to develop management accountants’ abilities and skills in data processing and presentation using Big Data tools has been grounded. The role of big data in ensuring the digital transformation of the enterprise’s strategic management system has been analyzed. Directions for using Big Data in strategic management accounting have been identified and described (innovative development of the system; improvement of strategic control; improvement of particular accounting methods; improvement of accounting methodology; change in the role of strategic management accountants).

Actualization of cyber resilience and historical origins of the concept of "resilience"

In this article, cyber resilience is defined as the ability to withstand external shocks caused by cyber risks, recover from them, and adapt to them. The importance of building a cyber resilience system in modern conditions is emphasized and examples of emergency situations of cyberattacks are given. The need to ensure cyber resilience at facilities and institutions is considered, different types of threats aimed at different systems, as well as the consequences of their negative impact are highlighted.
 It is noted that resilience and risk management, although interrelated, are still different. Risk management involves quantitative risk assessment, which forms a decision on the most appropriate strategy for responding to them. Resilience is important when risk is incalculable, when hazardous conditions are a complete surprise, or when analytical risk parameters have proven ineffective.
 It is emphasized that at a fundamental level, there are certain disagreements about the true meaning of resilience: for some, it implies the ability of a system to withstand a shock and return to its initial state, while for others it is an evolutionary process leading to adaptation and a new state of balance.
 Resilience has a long and rich history in various fields of scientific knowledge, including ecology, psychology, and disaster management. One of its main advantages is that it allows complex systems to prepare for adverse events and continue to operate under extraordinary conditions. It is concluded that the "prevent and protect” paradigm, which is still dominant today, is insufficient, and that risk management tools need to be developed in the direction of cyber resilience.

EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE CHANGES

The article reveals the problems of educational management in the conditions of innovative changes. It was determined that the reformation processes of the educational sector in Ukraine actualized the problem of qualitative changes in the educational management system. After all, the quality of education and the effectiveness of educational reforms in Ukraine depend on the focus of educational management. First of all, this concerns the formation of personnel policy, and the development of a strategy for the development of an educational institution, educational programs, and ensuring the image of an educational organization. An analysis of scientific sources was carried out, which shows that the theoretical foundations of educational management have been sufficiently developed in Ukraine, and the management system in modern conditions has been studied. Thus, in the works of G. V. Yelnikova, L. M. Kalinina, O. I. Kasyanova, O . I. Marmazy, V. I. Maslova, T. I. Sushchenko defined directions of changes in educational management. According to scientists, the domestic theory of educational management is going through a period of complex transformational shifts, an intensive search for new directions of scientific research aimed at implementing a new vision of educational management policy, modern world models of educational organization management. However, the problems of managing educational institutions in the conditions of innovative changes, developing strategies for the development of an educational organization, forming a positive image of an educational organization, and motivating teaching staff for professional growth remain insufficiently researched. It is noted that the development of the value attitude of the heads of educational institutions towards innovative management as a leading direction of educational management is implemented through the implementation of new approaches to management activities: competence-based, axiological, synergistic and others. It was found that among the important educational values that significantly affect the effectiveness of management activities, the following can be distinguished: the rule of law, tolerance, patriotism, honesty, justice, trust, morality, academic integrity. Accordingly, the content of educational management should be value-oriented and characterized by favorable communications, partnership in relationships, and a system of incentives for the professional growth of teaching staff. It was found that the strategy of the institution's development, which consists of a complex of methodical, material, technical and management projects with the determination of ways of their implementation, acquires an important importance in the conditions of innovative changes. It is emphasized that changes have also taken place in the personnel policy of educational institutions. Among the important tasks in the work with the pedagogical staff are defined: creation of favorable conditions for the professional development of both each teacher in particular and the pedagogical team as a whole; ensuring favorable communications between all participants in the educational process; creation of an effective system of stimulation for professional pedagogical activity; effective leadership is another. It is noted that in the conditions of innovative educational changes, the ability of the management subsystem to provide a positive image of the educational institution characterizes the innovative competence of the manager.

National financial systems are the path to sovereignty. Part 1: A systems analysis

Subject. This article examines the issues related to national financial systems, the Global Financial System. Objectives. The article aims to investigate the features that arise during the functioning of national financial systems as part of the Global Financial System in modern conditions. Methods. For the study, we used a projection method. Results. The article finds that the current centralized Global Financial System is characterized by insurmountable (generic) features that make national financial systems vassals of the central body of the global system, and the system itself unstable and super-totalitarian, in principle. Conclusions. The real way out of this situation is the transition to a decentralized international financial system, in which member States determine the value of their national currency sovereignly.

ЕЛЕКТРОННИЙ ДОКУМЕНТООБІГ У ПРОЦЕСІ ВЕДЕННЯ БУХГАЛТЕРСЬКОГО ОБЛІКУ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

In modern conditions, digitalization is one of the key factors of economic growth. Taking into account the experience of previous years (the coronavirus pandemic, the beginning of military operations in Ukraine), it can be seen that during a crisis, business entities must quickly adapt to work challenges and adjust their work model to today's requirements. Many business entities prepare financial statements in electronic form, but this is rarely the case for formation of primary accounting documents. The main purpose of the primary document is to confirm the implementation of a certain business transaction at the enterprise. Therefore, the availability of the primary accounting document is a mandatory and important component of the document flow as a whole. In turn, an electronic document should be understood as a document in which information is recorded in an electronic format. However, it should be noted that the requirements for the electronic primary document remain the same as for the paper one, with the preservation of all the necessary details. That is why this article considers the essence of electronic document flow in the accounting process. It researches the main legislative and regulatory acts that ensure the organization of electronic document circulation, in particular primary accounting documents in Ukraine, and their essence. The article defines the main grounds on which the electronic primary document is considered valid and provisions regarding the order of their preservation, requirements of names of the files in which they are saved. It gives opportunities provided by an electronic document management system in modern conditions. The article considers advantages (much higher speed of information dissemination, reduction of paper circulation, cost savings, protection of documents from unauthorized access, etc.) and disadvantages (the need for a high level of protection against unauthorized access to electronic accounting documents, significant cost for the formation of resource support for the operation of electronic document circulation, a high probability of loss of electronic accounting documents in case of spread of viruses, etc.) of the electronic document management system in the accounting process.

Reformatting the Russian monetary system in modern conditions

The article considers the question of possible ways of transformation of the Russian monetary system in modern conditions. Currently, Russia is facing tough economic and political sanctions, which encourage it to introduce fundamental structural reforms in all areas of the economy. The situation in which our country finds itself requires an adequate response in order to preserve economic sovereignty. It is required to restructure the monetary system in such a way that the economy is focused on using mainly its own resources. Modern theories of money could be the theoretical foundation for the upcoming transformations. The study concentrates on the Modern monetary Theory (MMT) and its possible implementation in the Russian economy. The interest that has arisen in this non-orthodox theory is due to many reasons, but the main one is that the monetary institutions of the leading countries of the world can no longer implement the previous monetary policy in order to stimulate economic growth. Scientists evaluate this theory ambiguously, and many researchers believe that its main provisions are divorced from economic realities, contradictory and, therefore, not acceptable as instruments of macroeconomic policy. The author's stance is that the main provisions are applicable in the Russian economy. Mainly, the idea of the sovereignty of the national currency is understood as the possibility of issuing money without regard to global financial institutions such as the IMF and the size of gold and foreign exchange reserves. As a result, this theory requires a deeper study of the influence of monetary emission on economic processes.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ, СУЩНОСТЬ И СОДЕРЖАНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ МОТИВАЦИИ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article considers the meaning, essence and content of the motivation system in modern conditions. Motivation of the entire work activity of all personnel of any organization should be considered as a system of complex impact of various internal and external factors on all employees to achieve certain goals of the organization. Having an obvious interest of each organization in higher motivation of employees is the process of encouraging all personnel to achieve various personal goals, as well as to meet their own needs through work. The success of a company is largely determined by decisions and the quality of performance of duties at various levels of its management. Staff motivation is one of the main means of ensuring the optimal use of resources, as well as the mobilization of existing human resources.

СУЧАСНА СИСТЕМА ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ В ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИХ КРАЇНАХ: ПРОБЛЕМИ І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The current stage of education development is characterized by the influence of globalization processes. They largely define changes in educational policy: the emergence of new problems and challenges that require international cooperation; the development of cooperation and competition in the implementation of educational policy; and the internationalization of education. Higher education should be a thorough preparation for life in a multicultural European society, and should provide the opportunity to realize the freedoms guaranteed by the European Union. Having launched integration processes in the field of general, higher and professional education, the European Union became one of the leading world centres of education, which largely determined the trends and directions of the development of the education system in modern conditions. Understanding the peculiarities of the construction and functioning of the educational space of the community is important for the participants of the educational process inside and outside the EU. At the same time, such an element of education as its content requires the most radical modernization, since it is the content of basic education that forms the foundation and opportunities for improvement of training programs for future specialists, determines the level and quality of higher education. The competitiveness of the higher school with other social institutions is conditioned by the innovative nature of education at the current stage. Since higher education at the current stage should also become attractive for investment, it is necessary to ensure the efficiency of the educational process of higher education institutions, transparency of financial flows and independent assessment of the quality of knowledge. Therefore, when reforming higher education at the current stage in the countries of the European community, the priorities of preserving the diversity of national education systems are taken into account, while solving the problems of international cooperation, mobility, employment of students in the European or international professional space, international competitiveness of higher education institutions.

Higher Education as a Pedagogical System

The processes of globalization and integration in modern conditions have significantly intensified. They have a significant impact on the sphere of education, causing the intensification of the processes of reforming higher education as a single integrated pedagogical system. These trends lead to the need to reformat the purpose, content, methods, means, and forms of education in higher education based on innovation, interaction, and mutual coherence. The article aims to substantiate the theoretical foundations and applied aspects of the study of higher education as a pedagogical system. The methodological basis of the study consists of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge and fundamental research, namely: system analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, analogies, comparisons, comparative analysis, graphical, tabular, generalization, and systematization. The obtained results of the study helped to establish that the development and functioning of higher education as a pedagogical system in modern conditions of uncertainty and danger is subject to significant destabilizing factors and factors of the external and internal environment, among the most significant of which are the COVID-19 pandemic and the transition of higher education institutions to distance learning. The need for higher education to introduce innovative means of teaching and providing educational services, as well as the formation of conceptual foundations for the strategic development of higher education as a pedagogical system has been revealed. The structural and logical scheme of functioning of higher education as a pedagogical system is proposed, which provides for close interaction of the subjects of the educational process in higher education within the structural and functional components of the pedagogical system. The proposal to strengthen the strategic management of higher education as a pedagogical system has been presented and its main stages have been defined.

Оцінка діяльності банківських установ в умовах воєнного стану як складова системи банківського контролю

The purpose of this study is to assess the current state of activity and peculiarities of the functioning of banking institutions of Ukraine under martial law and to determine the place and role of such an assessment in the system of monitoring the activity of banking institutions. The authors provide an approach to understanding the essence of the banking control system. The authors understand the banking control system as a set of rules, procedures, legislative regulations and institutions that provide supervision, regulation and assessment of banks' activities. The place and role of assessment of banking institutions' activity in the control system is substantiated. In order to evaluate the activity of banking institutions in the conditions of martial law, the peculiarities of the functioning of the banking system of Ukraine were revealed, its components, participants (National Bank of Ukraine, commercial banks, non-banking financial institutions, stock exchange, clients) were determined and their characteristics were provided. The consequences for the banking system caused by the war and the changes that the war led to are substantiated: bank closures, loss of assets, reduced trust in banking institutions, increased risk, change in business priorities and work in difficult conditions, restructuring and support. The trends of changes in the main indicators in terms of which the activity of banking institutions was evaluated were clarified, namely: the number of operating banking institutions, the profitability of assets and capital of banks, the amount of net assets of banks according to the profitability of capital, the share of non-performing loans in the portfolios of banks, the amount of total assets of Ukrainian commercial enterprises banks, and reasonably obtained results. It has been established that to date, banking institutions have managed to adapt to work under martial law. Despite the decrease in the number of commercial banks, indicators of profitability of assets and capital of the banking sector are gradually increasing, there is a sufficient level of capitalization and liquidity, an active credit policy is being pursued, and indicators of funding from the population and business are increasing. Currently, banking institutions effectively perform their functions and support the efficiency of the national economy. The main tools, the use of which will help ensure the further stable functioning of the banking system in modern conditions, have been identified. Such instruments are: financial support of banking institutions from the Government; regulatory measures of the National Bank of Ukraine aimed at ensuring the stability of the banking system; effective communication between banks, regulatory authorities, clients and the public; measures to stimulate the economy; regular monitoring and control of the state of the banking system.

Method for evaluating the effectiveness of intellectualization of distance learning system administration

The problem of developing an adequate method for evaluating the effectiveness of an intellectualized distance learning system as a partial problem of the general problem of increasing the efficiency of this system is substantiated. It is proved that in order to ensure a high level of distance learning system in modern conditions, progressive organizational, hardware and software solutions are actively used. An analysis of foreign and domestic experience in the development and implementation of artificial intelligence in distance learning systems is provided, and it is concluded that it is possible to increase their efficiency through the development of mathematical and software as the basis for models and methods of automation of administration processes. It is substantiated that the most promising in this direction is the use of artificial intelligence models. The research materials on the development of a method for evaluating the effectiveness of a distance learning system that uses models and methods for intellectualizing administration tasks are presented. The method is based on a probabilistic approach, a three-level decomposition of the distance learning process and, unlike the existing ones, takes into account the influence of new models and methods of intellectualization of the administration of a distance learning system when using a real system in practice. The application of the method with the use of statistical data confirms the reliability of models and methods and shows an increase in the efficiency of distance learning through the intellectualization of the administration of the distance learning system.

Reforming Ukraine's Court System in Modern Conditions

Reforming Ukraine's Court System in Modern Conditions