Theory Of Syntax Research Articles

Optimizing location planning of tourism signage systems based on space syntax theory- a case of Lukang Old Street in Taiwan

Optimizing location planning of tourism signage systems based on space syntax theory- a case of Lukang Old Street in Taiwan

Heritage Tourism Development Should Take Care of Industrial Heritage Protection: A Study on the Development Strategy of Industrial Heritage Tourism in Nanjing

The tourism development of industrial heritage is an effective way to activate cultural heritage and can provide new solutions for the renewal and protection of industrial heritage. This study focuses on the industrial heritage in Nanjing, aiming to explore its spatial distribution pattern, tourism development strategy, and sustainable development model. This study adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. First, relevant information on 93 sites of industrial heritage type historic buildings in Nanjing is collected. Secondly, ArcGIS was used to visualize the evolution of industrial buildings and the spatial distribution of industrial heritage type historic buildings. Finally, the spatial analysis tools of ArcGIS and the accessibility analysis method in space syntax theory are superimposed to comprehensively analyze the spatial distribution pattern and traffic accessibility characteristics of Nanjing’s industrial heritage. The research results propose a specific plan to promote the value transformation of industrial heritage through tourism: based on the spatial distribution characteristics of Nanjing’s industrial heritage along the water system and traffic arteries, a tourist route of “multi-point, two-axis, one-center” is planned; the tourism development strategy of “point protrusion, linear links, and surface darning” is implemented; and a sustainable development model under the guidance of low-carbon environmental protection goals is explored. This study provides a reference for the protective development of industrial heritage and the expansion of tourism and opens up a new perspective for the regeneration and planning of other urban heritage.

Investigating the role of path architecture complexity in users’ movement patterns in hospital circulation systems: case studies in Golestan, Iran

Purpose This study aims to explore how users’ movement is influenced by different hospital ward layouts, by using space syntax theory. This study also compared four circulation patterns to find the best one for the study goal. Design/methodology/approach The authors used both qualitative and quantitative methods to study how users’ wayfinding in hospitals depends on various indicators and factors. The study used Depth Map software to do case studies and then analyzed the indicators from theoretical foundations and used the Pearson Test to check the correlation between indicators. This study also looked at Iran’s Ministry of Health standards for ward layouts. Finally, the results obtained from the research data were compared to achieve a suitable model based on the research objectives. Findings The linear-patterned plan was the best for easy wayfinding and accessibility among four patterns. The optimal hospital circulation patterns can improve wayfinding and reduce wayfinding problems and user movement. Originality/value By pioneering space syntax in hospital research, this study unveils the novel interaction between path architecture and user movement. It gives new insights into current trends, helping architects, administrators and policymakers improve health-care design, efficiency and patient experience.

The evolution of space syntax over the past two decades: evidence from China

ABSTRACT China is one of the most researched countries in space syntax. However, the application of the theory in China remains relatively unfamiliar to the international academic community. This study employed keyword analysis to review research themes in Chinese space syntax and used empirical content analysis to trace the evolution of relevant concepts, including spatial scales, study areas, software, models, and measures. By comparing with international studies, this study characterizes the research themes. It emerged that Chinese scholars favor using measures like integration to evaluate spatial accessibility, with the exploration of spaces’ cultural attributes also being a significant theme. Additionally, this study reveals that applied research propels Chinese space syntax, demonstrating characteristics of staged growth and a stratification phenomenon in the usage frequency of relevant concepts. It also identifies cross-regional research strengths and challenges within the field of Chinese space syntax. Ultimately, insights for improving future research and possible research directions are presented. This study provides evidence to analyze the evolution of space syntax theory from China and aids in improving the research framework of the theory. It provides a valuable reference for scholars and can promote the global dissemination of space syntax.

Analysis of the Urban Form of Bechar through the Attributes of Space Syntax “for a More Sustainable City”

Located in the vast Algerian Sahara, Bechar has experienced over the years uncontrolled urban growth. It has evolved from a simple oasis and ksar (traditional settlement) to a city with a contrasting center and segregated outskirts. This growth has led to significant urban fragmentation that affected residents’ quality of life. This research uses space syntax theory to analyze Bechar’s urban configurations and their impact on functionality and sustainability. The study examines integration, connectivity, control, and intelligibility through axial maps and syntactic measures. Findings reveal that areas with high integration show better accessibility and reduced vehicle reliance, while segregated areas face accessibility challenges and limited services. Global integration values range from −1 to 1.192, averaging at 0.767, which indicates different accessibility among neighborhoods. These insights are crucial to identify areas where sustainable urban planning can mitigate adverse effects and enhance city efficiency. We created an axial map using DepthmapX v0.8.0 software and a modified digital QGIS map to collect data and measure Bechar’s urban properties. The methodology we used translates social behaviors into spatial representations, generating interpretative models for social and spatial phenomena. This article provides valuable information on the infrastructure and service needs, guiding strategic resource allocation. The proposed urban design strategies include urban canopies and optimized building ratios to reduce energy consumption and promote sustainability. To conclude, we recommend practical solutions to enhance the sustainability and functioning of urban areas similar to Bechar.

Arithmetical pluralism and the objectivity of syntax

AbstractArithmetical pluralism is the view that there is not one true arithmetic but rather many apparently conflicting arithmetical theories, each true in its own language. While pluralism has recently attracted considerable interest, it has also faced significant criticism. One powerful objection, which can be extracted from Parsons (2008), appeals to a categoricity result to argue against the possibility of seemingly conflicting true arithmetics. Another salient objection raised by Putnam (1994) and Koellner (2009) draws upon the arithmetization of syntax to argue that arithmetical pluralism is inconsistent with the objectivity of syntax. First, we review these arguments and explain why they ultimately fail. We then offer a novel, more sophisticated argument that avoids the pitfalls of both. Our argument combines strategies from both objections to show that pluralism about arithmetic entails pluralism about syntax. Finally, we explore the viability of pluralism in light of our argument and conclude that a stable pluralist position is coherent. This position allows for the possibility of rival packages of arithmetic and syntax theories, provided that they systematically co‐vary with one another.

Impact of Family Livelihood on the Spatial Organisation of Indigenous Housing in Boshrouye, Iran

Indigenous housing has been created to cater to the cultural, social, and economic needs of society as well as its family livelihood. Boshrouye City, located in South Khorasan Province, Iran, has a special livelihood system with valuable examples of indigenous housing. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the family livelihood and its associated activities on the spatial organisation of housing. For this purpose, 20 samples of indigenous houses were selected non-randomly and investigated based on the space syntax theory. Plans of houses were analysed using UCL Depthmap software and then evaluated through Convex and Isovist map analyses. The research method employed was the interpretive method. The results of the study indicate that the model of family livelihood has a significant impact on the spatial organisation of housing in Boshrouye City. This model has employed physical means, including the creation of new spaces and changing the role and configuration of spaces to protect the privacy of occupants. This privacy is one of the cultural requirements of this region.

Forecasting an urban sound model using space syntax theory in three different urban patterns in Egypt

The objective of this study is to investigate an acoustic environment based on spatial configurations. To achieve this objective, two types of data were utilized. First, the urban acoustic data was collected from 96 measurements based on equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels across three different urban areas in Cairo, Egypt, during weekends and at night. The data was plotted on a contour map in an effort to investigate their distribution in the urban area. Secondly, the data was collected using DepthMapX software, and in this way, spatial analysis was produced with diverse spatial attributes. Moreover, on-site observations of pedestrian and traffic rates were made, and land use distribution was observed.Statistical analysis was also conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Our statistical analysis showed that the value of sound pressure level (LAeq) is greatly influenced by spatial attributes in highly accessible spatial configurations, with Normalized Angular Integration (NAIN) being the most accurate predictor of sound pressure level. Our findings also verified the existence of a high correlation between commercial and mixed land uses and (LAeq).Additionally, this study revealed that the urban sound model can predict sound pressure level (LAeq) in an urban setting. This dataset functions as a valuable resource for future research, urban designers, and policymakers who are addressing sustainable issues pertaining to soundscape, noise pollution, and urban planning.

The Impact of Urban Streets Layout on Crimes: A Space Syntax Analysis of Hayatabad Peshawar

Urban population is on a rising trend and with that, the planning and design of cities and urban settings has a vital role to play in making sure that our cities remain pleasant, healthy, and safe. Crime prevention as a goal is often overlooked in urban planning and has a drastic effect on the quality of urban life. In this study, the street layout of Hayatabad, Peshawar is analyzed through axial map analysis using UCL Depthmap software based on Space Syntax theory to identify possible crime hotspots in the area. The possible hotspots in existing street layout of the area are identified based on the integration values from analysis. Thereafter, a proposed street layout, with addition of new streets, is presented that significantly improves the safety of existing street layout with regard to crime occurrence by improving the global integration of the layout.

Wh-Words: Existential or Universal Quantifiers in Child Mandarin?

Wh-words have been analysed as existential quantifiers (Chierchia in Logic in grammar: polarity, free choice, and intervention. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013; Fox, in Sauerland U, Stateva P (eds) Presupposition and implicature in compositional semantics (Palgrave studies in pragmatics, language and cognition). Palgrave MacMillan, Houndmills, pp 71-120, 2007; Liao in Alternative and exhaustification: non-interrogative uses of Chinese wh-words. Harvard University, 2010) or universal quantifiers (Nishigauchi, in: Theoretical and applied linguistics at Kobe Shoin 2, Kobe Shoin Institute for Linguistic Sciences, 1999). These two accounts have distinct predictions on how children initially interpret wh-words. The universal account predicts that children should initially interpret wh-words as universal quantifiers, whereas the existential account anticipates that children should start out with the existential interpretation. To adjudicate between the two accounts, the present study was designed to explore pre-schoolers' semantic knowledge of wh-quantification. Specifically, it investigated the interpretation of the wh-word shenme 'what' with 4-and 5-year-old Mandarin-speaking children and a control group of adults. Using a Truth Value Judgment Task (Crain and Thornton in Investigations in universal grammar: a guide to experiments on the acquisition of syntax and semantics. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1998), Experiment 1 evaluated whether children interpret the wh-word shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to the polarity sensitive item renhe 'any' or the universal quantifier suoyou 'all' in the antecedent of ruguo 'if' conditionals. Using a Question-Answer Task, Experiments 2 & 3 respectively investigated whether children interpret shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to renhe 'any' or suoyou 'all' in two types of questions: yes-no questions with the particle ma and A-not-A questions. It was found that both children and adults interpret shenme 'what' as closer in meaning to renhe 'any' than suoyou 'all'. The findings suggest that Mandarin-speaking pre-schoolers already have adult-like semantic knowledge of wh-quantification: wh-words are existential quantifiers rather than universal quantifiers. Due to the paucity of primary linguistic input, children's early mastery of the non-interrogative wh-words appear to support the biolinguistic approach to language acquisition (Chomsky in Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1965; Pinker in Language learnability and language development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1984; Crain et al. in Language acquisition from a biolinguistic perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.004 ).

Exploring Urban Service Location Suitability: Mapping Social Behavior Dynamics with Space Syntax Theory

Assessing urban service locations is a key issue within city planning, integral to promoting the well-being of citizens, and ensuring effective urban development. However, many current approaches emphasize spatial analysis focused solely on physical attributes, neglecting the equally vital social dimensions essential for enhancing inhabitants’ comfort and quality of life. When social factors are considered, they tend to operate at smaller scales. This paper addresses this gap by prioritizing integrating social factors alongside spatial analysis at the community level. By employing space syntax theory, this study investigates urban service suitability in Hajjah, a Palestinian urban community, presenting a novel approach in the literature. The research identifies good spots for essential governmental facilities like health clinics and fire stations using axial map analysis. It also suggests reallocation for some schools. Additionally, it shows ways to improve the placement of community amenities, finding ideal park locations but suboptimal mosque placements. Commercial services also exhibit areas for enhancement including gas stations and shops. The insights from this research can offer policymakers and planners insights to create more efficient, equitable, and accessible cities. The research approach incorporates social behavior dynamics into spatial analysis, promoting inclusive urban planning.

Residential urban heritage space identification, delimitation, and potential assessment model based on space syntax

In the era of post-modernization, profound transformations in urban spaces have led to significant shifts in the spatial composition paradigms of contemporary urban heritage. Research on this process is crucial for elucidating the spatial pathways and compositional changes in the modernization transformation of urban heritage. This study aims to establish identification indicators and assessment systems for the spatial structure of urban residential environments exhibiting historical characteristics and heritage potential through a comparative analysis of residential urban heritage spatial paradigms in historic cities in China and Japan. First, grounded in space syntax theory, this study selected residential urban heritage in Suzhou’s Pingjiang Historic District and Uji’s Nakauji District as research cases. Utilizing road network data, this study analyzed the Life Integration (Int.VR1000) and Global Integration (Int.VR5000) of urban heritage spaces, thereby constructing a spatial topology system for heritage spaces. Second, the study employed urban spatial entropy indicators, such as architectural density entropy, spatial morphology entropy, and function mixing entropy, to quantitatively describe the spatial structure, consequently establishing a heritage space morphological structure indicator system. Finally, spatial clustering methods are used to integrate the spatial topology system with the morphological structure indicator system, resulting in a feature model for residential urban heritage spaces. The research results indicate that the transformation path of residential space paradigms is mainly influenced by spatial topology, affecting the structure of residential heritage spaces in three aspects: functional layout, building density, and spatial form. This phenomenon, in turn, impacts population distribution and the migration of living spaces. However, at the same time, the “resistance effect” of street and lane spaces and the limitations of architectural forms on spatial functions have protected the integrity and authenticity of the internal space.

A PRAGMATICALLY ORIENTED APPROACH TO GENERATIVE LINGUISTICS

The annotated paper examines the possibility of creating an original grammatical system when teaching a new language. The pragmatic approach to generative linguistics was the methodology of language acquisition using a unified model of the Russian sentence. The article discusses algorithms of sentence modelling at two levels: external and internal, based on the theories of N.Chomsky and L.Teniers. The external level includes the construction of a unified sentence structure from the deep structure to the surface structure according to N.Chomsky. And the internal level includes the structural correlation of model elements as the content of the unified sentence structure itself -according to L.Tenier. The theories of N.Chomsky and L.Teniers defined all models as a union of components and reflected in the same models the relations of hierarchy between the components. The study demonstrates a way of teaching foreign speakers the language with the help of the author’s theory of algorithmic syntax.

Evaluation and optimization of outdoor wind environment in block based on space syntax and CFD simulation.

The wind environment quality at the height of pedestrians can significantly affect the thermal comfort and physical and mental health of pedestrians, promote the diffusion of air pollutants and inhibit the formation of urban heat island effect, and has been paid more and more attention in the field of urban and rural planning. This paper takes Jianlan Road commercial pedestrian Street as an example to maximize the thermal comfort of pedestrians. Based on CFD numerical simulation technology and space syntax theory, the pedestrian wind environment of the accessible space of the block is selected for quantitative research. Through numerical simulation, the influence of block spatial form on the wind environment at pedestrian height under the initial condition of uniform air flow is analyzed, and some suggestions are put forward for the optimization of block spatial form. Finally, the block optimization scheme is verified and simulated. The visualization results show that the wind environment quality of the optimized high-accessibility space is significantly improved, the proportion of comfort zone is increased from 58.2% to 86%, and the static wind rate is reduced from 41.8% to 14%. The wind environment optimization effect is obvious.

Correlation Analysis of Urban Road Network Structure and Spatial Distribution of Tourism Service Facilities at Multi-Scales Based on Tourists’ Travel Preferences

Harbin, as a popular tourist city in China, and the host of the 2025 Asian Winter Games, boasts rich tourism resources and significant potential for further development. The structure of the urban road network is a crucial factor influencing the spatial distribution of tourism service facilities. However, the current research on the correlation between the two, analyzed at multiple scales based on tourists’ travel preferences, is not sufficient. First, utilizing the questionnaire survey method to analyze tourists’ travel preferences and combining it with the theory of 15-min life circle, we determine the study scales at 500 m, 1000 m, 3000 m, and 5000 m. Secondly, the integration value and choice value of roads in the main urban area of Harbin are analyzed based on the theory of spatial syntax. The spatial distribution characteristics of tourism service facilities are then revealed through kernel density analysis. Finally, the correlation between the road network structure and the distribution of various types of tourism service facilities in Harbin at different scales is determined through buffer analysis and Pearson bivariate correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) Integration value plays a significant positive role in promoting the clustering of tourism service facilities, especially tending to cluster in areas with high integration value formed at a scale of 500 m; (2) At the scale of 3000 m, the distribution of tourism service facilities exhibits a significant correlation with the choice value; (3) The correlation between dining, shopping, and entertainment facilities and the integration value decreases with the increase in scale, whereas the spatial distribution of accommodation and attraction facilities does not exhibit a regular pattern with changes in integration value. In addition, this paper also puts forward targeted suggestions for optimizing the urban road network structure, reasonably locating tourism service facilities, and implementing balanced regional development. The contribution of this study is that it will help improve tourists’ travel experience in the city and provide scientific support for promoting the overall sustainable development of tourism in Harbin.

The Use of Syntactic Information in fake news detection: A Systematic Review

Fake news has been a critical problem for society, to the extent that its damaging effects can already be seen in several areas, such as democracy and health. However, as fake news grow in number, manual fact-checking becomes impractical for identifying them, which makes automatic detection a compelling alternative. In this sense, this study gathers multiple solutions for the problem of automatically detecting fake news, through the usage of both lexical and syntactic information. This study consists of a systematic review on fake news detection through linguistic patterns, focusing on the use of syntax to aid in the task. Solving complex problems by capturing linguistic patterns is mostly explored in the Natural Language Processing (NLP) area. In general, the use of shallow syntax representations, such as Parts of speech, only marginally increases the performance of classifiers in this task. However, relying on deeper syntactic representations, such as context-free grammars or syntactic dependency trees, present more promising results.

Variable binding and substitution for (nameless) dummies

By abstracting over well-known properties of De Bruijn's representation with nameless dummies, we design a new theory of syntax with variable binding and capture-avoiding substitution. We propose it as a simpler alternative to Fiore, Plotkin, and Turi's approach, with which we establish a strong formal link. We also show that our theory easily incorporates simple types and equations between terms.

Syntactic characteristics of literary texts of the XIX century in the aspect of interlanguage translation

The subject of the study is to identify the syntactic characteristics that form the syntax features of the literary works of Russian literature of the XIX century. During the research, similarities and differences of syntactic units of the originals and translations of the novels "Anna Karenina" and "Poor People" were established, as well as the national specifics of their structural, grammatical and functional semantic organization were analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify the syntactic characteristics that form the syntax features of the literary works of Russian literature of the XIX century. To achieve this goal, a comparative analysis of the original novels by L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" and F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor People" and their translations into English, made by K. Granett in 1901 and S.D. Hogarth in 1867, respectively, was carried out. The comparative method made it possible to establish similarities and differences of syntactic constructions in the originals of the novels "Anna Karenina", "Poor People" and their translations. The method of linguistic analysis makes it possible to identify syntactic constructions and linguistic units characteristic of literary texts of the XIX century. By means of the contextual analysis method, the dependence of the meaning of these units on the context is analyzed. Within the framework of the study, similarities and differences of syntactic units of originals and translations of the named literary texts were established, as well as the national specifics of their structural, grammatical and functional semantic organization were analyzed. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to systematically describe syntactic features based on the texts of works of the XIX century written by different authors. The results and materials of the research can be used in the training of specialists in the field of translation, in teaching linguistic disciplines, as well as in the development of theoretical materials on the theory and practice of translation, intercultural communication, syntax, stylistics and linguoculturology. When comparing the originals and translations of novels, cases were identified when the emotional emphasis laid by the author is shifted or lost in the English-language text. One of the reasons is the discrepancy between the grammatical norms and structures of the Russian and English languages.

Penggunaan Souda, Youda, Rashii pada Kalimat Bahasa Jepang

This research aims to find out and examine the use of sentences containing souda, youda, rashii in Japanese sentences. The theory used in this research is Prof.'s structural syntax theory. Dr. H. Abdul Muis Ba'dulu, M.S. The data used in writing the article were obtained from Japanese language news sites. Data analysis was performed using descriptive qualitative research techniques. Based on the results of the study it was found that souda, youda, rashii could be used to predict events based on what the speaker felt, saw, and experienced. However, only Souda and Youda can predict something that is based on subjective reasons, while Rashii must use objective reasons when making a guess.

Bahasa Gaul di Media Sosial: Kajian Morfologi

This study aims to analyze the use of slang language on social media and its connection to standard language. The method used is qualitative descriptive with data analysis techniques through observation and field notes. Linguistic theories, especially morphology and syntax theories, are used in this research. The results show that the use of slang language on social media is connected to standard language, both in terms of morphology and syntax. Although slang language contains many loanwords from foreign languages and uses many abbreviations or acronyms, its usage has its own rules that follow the general structure of the Indonesian language. Therefore, slang language on social media can be considered as a form of language variation or style used by people in social interactions on social media.