Syntax Of Language Research Articles

An Improvised Approach of Deep Learning Neural Networks in NLP Applications

Abstract: In recent years, natural language processing (NLP) has drawn a lot of interest for its ability to computationally represent and analyze human language. Its uses have expanded to include machine translation, email spam detection, information extraction, summarization, medical diagnosis, and question answering, among other areas. The purpose of this research is to investigate how deep learning and neural networks are used to analyze the syntax of natural language. This research first investigates a feed-forward neural network-based classifier for a transfer-based dependent syntax analyzer. This study presents a long-term memory neural network-based dependent syntactic analysis paradigm. This model, which will serve as a feature extractor, is based on the feed-forward neural network model mentioned before. After the feature extractor is learned, we train a recursive neural network classifier that is optimized by sentences using a long short-term memory neural network as a classifier of the transfer action and the characteristics retrieved by the syntactic analyzer as its input. Syntactic analysis replaces the method of modeling independent analysis with one that models the analysis of the entire sentence as a whole. The experimental findings demonstrate that the model has improved its performance more than the benchmark techniques.

GRAMMATICAL ALLIANCE AND PIVOT SYSTEM OF BATAK SIMALUNGUN LANGUAGE: A SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY STUDY

Syntax, morphology, and phonology can be used as a reference for language classification. This research aims to determine the grammatical alliance of the Simalungun language syntactically and its typology. It is a qualitative study with the typology approach. The data are phrases and clauses of the Simalungun language collected from informants and books – Simalungun language syntax books, by interviews and notes. It found that a transitive verb formulates the intransitive clause of the Simalungun Batak language as a predicate. The predicative verb appears with affixes. In general, the Simalungun language contains verbs that, in their presence, correspond to the subject. Simalungun language has a grammatical alliance system that treats subject (S) the same as agent (A), and a different treatment is given to predicate (P). Based on grammatical relations, the Simalungun language treats S the same as A at the syntactic level. Thus, it can be typologically grouped into syntactical accusatives. Based on the Pivot test, it also belongs to the accusative language group.

Sequre: a high-performance framework for secure multiparty computation enables biomedical data sharing

Secure multiparty computation (MPC) is a cryptographic tool that allows computation on top of sensitive biomedical data without revealing private information to the involved entities. Here, we introduce Sequre, an easy-to-use, high-performance framework for developing performant MPC applications. Sequre offers a set of automatic compile-time optimizations that significantly improve the performance of MPC applications and incorporates the syntax of Python programming language to facilitate rapid application development. We demonstrate its usability and performance on various bioinformatics tasks showing up to 3–4 times increased speed over the existing pipelines with 7-fold reductions in codebase sizes.

Statically Resolvable Ambiguity

Traditionally, a grammar defining the syntax of a programming language is typically both context free and unambiguous. However, recent work suggests that an attractive alternative is to use ambiguous grammars,thus postponing the task of resolving the ambiguity to the end user. If all programs accepted by an ambiguous grammar can be rewritten unambiguously, then the parser for the grammar is said to be resolvably ambiguous. Guaranteeing resolvable ambiguity statically---for all programs---is hard, where previous work only solves it partially using techniques based on property-based testing. In this paper, we present the first efficient, practical, and proven correct solution to the statically resolvable ambiguity problem. Our approach introduces several key ideas, including splittable productions, operator sequences, and the concept of a grouper that works in tandem with a standard parser. We prove static resolvability using a Coq mechanization and demonstrate its efficiency and practical applicability by implementing and integrating resolvable ambiguity into an essential part of the standard OCaml parser.

Syntax of Mass Media Language in the Context of Historical Development of Turkish Literary Language

In the history of Ottoman and modern Turkish literary languages, all the characteristic literary language features of pre-national and national periods respectively (processed, ordered, selection of linguistic means, conscious regulation and codification, etc.) can be traced. The transition from the former to the latter at the beginning of the twentieth century occurred in the form of a linguistic revolution, leading to fundamental changes at different language levels. This still active process is aimed at forming a language norm and creating means that meet the characteristics of individual functional areas of the literary language. Changes in vocabulary are more obvious, better studied and currently focused on creating new, Turkicbased lexemes to replace foreign borrowings. Syntactic changes, no less significant, aim to develop statement structure to facilitate adequate construction and understanding, while maintaining the features of the Turkic system, but these processes are not studied sufficiently. Active formation of the Turkish literary language takes place during a period of rapid development of the media — a functional sphere which occupies a special position due to its wide social base. According to several researchers, the current media language is considered representative of literary languages. This necessitates studying the trends in syntactic structure changes of the Turkish sentence, in order to trace general trends in the development of syntax diachronically, help create a general up-to-date picture of the syntax of the modern literary language, on the basis of a comparative analysis, to determine the main patterns in the development of Turkic syntax, and while teaching Turkish — to concentrate on students’ active acquisition of the most commonly used syntactic means.

NewBee: Context-Free Grammar (CFG) of a New Programming Language for Novice Programmers

Learning programming and using programming languages are the essential aspects of computer science education. Students use programming languages to write their programs. These computer programs (students or practitioners written) make computers artificially intelligent and perform the tasks needed by the users. Without these programs, the computer may be visioned as a pointless machine. As the premise of writing programs is situated with specific programming languages, enormous efforts have been made to develop and create programming languages. However, each programming language is domain-specific and has its nuances, syntax and semantics, with specific pros and cons. These language-specific details, including syntax and semantics, are significant hurdles for novice programmers. Also, the instructors of introductory programming courses find these language specificities as the biggest hurdle in students learning, where more focus is on syntax than logic development and actual implementation of the program. Considering the conceptual difficulty of programming languages and novice students’ struggles with the language syntax, this paper describes the design and development of a Context-Free Grammar (CFG) of a programming language for the novice, newcomers and students who do not have computer science as their major. Due to its syntax proximity to daily conversations, this paper hypothesizes that this language will be easy to use and understand by novice programmers. This paper systematically designed the language by identifying themes from various existing programming languages (e.g., C, Python). Additionally, this paper surveyed computer science experts from industry and academia, where experts self-reported their satisfaction with the newly designed language. The results indicate that 93% of the experts reported satisfaction with the NewBee for novice, newcomer and non-Computer Science (CS) major students.

ZNAČENJSKI EFEKTI INTERAKCIJE ASPEKTUALNIH INFORMACIJA U FRANCUSKOM JEZIKU

The aim of the paper is to investigate the possibilities of combining different aspectual categories in the same sentence in French and the semantic effects resulting from such combinations. We examine the possibilities and consequences of combining the perfective and imperfective aspectual perspective, on the one hand, with four types of situations as carriers of the lexical aspect, on the other hand. The theoretical framework of the work is represented by the theory of two-component aspectuality. The research material consists of a corpus of examples mostly from the literary French language. It was established that all four types of situations, activities, states, accomplishments and achievements, can be combined with both the perfective and the imperfective aspectual perspective, with significant consequences on the semantic level since different meanings and semantic and stylistic nuances are generated. It often happens that the syntactic environment of the verb affects the change of the type of situation, so in the overall interpretation of aspectual meanings, the complements of the verb and sentence clauses must be taken into account. This paper sheds light on the complex issue of the combination of syntax and semantics in the French language, which manifests itself in highlighting certain phases of the situation or the entirety of its interval, and contributes to the clarification of not so simple questions for all those who teach and learn the French language.

Метод мутации сложноструктурированных входных данных при фаззинг-тестировании JavaScript интерпретаторов

Fuzzing of JavaScript engines is one of the most difficult areas in web-browser testing due to the complexity of input data generating. JavaScript engines process JavaScript code on a web page and require constant support for new language standards and increasing complexity in their architecture. The most common fuzzers today are not able to effectively mutate complexly structured input data during fuzzing. Generating JavaScript code from scratch does not allow encapsulating the necessary semantics, and current mutators quickly destroy the syntax and semantics of the input data language. This article presents a new mutation strategy that preserves the syntax and semantics of the input data by modifying the AST of JavaScript code fragments. This method allows you to efficiently generate diverse and correct input data, which can lead to the identification of errors and vulnerabilities in JavaScript engines. This method can be used to improve the security of web browsers and ensure reliable interpretation of JavaScript code.

ENHANCING THIRD-YEAR COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS' COMPUTER PROGRAMMING SKILLS AT HAWASSA UNIVERSITY, ETHIOPIA

Teaching programming in an efficient and effective method has been the most difficult subject in the world of computing for the last couple of decades. Aside from a lack of laboratory equipment, the most prevalent issues are the lengthy time it takes to understand a problem, devising algorithms, writing coding, syntax, and semantic complexity of the programming language. Because of the wide range of students' backgrounds, misconceptions about the course, traditional classroom teaching methodology, and the limited allotted time available to cover the course, it is extremely difficult for a teacher to go beyond the fundamental concepts that impede the development of students' problem-solving abilities. The major goal of thisstudy is to assist students to become better programmers by comprehending code and implementing applications for real-world problems.

Comparative Analysis of the Related Terms "Connection" and "Parcelling" (Based on the Material of the Service Unit "and more")

This article is devoted to the actual problem of the syntax of the Russian language. Joining is always in the focus of attention of researchers at the present stage of development of linguistic theory. However, due to the fact that attachment has similar features with the term "parcel", in modern Russian syntactic science, a single view on the relationship between "connection" and "parcelling" has not yet been developed. The object of research is the service unit "and also", the subject is the relationship of the related terms "connection" and "parcelling". The purpose of this work is a comparative analysis of "connection" and "parcelling" on the material of the service unit "and more". In the course of the research, we use the corpus method of collecting and processing empirical material. The source of the material is the texts presented in the National Corpus of the Russian language. In addition, both the descriptive method and the comparison method are used to clearly show the differences between the two concepts. Based on a comparative analysis of the actual material, it was found that the most distinct difference between connection and parcelling is as follows: when joining, addition occurs, and when parcelling, separation occurs. Connection is a grammatical category, refers to the phenomenon of the static aspect of a sentence, and parcelling is a stylistic device, refers to the phenomenon of the dynamic aspect of a sentence.

Design Ontology Supporting Model-Based Systems Engineering Formalisms

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) provides an important capability for managing the complexities of system development. MBSE empowers the formalism of system architectures for supporting model-based requirement elicitation, specification, design, development, testing, fielding, etc. However, the modeling languages and techniques are heterogeneous, even within the same enterprise system, which leads to difficulties for data interoperability. The discrepancies among data structures and language syntaxes make information exchange among MBSE models more difficult, resulting in considerable information deviations when connecting data flows across the enterprise. Therefore, this article presents an ontology based upon <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">graphs</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">objects</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">points</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">properties</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">roles</i> , and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">relationships</i> with <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">extensions</i> (GOPPRRE), providing metamodels that support the various MBSE formalisms across lifecycle stages. In particular, knowledge graph models are developed to support unified model representations to further implement ontological data integration based on GOPPRRE throughout the entire lifecycle. The applicability of the MBSE formalism is verified using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Moreover, the GOPPRRE ontologies are used to create the MBSE formalisms in a domain-specific modeling tool, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MetaGraph</i> , for evaluating its availability. The results demonstrate that the proposed ontology supports the formal structures and descriptive logic of the systems engineering lifecycle.

A Low-Cost Laboratory Practice for Fundamental Learning of Wireless Digital Communication

Several studies have shown that the main challenge in teaching complex systems involving many theoretical backgrounds to senior students is their lack of confidence. In this paper, we present an approach to the teaching methodology of an undergraduate course in a telecommunication study program. The first goal of this methodology is to help students understand the theoretical concepts behind wireless digital communication systems through direct practice to give them more exposure to a real system through affordable practice activities in an experiential context, utilizing an HF radio and a single-board computer (SBC). The second goal is to challenge senior students to understand the data link layer by using white box testing of the syntax of the programming language embedded in the SBC. This approach is ideally carried out based on offline and hands-on class activities, however, the pandemic condition made it unavoidable to do it online using a demonstration model. Feedback from students was collected through written comments, post-testing, including a facility index analysis, and a questionnaire that was distributed using the available e-learning system. The post-test results showed that the average score was 72 out of a maximum of 100.

Syntax-like Structures in Maternal Contact Calls of Chestnut-Crowned Babblers (Pomatostomus ruficeps)

The combination of meaning-bearing units (e.g., words) into higher-order structures (e.g., compound words and phrases) is integral to human language. Despite this central role of syntax in language, little is known about its evolutionary progression. Comparative data using animal communication systems offer potential insights, but only a handful of species have been identified to combine meaningful calls together into larger signals. We investigated a candidate for syntax-like structure in the highly social chestnut-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps). Using a combination of behavioral observations, acoustic analyses, and playback experiments, we test whether the form and function of maternal contact calls is modified by combining the core “piping” elements of such calls with at least one other call element or call. Results from the acoustic analyses (236 analysed calls from 10 individuals) suggested that piping call elements can be flexibly initiated with either “peow” elements from middle-distance contact calls or adult “begging” calls to form “peow-pipe” and “beg-pipe” calls. Behavioral responses to playbacks (20 trials to 7 groups) of natural peow-pipe and beg-pipe calls were comparable to those of artificially generated versions of each call using peow elements and begging calls from other contexts. Furthermore, responses to playbacks (34 trials to 7 groups) of the three forms of maternal contact calls (piping alone, peow-pipe, beg-pipe) differed. Together these data suggest that meaning encoded in piping calls is modified by combining such calls with begging calls or peow elements used in other contexts and so provide rare empirical evidence for syntactic-like structuring in a nonhuman animal.

Diné Bizaad at a Glance.

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association requires speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to be aware of language disorders versus language differences. SLPs are likely to provide clinical services to Navajo and other Native American children with communication disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to educate SLPs who work with Navajo children about Navajo speech and language (phonology, morphology, and syntax).

THE SYNTAX OF TAMIANG LANGUAGE ACEH PROVINCE

Syntax is the study of rules for combining words into a sentence. The purpose of this research is to find out how the syntax of Tamiang language especially the sentences that are construction in the Language such as the patterns of phrases, clauses, and sentences. This research used descriptive design. The data in this research were collected through interviewing, noting and translating, recording and transcribing all utterances of Tamiang language. The number of subjects were about 24 persons. This research resulted that Tamiang language has four kinds of phrases. Meanwhile, Tamiang clauses have two forms: complete and incomplete form. The complete form has two patterns: subject-predicate and predicate -subject. Based on the parts of speech, Tamiang clauses have five forms: nominal clause, verbal clause, adjectival clause, numeral clause and prepositional clause. There are four kinds of sentences in Tamiang language: declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence and exclamatory sentence.Key Words: Syntax, Sentences, and Tamiang Language

Pemerolehan Bahasa Tataran Sintaksis Anak Usia 4 Tahun (Studi Kasus Amira Nadhifa Hidayah)

Humans in their lives acquire language from their environment and use language. Humans use language as a means of communication. Syntax language acquisition is obtained by children gradually, from small things first and then moving on to bigger things, meaning that children master words, phrases, clauses and then sentences. A child will convey a message or desire in the form of news sentences, questions and commands. This thesis has the title of language acquisition at the syntactic level of children aged 4 years (case study of Amira Nadhifa Hidayah). The problems studied in this thesis are: (1) How is the formation of declarative sentences in children aged 4 years (case study amira Nadhifa Hidayah)? (2) How is the formation of imperative sentences in children aged 4 years (case study Amira Nadhifa Hidayah)? (3) How is the formation of interrogative sentences in children aged 4 years (case study Amira Nadhifa Hidayah)? The purpose of this study is to describe, analyze and interpret in detail and systematically in declarative, interrogative, imperative sentences that occur in children aged 4 years. The theory that the author uses in discussing this problem is the theory of Chaer (2009:187-199) and Dardjowijojo (2000:199-202). The data sources of this study were all sentences uttered by a 4 year old child (case study of Amira Nadhifa Hidayah) while the object data were declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences in a 4 year old child in the language acquisition process. The method used is a descriptive method with data collection using listening techniques, recording techniques, fishing techniques, note-taking techniques, matching techniques. The results of this study are that there are 66 data from declarative sentences uttered by children aged 4 years (case study Amira Nadhifa Hidayah), 45 data from interrogative sentences uttered by Amira Nadhifa Hidayah and 17 data from imperative sentences uttered by Amira Nadhifa Hidayah.

Morphogenèse de « chez »

The preposition chez in French is not a locative pronoun, but a latin lexeme casa has been grammaticalized as a morpheme. In the same way, the southern Japanese dialect chikugo was able to create a single morpheme -ge&#628; &#171;&#160;at (to) the house of&#160;-&#160;&#187; by tracing some morphosyntactic processes. On this preposition, we ask ourselves some questions.What is the spatial relationship between man and his domestic space treated by the syntax of language? What is the total morphosyntactic landscape of this morpheme? Through this text, we describe the complexity of the processes of grammaticalization of a morpheme from a lexeme &#171;&#160;house&#160;&#187;.

MetaMorph: formalization of domain-specific conceptual modeling methods—an evaluative case study, juxtaposition and empirical assessment

Models have evolved from mere pictures supporting human understanding and communication to sophisticated knowledge structures processable by machines and establish value through their processing capabilities. This entails an inevitable need for computer-understandable modeling languages and causes formalization to be a crucial part in the lifecycle of engineering a modeling method. An appropriate formalism must be a means for providing a structural definition to enable a theoretical investigation of conceptual modeling languages and a unique, unambiguous way of specifying the syntax and semantics of an arbitrary modeling language. For this purpose, it must be generic and open to capturing any domain and any functionality. This paper provides a pervasive description of the formalism MetaMorph based on logic and model theory—an approach fulfilling the requirements above for modeling method engineering. The evaluation of the formalism is presented following three streams of work: First, two evaluative case studies illustrate the applicability of MetaMorph formalism concept by concept on the modeling language ProVis from the domain of stochastic education and the well-known Entity-Relationship language. ProVis as well as ER comprise only a few objects and relation types but with high interconnection and expressive power and are therefore considered interesting specimens for formalization. Second, a comprehensive juxtaposition of MetaMorph to three other formalization approaches based on different foundational theories is outlined concept by concept to underpin the formalism design. Third, an empirical evaluation has been performed, assessing the usability and adequacy of the formalism within a classroom assessment. The results allow for conclusions on the completeness, intuitiveness, and complexity as well as on interdependencies with engineers’ skills.

A Points-to-Sensitive Model Checker for C Programs in IoT Firmware

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides convenience for our daily lives via a huge number of devices. However, due to low-resource and poor computing capability, these devices have a high number of firmware vulnerabilities. Software verification is a powerful solution to ensure the correctness and security of IoT firmware programs. Unfortunately, due to the complex semantics and syntax of program languages (typically C), applying software verification in IoT firmware faces the tradeoff between efficiency and accuracy. One of the fundamental reasons is that verification methods cannot support verifying state transitions on the memory space caused by pointer operations well. To this end, by combining sparse value flow (SVF) analysis into model checking and optimizing computational redundancy among them, we design a novel points-to-sensitive model checker, called PCHECKER, which can provide a highly precise and efficient verification for IoT firmware programs. We first design a spatial flow model to effectively describe state behaviors of a C program both on the symbolic and memory space. We then propose a counterexample-guided model checking algorithm that can dynamically refine abstract precisions and update nondeterministic points-to relations. With a set of C benchmarks containing a variety of pointer operations and other complex C features, our experiments have shown that compared with state of the art (SOTA), PCHECKER can achieve outstanding results in the verification tasks of C programs that its verification accuracy is 95.9%, and its average verification time of each line of code is 1.27 ms, which are both better than existing model checkers.

Features of the Functioning and Semantics of the Textual Bond "bolee togo" [moreover

The article is devoted to the analysis of the semantics and features of the functioning of the textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover]. The aim of the work was to identify the specifics of the functioning of this textual bond, taking into account its semantic features in texts of various functional styles and genres. Moreover, the following research methods have been applied to comprehend the features of semantics and functioning of the textual bond: the traditional descriptive method, including methods of observation, generalization and systematization of linguistic phenomena, and the method of contextual analysis. The methodological basis of the research was the works in the field of syntax of the modern Russian language, including the works of representatives of the Far Eastern syntactic school in the field of service words. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a detailed analysis of the functioning of textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover] in modern literary texts, texts of mass media, blogs, Internet comments, information and reference and other resources. It is established that textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover] has a two-element morphological structure with a contact arrangement of elements. These elements make up the semantic base of the textual bond, because its own semantics is based on them – "something more important than what was said earlier." It is revealed that the textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover] has a fairly free scope of action. Its left and right context can make up several statements or paragraphs, but the whole text cannot become the context of the textual bond. In addition, this textual bond can function in the format of a textual bond-phrase and interact with co-ordinating conjunction, but we have not found any cases of interaction with other textual bonds. The results of this study should become the basis for a comprehensive lexicographic description of the textual bond "bolee togo" [moreover] in the "Dictionary of service words of the Russian language".