Syntactic Transformations Research Articles

СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ПРИ ПЕРЕВОДЕ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ С КОРЕЙСКОГО НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПЕРЕВОДА

The paper examined randomly selected sentences from the novel “Princess Bari” on the basis of available research, also compared and analyzed the original language and the translation language as a kind of translation transformation in the theory of comparative stylistics. In addition, this work can be considered the first study devoted to the previously unaffected comparison of syntactic transformation of the Korean and Russian languages. This study is of a formal nature and is aimed at comparing phrases. The relevance of the work is to present the main provisions of the study on the relationship between translation transformation and translation competence in general, so that the functions of translation transformation can contribute to a deeper understanding of the functions of grammatical categories. The comparison of the syntactic transformation of Korean and Russian phrases also deserves comparative linguistic research. This article includes: firstly, an analysis of previous studies of syntactic transformation; secondly, a comparison of the specifics of syntactic phrases in the Russian and Korean languages; thirdly, a discussion of the features of the syntactic transformation of the original text of the modern Korean work “Princess Bari” and its translation into Russian. Further in the work follows the analysis of the study and its results. In the end of the article, the relevant conclusions are drawn.

The paradigm of patterns with the verb of possession in Ibero-Romance languages based on the corpus data

The article attempts to find out the paradigm of patterns with the verb of possession (tener/ tenir/têr) in Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese using the material of corpus data. It also shows, basing on the criterion of subject-object relations, the possibility of syntactic transformations with other basic verbs following two possible ways: existentiality — stativeness — locativity and activeness — possession. Depending on the semantic characteristics of the names that fill the positions of actants within the configuration of the sentence patterns with the verb of possession with real or fictitious subjects (agents) and objects (patients), four types are distinguished: 1) animate subject — animate object; 2) animate subject — inanimate object; 3) inanimate subject — animate object; 4) inanimate subject — inanimate object. The analysis of the empirical material presented in the article allows us to assert that the role of the verb of possession as the most important structural element in the expression of predicativity in the Ibero-Romance area is very significant. A separate section of the article presents data showing that the features of the functioning of the possession verbs in the Ibero-Romance languages can be explained as a result of interference with the ancient pre-Roman language of the Iberian Peninsula — Basque.

Subjective syntaxeme in passive constructions (based on the Bible translated by Filaret)

Background. The specificity of morphological expression and asyncretism /syncretism of the semantics of the subjective syntaxeme is described in modern Ukrainian scientific writing and officialese. The confessional texts, in particular the Philaret’s Ukrainian translation of the Bible, were not studied in this aspect.Сontribution to the research field. The formulated conclusions outline both the structural and semantic features of passive constructions and their dynamics in the translated confessional text.Purpose. To find out the specificity of morphological expression and semantics asyncretism / syncretism of the subjective syntaxeme, as well as to determine the productive / unproductive means of expressing the syntactic position of the subject in the passive constructions of the Ukrainian translation of the Bible and their correlation with the Russian Synodal edition of the Bible made in 2002, which was the base for researched Filaret’s translation.Methods. Descriptive-analytical method, structural method including structural- semantic analysis, comparative method and method of syntactic transformations are applied in this research. The actual material for the study was selected by sampling method from the Ukrainian translation of the Bible.Results. The substantive in the form of instrumental case without preposition and the prepositional-substantive compound, in particular the substantive in the forms of the genitive case with the prepositions від, через, у (в), до, the instrumental case with preposition між and local case with prepositions у (в), на are the means of expressing the subjective syntaxeme in the passive constructions of Ukrainian translation of the Bible. The substantive in the form of no prepositional instrumental case is the most productive means of expressing of the subject of action in passive constructions in the analyzed translation. Substantive in the form of the genitive case with the preposition від “competes” in some cases with this form.Discussion. Nouns-names of beings are primarily expressions of asyncretic (subject of action) and occasionally syncretic (subject-instrument) semantics; nouns-names of non-beings mostly represent syncretic (subject-instrument, subject-cause, subject-space, subject-instrument-time, subject-instrument-space) and sometimes a syncretic semantics. The usage of passive constructions and the expression of subjective syntaxeme in Ukrainian translation of the Bible is mostly identical to the Russian Synodal edition of the Bible, which demonstrates consistent copying of the grammatical norms of Russian and, accordingly, Church Slavonic and neglecting specific grammar features of standard Ukrainian.The perspective of this research consists in the determination of the specificity of the morphological expression of the subjective syntaxeme in passive constructions of the I. Ohienko’s translation of the Bible, carried out from the original text.

Implicitness of Logos and Explicitness of Logics in Ancient Philosophy

We consider semantic and syntactic transformations of the concept of "the logical" in the ancient philosophy in the form of crypto-logos, para-logismos, dia-logos, and syl-logismos. We interpret Heraclitus' concept of Logos as a cryptologos through which intuitive insight (epístasthai gnóomen) reveals hidden or implicit harmony (harmoníe aphanés) in nature (phýsis) as a conceptual unity of ontic opposites (tà enantía). In Pramenides' paraconsistent concept of the identity of Being and thought, we point to para-logical hypotheses about the One that are carried out through antithetical deductions of thought and which maintain the dynamics of the ontic determinations of being (ón) in the statics of the conceptual determinations of Being (tò eînai). As the beginning of the explicative granulation of ''the logical'' we consider Plato's concept of the dialectical skill (dialektikè tékhne) of dividing concepts of genus into species and sub-species that logically represent ontic opposites in problem-formulated questions. Finally Aristotle's concept of lógos as a statement-making sentence / proposition (lógos apophantikós) made explicit the Being (tò eînai), or the Being as Being (tò ón hê ón), in semantic and syntactic figures and modes of syllogistic inferences in which ontological (eînai), ontic (ón), conceptual (logikôos) and linguistic (légomenon) correspondence is shown. We conclude that with these changes in the concept of lógos, the path has been taken from the hidden or implicit Truth of the phenomena of nature and the world (pân) to explicit truthfulness of propositions as the unhiddeness (alétheia) of Being trough the semantical and syntactical visibility of the logical structures of being, thought and language in scientific knowledge based on demonstration (apoódeiksis).

More efficient proof-search for sequents of temporal logic

The present paper deals with efficiency improvement of backward proof-search of sequents of propositional linear temporal logic, using a loop-type sequent calculus. The improvement is achieved by syntactic transformation of sequents into equivalent to them simpler ones. It is proved that some formulas can be removed from sequents with no impact on their derivability.

Extract Similarities from Syntactic Contexts: a Distributional Semantic Model Based on Syntactic Distance

Distributional Semantics (DS) models are based on the idea that two words which appear in similar contexts, i.e. similar neighborhoods, have similar meanings. This concept was originally presented by Harris in his Distributional Hypothesis (DH) (Harris 1954). Even though DH forms the basis of the majority of DS models, Harris states in later works that only syntactic analysis can allow for a more precise formulation of the neighborhoods involved: the arguments and the operators.In this work, we present a DS model based on the concept of Syntactic Distance inspired by a study of Harris’s theories concerning the syntactic-semantic interface. In our model, the context of each word is derived from its dependency network generated by a parser. With this strategy, the co-occurring terms of a target word are calculated on the basis of their syntactic relations, which are also preserved in the event of syntactical transformations. The model, named Syntactic Distance as Word Window (SD-W2), has been tested on three state-of-the-art tasks: Semantic Distance, Synonymy and Single Word Priming, and compared with other classical DS models. In addition, the model has been subjected to a new test based on Operator-Argument selection. Although the results obtained by SD-W2 do not always reach those of modern contextualized models, they are often above average and, in many cases, they are comparable with the result of GLOVE or BERT.

SEMANTIC AND SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF PREPOSITIONAL CASE FORMS OF THE LEXEME “STATE” IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (BASED ON LEO TOLSTOY’S PROSE)

The close attention of linguists to the anthropocentric approach in linguistics has been observed in recent decades. Constructions with the meaning of the subject state are the subject of research within the framework of this approach. The semantics of the state is expressed by two-part and one-part constructions. The subject of consideration are analytical substantive constructions with the meaning of the subjective state. Illustrative material is from the works of Leo Tolstoy selected and using the continuous sampling method, the descriptive method and the method of syntactic transformations analyzed.
 Research results. The prepositional-case forms of “state” lexeme used as part of related combinations of different types that perform predicative and non-predicative functions are analyzed. The right and left distributors of this substantive form depending on each specific meaning are considered. The analyzed forms represent the realization of the semantics of the subject’s state, manifested primarily in the comparison of the sphere of personality-impersonality; the state of a subject is characterized as positive or negative, depending on whether we are talking about the physical, mental or functional state of the person. As a grammatical component of a compound verbal predicate, combinations with the word state indicate the subject’s ability to perform actions or its absence, due to the presence of appropriate skills or emotional state.

Nomes predicativos e construções neutras

This paper, developed within the Lexicon‑Grammar theoretical and methodological framework, analyses the predicate noun and support‑verb constructions that admit the syntactic transformation: O médico fez um raio‑x ao tórax do Pedro = O Pedro fez um raio‑x ao tórax (lit.: ‘The doctor did a x‑ray to the chest of Pedro/Pedro did a x‑ray to the chest’) ‘The doctor x‑rayed Pedro's chest/Pedro had a chest x‑ray’; in this sentence, raio‑x ‘x‑ray’ is a predicate noun and fazer ‘do’ is the support verb. The paper proposes to relate the two sentences by a formal operation, the Neuter transformation. About 275 predicate nouns, expressing a variety of semantic predicates, and involving body‑part nouns, admit this transformation. The paper aims to determine the lexical‑syntactic conditions to the application of the Neuter transformation, contrasting it with other transformations (Dative Restructuring, Conversion, and Fusion), and presents the main regularities observed, discussing the choice of a base form from the alternative sentences and its formalization within the lexicon‑grammar, a comprehensive data base of predicate nouns and support verb constructions currently with about 9,100 nominal predicates. The analysis is supported with data from corpora and other on‑line sources. The study is part of an on‑going program for the systematic description of the lexical‑syntactical properties of predicate noun constructions in European Portuguese.

Testing the Bottleneck Hypothesis: Chinese EFL learners’ knowledge of morphology and syntax across proficiency levels

This study tests the Bottleneck Hypothesis (BH) that functional morphology presents the greatest difficulty in second language acquisition by examining Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ knowledge of both functional morphological properties and core syntactic properties across three language proficiency levels. Specifically, this study compares Chinese EFL learners’ grasp of subject–verb agreement (a functional morphological property) vs. their grasp of the syntactic formation rules (properties) of WH-questions including WH-movement, WH- do-insertion (i.e. the insertion of the auxiliary do), and WH- do-inversion (subject–auxiliary inversion): three core syntactic transformation rules. Analyses of the experimental results using generalized mixed-effects models yield complex results that generally support the BH. While subject–verb agreement was found to be persistently more difficult than WH-movement and WH- do-inversion, it was shown to pose essentially the same level of difficulty as WH- do-insertion due to the fact that the latter also involves the application of the functional features of SV-agreement and tense, i.e. the high level of difficulty of WH- do-insertion likely lies in its accompanying application of functional features. Possible explanations for the complex results and their implications are discussed.

Samesaying and double-voiced discourse in Iranian EFL learners’ production of L2 reported speech

AbstractConsidering the paucity of research done on the reported speech of L2 speakers compared with the body of work based on native speakers, particularly in the domain of education, this study investigates ‘polyphony’ (the dialogic nature of discourse) in the indirect reports of Iranian English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners in light of Bakhtin’s concept of ‘double-voiced discourse’ (DVD) (Bakhtin, 1984; Zbikowski, 2002). The goal of the article was to characterise the types of reporting attested in L2 data in the language-learning classroom and to analyse instances of discord between speakers’ voices to better understand what gives rise to these differences in an additional language. To achieve this, we observed naturally occurring interactions between Iranian EFL learners to see how they change the original speech in their indirect reports via the use of semantic and syntactic transformations. The findings revealed traces of distorted reported speech that not only refute the monophonic nature of indirect reports among the interactants but also emphasise the representational characteristics of DVD in its different forms. Samesaying and distorted reported speech are closely examined in accord with the nature of an L2 produced in a language-learning classroom. This article contributes to interlanguage pragmatics, with a focus on sociopragmatic variations that delve into intersubjectivity in language interaction in an institutional context.

ЕКСПРЕСИВНІ ЗАСОБИ В АНГЛОМОВНІЙ ХУДОЖНІЙ ЛІТЕРАТУРІ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЇХ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ОПОВІДАННЯ Е. А. ПО «ЗОЛОТИЙ ЖУК» УКРАЇНСЬКОЮ МОВОЮ)

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of expressive means of translation of literary texts into the Ukrainian language. The research material was the short story “The Gold-Bug” by Edgar Allan Poe and its translation into Ukrainian. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the creation of modern versions of translation of literary works, and therefore new emotional means. The aim of the research is to analyze the peculiarities of rendering English expressive means in literary translation. It is proved that the means of expressiveness include expressive and emotional vocabulary, figurativeness, modality, literary tropes, etc. The method of translation analysis determined that a metaphor is mostly often translated by a syntactic transformation of substitution, an epithet is translated by the selection of a dictionary equivalent, a comparison is mostly rendered by a syntactic simile or addition, a hyperbole is rendered by a lexical transformation of concretization, and rhetorical questions and exclamatory sentences are often rendered in the translated text by means of permutation syntactic transformation.

Translatability and Equivalence in English Specialized Vocabulary of Image Taking

Photography is a relatively young form of fine art. Although the history of photography is only about 200 years old, its techniques and technology are developing rapidly and depend directly on scientific progress. Photography finds its application in all social spheres becoming a global phenomenon. As a form of visual communication, it fulfils applied, artistic, social, and communicative functions. The language of image making includes structural and semantic variations of terminological units, which translation requires a careful scientific and linguistic analysis. The present article studies challenges in translation of various types of English photography terms into Romanian (metaphorical terms, terminological combinations, anglicisms). When translating photography terms the interaction of the term with the context is of great importance to select the proper translation procedure and to find the best equivalent. The translation of metaphorical photography terms formed based on shape and color semantic transference involves the use of a direct equivalent or one of the lexical variants of polysemantic nature. The results of the investigation showed the predominance of borrowing (for English loan terms and abbreviations) and syntactic transformation translation techniques (for terminological combinations).

ПОЛИПРЕДЛОЖНИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ В ПРЕДИКАТИВНА ПОЗИЦИЯ / MULTI-PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN A PREDICATIVE POSITION

The paper deals with the use of phrases with two or more prepositions in the predicative position in Bulgarian. The study is an attempt to systematize the different cases: on the one hand, not all prepositions found in adjacent position form a phrase (usually such constructions are the result of movement at the surface syntax level), and on the other – the construction may be elliptical (in this case the first preposition heads an elliptical noun or adverbial phrase which has as a constituent the second PP). There are also constructions with a PP selecting another PP as its complement. The main goal is to identify the possible combinations, paying attention to the syntactic and semantic properties of the prepositions and their constituents. Keywords: prepositions, predicative phrases, syntactic transformations, constituent movement, ellipsis

Specifics of translation rendering of concept justice / справедливість in Ukrainian translations of english international legal discourse

The article focuses on the study of the translation reproduction of the concept of justice / справедливість in Ukrainian translations of international legal documents. The aim of the article is to identify translation transformations that are used to reproduce the structural and conceptual features of the concept under consideration and can influence the de-intensification of the semantic relationship between the concept justice / справедливість and its structural components in the original English text and its Ukrainian translation. To solve the goal, the method of comparative translation analysis has been used in combination with contextual-interpretive analysis. The article reached the following main results. During the reproduction of structural and conceptual features of the concept of justice / справедливість in Ukrainian translations of English-language documents of international law, the translator used the following basic translation transformations: syntactic transformations of substituting verbal adverb phrase by subordinate clauses, transformations of addition, omission and change of word order; modulation transformations; grammatical transformations - part of speech re-categorization of noun to adjective and noun to pronoun; replacement of the active voice in the original text with the passive voice in the text of the Ukrainian translation. Some translation transformations can weaken the relationship between the concept of justice / справедливість and its conceptual features. In particular, the use of syntactic transformations may result in the rupture of the synonymous row, which designates the cognitive features of the concept and thus de-intensify the connection between these features and the concept of justice / справедливість. Weakening of this connection is also facilitated by the transformation of omission and addition - if they structurally "distance" (at the level of connotative meaning) nominative units with the seme "justice" from their normative and semantic definition, as well as grammatical transformation of substitution active voice into passive

Machines in the Triangle: a Pragmatic Interactive Approach to Information

A recurrent theme of human–machine interaction is how interaction is defined and what kind of information is relevant for successful communication. In accordance with the theoretical strategies of social cognition and technical philosophy, we propose a pragmatic interactive approach, to understand the concept of information in human–machine interaction. We start with the investigation of interpersonal interaction and human–machine interaction by concerning triangulation as guiding principle. To illustrate human–machine interaction, we will mainly focus on the interactive relationship between human cognitive skills and their technological environments. In triadic interaction, the concept of information cannot only be understood as a syntactic transformation as in the dyadic relationship. We argue that information as pragmatic action patterns can be understood as physically embodied units that is not purely formal but generated in interactive processes and stabilized in use. By exploring how the concept of affordance is applied in psychology, anthropology and human-centered design, we provide a notion of pragmatic information, focusing on users in the development and use of machines or software systems. The triadic interaction of end user, development team, and product leads to a successful human–machine interaction. This theoretical framework enables us to understand how the new socio-technological environments expand our scope of action and how we form, interpret, and learn to deal with patterns of action among ourselves and with machines.

Objective and subjective nature of transformations in translation of a literary text

The present paper is devoted to the study of objective and subjective character of translation transformations. The materials studied for the purposes of the research work relate to biographical novels by P. Kurth "Anastasia. The Riddle of Anna Anderson" and "Isadora: a Sensational Life" and their translations into Russian. As far as methodology is concerned, the methods of descriptive and comparative analyses are paramount in the present paper. The aim of the research is to analyze different types of modifications (substitution, permutation, addition, omission) to identify the inevitable changes in syntactic structures of the sentences, on the one hand, and the results of an individual approach of translators who are fluent in both Russian and English. It was revealed that all translation transformations can be divided into two groups: objective and subjective modifications. Objective transformations are the result of differences in formal and semantic systems of English and Russian, whereas subjective modifications help to express the degree of probability and emotional state or attitude of the characters towards some events, people or things. The conclusions and the main statements of this research paper may serve as a reason for the further study of the role of syntactic transformations in literary translation from English into Russian, as well as apply to the preparation of specialists studying English in lecture courses and seminars on topical issues of emotive syntax and literary translation.

Linguistic and Cultural Analysis of Translation Techniques in the Process of Localization of an English Fairy Tale

Introduction. This article is devoted to the consideration of linguistic and cultural study of translation techniques in the process of localization of an English fairy tale for a Russianspeaking readership. The relevance of the research is determined by the need for a comprehensive study of the localization process of various ethno-cultural phenomena displayed during translation, as well as the stylistic transformations used in this process for the purpose of adapting the original text to the linguistics and culture of the target language.Methodology and sources. The typology of translation transformations by L.K. Latyshev was used as a reference classification, within which the author distinguished lexical, morphological, syntactic, mixed and stylistic transformations. The research was conducted in the context of a linguistic-stylistic approach to the analysis of the text using continuous sampling method, the methods of contextual, linguistic and cultural analysis, as well as the descriptive and comparative method, which implies identifying and understanding of stylistic transformations performed by the translator, and semantic and cognitive analysis, consisting in the study of verbal representations of the concept in the language, were used. The research material is presented by an English-language fairy tale and its translation into Russian (the book by K. Lewis “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe” and the translation made by G.A. Ostrovskaya).Results and discussion. Stylistic transformations implemented during the localization of a fairy tale significantly change the original text in accordance with the requests of the culture of the target language. The most common stylistic transformations during localization of an English fairy-tale texts are related to such stylistic devices as metaphors and idioms, due to discrepancies in the system of images between languages, as well as exotisms, that underlie the key concepts of a particular culture, and allusions, since, due to the distance between cultures, they may be unknown to the recipient of the translation.Conclusion. A fairy tale preserves the wisdom, traditions and morals of a particular society, and therefore is a way of reflecting national identity. Localization, as a process of adaptation of works of this genre, is directly related to stylistic transformations, since they play a key role in achieving an adequate translation.

Using Knowledge Graph Structures for Semantic Interoperability in Electronic Health Records Data Exchanges

Information sharing across medical institutions is restricted to information exchange between specific partners. The lifelong electronic health records (EHR) structure and content require standardization efforts. The existing standards such as openEHR, HL7, and CEN TC251 EN 13606 (Technical committee on Health Informatics of the European Committee for Standardization) aim to achieve data independence along with semantic interoperability. This study aims to discover knowledge representation to achieve semantic health data exchange. OpenEHR and CEN TC251 EN 13606 use archetype-based technology for semantic interoperability. The HL7 Clinical Document Architecture is on its way to adopting this through HL7 templates. Archetypes are the basis for knowledge-based systems as these are means to define clinical knowledge. The paper examines a set of formalisms for the suitability of describing, representing, and reasoning about archetypes. Each of the information exchange technologies such as XML, Web Ontology Language, Object Constraint Language, and Knowledge Interchange Format is evaluated as a part of the knowledge representation experiment. These examine the representation of Archetypes as described by Archetype Definition Language. The evaluation maintains a clear focus on the syntactic and semantic transformations among different EHR standards.

Cardiovascular Risk After SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Mediated by IL18/IL18R1/HIF-1 Signaling Pathway Axis.

ObjectivesCurrently, cardiovascular risk associated with COVID-19 has been brought to people’s attention, but the mechanism is not clear. The aim of this study is to elucidate the mechanisms based on multiple omics data.MethodologyWeighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key pathways. Combination analysis with aneurysm and atherosclerosis related pathways, hypoxia induced factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling were identified as key pathways of the increased cardiovascular risk associated with COVID-19. ScMLnet algorithm based on scRNA-seq was used to explore the regulation of HIF-1 pathway by intercellular communication. Proteomic analysis was used to detect the regulatory mechanisms between IL18 and HIF-1 signaling pathway. Pseudo time locus analysis was used to study the regulation of HIF1 signaling pathway in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) phenotypic transformation. The Virtual Inference of protein-activity by Enriched Regulon (VIPER) analysis was used to study the activity of regulatory proteins. Epigenetic analysis based on methylation revealed epigenetic changes in PBMC after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Potential therapeutic compounds were explored by using Cmap algorithm.ResultsHIF-1 signaling pathway is a common key pathway for aneurysms, atherosclerosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intercellular communication analysis showed that macrophage-derived interleukin-18 (IL-18) activates the HIF-1 signaling pathway through IL18R1. Proteomic analysis showed that IL18/IL18R1 promote NF-κB entry into the nucleus, and activated the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Macrophage-derived IL18 promoted the M1 polarization of macrophages and the syntactic phenotype transformation of VSMCs. MAP2K1 mediates the functional regulation of HIF-1 signaling pathway in various cell types. Epigenetic changes in PBMC after COVID-19 infection are characterized by activation of the type I interferon pathway. MEK inhibitors are the promising compounds for the treatment of HIF-1 overactivation.ConclusionsThe IL18/IL18R1/HIF1A axis is expected to be an therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEK inhibitors may be an choice for cardiovascular protection after SARS-COV-2 infection

Syntactic transformations in the Ukrainian-Chinese translation of normative and technical documentation

Syntactic transformations in the Ukrainian-Chinese translation of normative and technical documentation