Syntactic Constructions Research Articles

О НЕКОТОРЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ ПОЭТИЧЕСКОГО ЯЗЫКА ЕЛЕНЫ ШВАРЦ

The article analyses some features of the way Elena Sсhwarz, a representative of Leningrad uncensored poetry, used the means of poetic language. In her texts, most often written in compliance with all the norms of traditional syllabic tonics, she actively practiced form and word – creation, invented new words and sentences without a semantic layer, introduced foreign borrowings, ready-made quotes from other literary works and abusive language. In some cases, she could also conduct experiments with non-standard graphic presentation of text, trying to achieve ideal symmetry. Studying the uniqueness of the poetic idiolect (language means regularly repeated in texts, new verbal constructions, whole words or forms of words, syntactic constructions) of one of the “uncensored” Leningrad authors helps the reader to better understand how her artistic world was created.

Quelques remarques sur l’origine des proverbes

This study aims at a thorough examination of the parameters behind the emergence of a given proverb in a given language and at a given time. Proverbs, like lexical items or certain syntactic constructions, are born, develop and eventually disappear. Our reflection will start from the observation that the formulation the origin of proverbs is indeed extremely vague. A proverb is in fact the result of the action of several parameters: a) the sapiential lesson: every proverb rests fundamentally on an implicative pivot of the type ‘if you have P, you have Q’, either to apply it (Like father, like son), or to reject it (A swallow doesn’t make a summer). This sapiential lesson is linked to the culture and beliefs of the community concerned and may not exist in another culture; b) the metaphor used to represent P and Q: it is to be expected, for example, that a culture where the swallow has no relevant place will appeal to another metaphor to represent the sapiential lesson contained in A swallow does not make summer; c) the form of proverbs: studies of sententious forms show that proverbs are generally based on a small number of patterns - around a dozen - which strictly limit variations. These patterns are characteristic of a specific language or group of languages and make it possible to identify proverbs in a given language; d) finally, a significant number of proverbs show rhythmic and / or metrical structures in small numbers. The interesting point is that a sapiential form, even if it doesn’t have such a structure at first, always ends up acquiring one, as we will show with specific examples.

Paralellism with common word and non-common word in Azerbaijani proverbs and sayings

As a result of many years of observation and testing, proverbs are a collection of words that have been shaped into a certain pattern, reflecting the causes of natural and social phenomena. Proverbs and sayings, as short, laconic means of speech, reveal the origin of events and have a reminiscent feature. In Azerbaijani language, proverbs related to then national customs and beliefs explain certain truths to the younger generations and call them to the right path. The article talks about proverbs as complex syntactic whole, parallelisms with common words and non-common words in Azerbaijani proverbs. Parallel conjunctions play an important role in proverbs and sayings. Although these valuable sayings are short and concise, consisting of several sentence members, the syntactic constructions in them can be attributed to different types of syntactic parallels. These parallels are of great importance in the formation of proverbs by connecting the components of the text with each other.

Dedicated comparatives aid comparisons of magnitude: a study with Pitjantjatjara-English bilinguals.

When expressing comparisons of magnitude, Pitjantjatjara, a language indigenous to the land now known as Australia, employs contextually driven comparators (e.g., Anyupa is tall. Uma is short) rather than a dedicated morphological or syntactic comparative construction (e.g., Anyupa is taller than Uma). Pitjantjatjara also has a small number of lexicalized numerals, employing 'one', 'two', 'three', then 'many'. It is hypothesized that having dedicated comparatives in language and elaborated number systems aid comparisons of magnitudes. Fluent Pitjantjatjara-English bilinguals participated in tasks assessing their accuracy and reaction times when comparing two types of magnitude: numerosity (quantities of dots), and extent (line lengths). They repeated the comparisons in both languages on different days, allowing for the effect of language being spoken on responses to be assessed. No differences were found for numerosity; however, participants were less accurate when making comparisons of extent using Pitjantjatjara. Accuracy when using Pitjantjatjara decreased as the magnitude of the comparison increased and as differences between the comparators decreased. This result suggests a potential influence of linguistic comparison strategy on comparison behavior.

Word combination and patterns of linguistic syntactic construction

Word combination and patterns of linguistic syntactic construction

Hosea 3: a New Translation with Introduction and Commentary

This article is a part of the forthcoming commentary on the biblical Book of Hosea. It contains a new translation of chapter 3 with an introduction and a detailed philological commentary on the Hebrew text. In the commentary, we analyze a number of complex or rare words and expressions in the Bible: 1) rēaʕ “neighbor; 2) pānā “to turn” as a part of the expression “to turn to other gods”; 3) a rare word ʔǎšīšā – presumably “raisin cake”; 4) yāšab with the preposition lə- meaning “to wait”; 5) the expression hāyā lə-ʔīš “to be with a man”; 6) the cultic terms maṣṣēbōt “sacred stones”, ʔēpōd and tərāpīm; 7) ṭūb “kindness”; 8) bə-ʔaḥǎrīt ha-yyāmīm – literally “at the end of the days”. We also study morphologically ambiguous forms and complex syntactic constructions: 1) the passive participle ʔǎhūbā, which can have an active meaning; 2) the verbal form ʔäkkərähā, containing dagesh forte dirimens; the analysis of the form is accompanied by a detailed overview of the use of this sign; 3) the preposition ʔēl with a noun without a verb as a prepositional nominal predicate; 4) pāḥad “to be afraid” in combination with the directive preposition ʔēl as an example of constructio praegnans. At the level of exegesis, we analyze both popular and rare but convincing interpretations of the text. In some cases, we offer a new perspective on Hosea 3. We believe that verses 3:2–4 contain several allusions to the Exodus. We interpret verse 3:4 as a prophecy predicting the destruction of the sanctuaries of the Northern Kingdom.

Марийские словосочетания с опорными отсубстантивными именами прилагательными

the Mari language, adjectival phrases, including denominative adjectives, function quite actively in expressing the features of a subject, concretized from various sides. However, phrases with such adjectives, their lexicalgrammatical, syntactic and semantic features have not yet been subjected to special analysis. Objective: to analyze typical models of Mari phrases with adjectives formed using productive and unproductive suffixes from nouns. Research materials: the study was carried out on the basis of the factual material in the Meadow-Eastern Mari literary language, presented in the part of the electronic corpus of the Mari language (the volume is about 20 million word uses). 88 Вестник угроведения. Т. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. Results and novelty of the research: based on the results of systematization of the identified phrases with denominative adjectives and their structural analysis, models (schemes) of the studied syntactic constructions (five in total) were established. The main morphological properties of the components are determined – the expression of a reference word by adjectives with the suffixes -an (-yan), -se (-so, -sӧ), -dyme (-dymo, -dymӧ), -lyk, -ash (-yash) and dependent adjectives, nouns, numerals, pronouns and participles of different categories. They indicate that denominative adjectives as a whole retain the combinable properties of nouns that served as a word-formation basis for them. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it presents structural models of Mari attributive phrases with reference denominative adjectives: ADJ + ADJclass.adn., N + ADJclass.adn., NUM + ADJclass.adn., PRON + ADJclass.adn., PTCP + ADJclass. adn. The syntactic relation (determinative) and grammatical connection (adjunction) in which the components of phrases are located. The results of the work can be used in comparative study of similar syntactic units in other Finno-Ugric, as well as in contacting unrelated languages, in study of the features of syntax of Mari phrases in universities and schools

SRPSKI KAO STRANI JEZIK MEDICINSKE STRUKE: LEKSIČKI POTENCIJAL UDžBENIKA NAMENjENIH POČETNOM NIVOU

The subject of this paper refers to Serbian as a foreign language for specific purposes, and Serbian is considered as a foreign language for the professional needs of medical students at the beginner level of knowledge. For now, we do not have a textbook specifically intended for students of the medical profession, therefore teachers rely on didactic resources provided for general courses. The aim of this paper is to examine the lexical potential of the existing text- books for use in the beginner-level classes attended by medical students. The corpus consists of 12 textbook publications, published in Serbia and abroad between 1986 and 2011. The content analysis method and descriptive method are applied. The analysis of textbook contents at the beginner level related to health topics (parts of the body, going to the doctor, illness, treat- ment) shows that the corpus viewed as a whole has a high lexical potential. Existing textbooks make it possible to find lexical units and syntactic constructions suitable for teaching Serbian as a foreign language intended for medical students at the beginner level. The task of future research is to form courses in Serbian as a foreign language of the medical profession, as well as to create didactic tools aligned with the professional needs of healthcare workers.

ИЗ НАБЛЮДЕНИЙ НАД РИТМОМ ПРОЗЫ А. Н. ТОЛСТОГО

The article deals with the specifics of the rhythmic organization of A.N.Tolstoy›s prose. The rhythm of prose is defined as a repetitive alternation of elements in a narrative system. Such elements include large blocks: a dynamic depiction of the actions of characters, static descriptions (landscape, portrait, author›s digression), insertion elements (text within the text). A.N.Tolstoy possessed a holistic perception of the space-time continuum of human existence. At the same time, we must take into account the dependence of the tempo of the work on the literary genre chosen by the author, on its stylistic nature. Short stories, novellas and novels by A.N.Tolstoy can be divided into three genre and style categories: 1) manor prose; 2) adventurous and fantasy prose; 3) historical prose. The specificity of these artistic models determined many features of the poetics of these works, including influencing the organization of the narrative rhythm. The rhythm of manor prose tends to slow down. Adventurous prose has a completely different rhythm of plot unfolding. A series of adventures aimed at achieving cherished goals is always characterized by a special rapidity and unpredictability of transitions. The rhythm of historical prose is determined by contrasts in the perception of time, on the one hand, by active reformers, and, on the other hand, by mossy conservatives. In all cases, rhythmic shifts affect both tiers of the story system: 1) the depicted series of events (the scope of the characters› actions); 2) the scope of the events of the story (the subject level). The article deals with the issues of the technique of embodying rhythmic shifts (the role of pauses, the introduction of the same type of syntactic constructions, the discrepancy of different rhythms, deviations from logic).

Syntax in transition

This paper is an investigation of a language contact phenomenon currently taking place in Aanaar (Inari) Saami, an indigenous minority language of Finland. Aanaar Saami people have been in contact with Finnish speakers for centuries, so much so that the language community has become bilingual. This has resulted in the borrowing of both numerous Finnish loanwords and even some syntactic constructions into Aanaar Saami and seems to herald a larger change in the language. The present study focuses on a type of syntactic change called differential argument marking, which is examined in three Aanaar Saami clause types: transitive clauses, existential clauses, and passive verb clauses. Finnish exhibits complex argument marking, characterized by a total–partial distinction, whereas traditional Aanaar Saami does not have differential argument marking in subjects or objects. However, new Aanaar Saami shows multiple emergent types of differential argument marking that vary between individual speakers and, while clearly influenced by Finnish, do not always mirror their Finnish equivalents one-to-one. This, and the observation that differential argument marking is non-existent in older language materials, suggests that the phenomenon is recentFinnish influence.

Analisis Konstruk Sintaktik Bahasa Jawa Pada Anak Tuna Rungu Wicara (Disphasia) Di Yayasan Rehabilitasi Tuna Rungu Wicara Surakarta

The aim of this research is to describe the syntactic constructs of the Javanese language for deaf and speech impaired students. This research is included in qualitative research. Data was collected by listening freely and engaging in conversation. After the data is collected, data analysis is carried out. The language analysis technique in this research was carried out using the change of form technique. From the results of data analysis, it can be seen that the syntactic constructs of the Javanese language spoken by deaf and speech impaired children at the Deaf and Speech Impaired Rehabilitation Foundation (YRTRW) are adverbial phrases, single clauses with an active sentence type (ukara Horn) positioned as interrogative sentences ukara pitaken, ukara sambawa, and ukara cariyos.

КӨРКӨМ КОТОРМОНУН ӨЗ АРА БӨЛҮНҮШТӨРҮ ЖАНА АЛАРДЫН СПЕЦИФИКАЛЫК ӨЗГӨЧӨЛҮКТӨРҮ

The article states that grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, sentence symmetry, syntactic figures, rhythmicity of poetic and prose speech, repetitions, parallelisms, etc. in the text have their own national and cultural specifics. Due to the absence or underdevelopment of fundamental works on translation studies, translation criticism, translation history and translation theory in the native language in the native language, we are not able to select and present to the general reader the best translations that clarify the qualitative characteristics, specific features and mutual differences of a true literary translation. Literary translation requires the highest level of equivalence, which can only be achieved by a creative, diligent, experienced translator, overflowing with translation skills. Indeed, in the history of literature there are poets and writers who became famous for their free translation. One of the main tasks of the translator is to provide the full content of the original, where the content of the original and the translation is identical, compatible and the correct translation is very important. Equivalence is the component that fulfills and implements this unity.

Communicative potential of the means of non-verbal communication

This article provides a theoretical review of the communicative meaning of nonverbal means, analyzes examples from the texts of fiction. All kinds of nonverbal means (prosodics, kinesics, graphemics, takisics, proxemics, okulesics, sensorics) are found in Kazakh prose texts as an auxiliary means of language, and as a means of hidden expression of meaning, as well as to supplement the content of words or phrases missing in the syntactic construction of the sentence. The authors define the purpose of application of nonverbal means in the process of communication, it is established that nonverbal means applied in the course of a communicative act are subordinated to a specific purpose. In the texts of fiction both nonverbal and synonymous, polysemantic means and techniques expressing certain semantics coexist. On the analysis of concrete language examples their semantics, which is determined depending on the context or situation, is shown. It is proved that non-verbal means are most actively used in expressing internal feelings, psychological state of the characters.

Comparative constructions with the multifunctional lexeme ush ‘as; the same as’ as a means of forming figurativeness in Chalkan folklore

This paper is dedicated to the comparative constructions formed by the lexeme ush in the Chalkan language. The lexeme ush is a multifunctional means that is used in different types of syntactic constructions to express similarities both between the characteristics of objects and events. The conceptual and terminological apparatus for the analysis of comparative constructions is discussed with the aim of systematizing their plane of content, as well as the principles of modeling different types of comparative constructions, taking into account all the components necessary to express the comparative relation, regardless of their explicit expression. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to comparison as one of the nuclear means of forming figurativeness. Comparative relations are the basis of epithets, metaphors and other expressive means that are actively used in folklore and literary texts to describe characters and events. The material for this paper consists of examples collected by continuous sampling from Chalkan folklore texts. In addition, several surveys were conducted among native speakers of the Chalkan language in cases when it was necessary to clarify the specifics of the language material. The main method of analysis used is the method of modeling a sentence as a unit of language, through which the plane of content of a linguistic sign is reconstructed by restoring the components missing in the utterance as the result of reduction, but necessary for the formation of a comparative relation. The following types of comparative constructions with the word ush are identified: polypredicative constructions with verbal and nominal predicates, in which ush marks the second compare (comparative standard), as well as simple and complex sentences with predicative ush, in which it plays the role of a nominal predicate with the semantics of equivalency. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first to identify the analytical-synthetic type of polypredicative constructions with the postposition ush, in which the main predicative unit represents the first comparee, the dependent predicative unit represents the second comparee, and the lexeme ush functions as a means of expressing equivalent relations between two events. The comparative use of ush is contrasted with that of another Chalkan comparative marker shylap // shchylap // shchynap, as well as cognates of the lexeme ush in other Turkic languages of Southern Siberia, primarily the functionally similar oskhas in the Khakas language, with a number of similarities and differences having been identified.

Facts in counterfactuals-cognitive representations of Chinese counterfactuals

How do people represent counterfactuals? As languages differ in expressibility of counterfactuals—some languages employ explicit grammatical marking for counterfactuals while others do not—are some speakers’ representations of counterfactuals less explicit? Prior studies examining this question with Chinese speakers—a language devoid of explicit counterfactual markings—found mixed results. Here we re-examined the issue by using a more sensitive test: people’s sensitivity to detect anomalies in sentences. We asked Chinese speakers to rate the acceptability of sentences employing “ruguo (if)…jiu (then)” configuration—the typical but non-unique, non-explicit marking of counterfactuals. Critically, we varied the semantic adherence to real-world facts [factuality], with some sentences containing made-up conditions [-fact as in “If fish had legs, then…”] versus real facts [+ fact: “If dogs had legs, then…”]. If speakers represent counterfactuals clearly, they should give higher acceptability ratings to [− facts] than to [+ facts] sentences, because the ostensible point of counterfactuals is to express non-factual situations. That is, expressing a true fact under a syntactic counterfactual construction makes the sentence anomalous. Instead, we found that Chinese speakers gave the opposite ratings: factual “if…then” sentences were rated as more acceptable than non-factual ones. This suggests that Chinese speakers find the processing of counterfactuals to be more challenging than processing facts, and that their representation of counterfactuals may be less explicit. Overall, this research contributes to our understanding of the link between linguistic markings and cognitive representations.

О вариантах синхронических русских переводов калмыцкого письма конца XVII в.

Introduction. Russian translations of Kalmyk official letters housed at Russia’s archives may serve as vivid historical sources both on seventeenth–eighteenth century Kalmyk-Russian relations — and on how translation studies emerged and developed in our country. So, archival files often contain draft translations with original revisions that somewhat show the shaping of the final text and the translation process at large. Materials and methods. The paper examines several Kalmyk-to-Russian synchronic translations of Kalmyk Tayiji Ayuka’s letter dated 21 February 1688. The variants are analyzed with due regard of why the translator would select certain lexemes, replace the already selected ones, and virtually ignore some quite sizeable fragments of the source text. The comparative method proves key to the study. Results. The comparative insight outlines the overall translation strategy: a synchronic translation does focus on the source text and articulate major messages contained therein — but is also replete with additional details. In general, the translation process in not reduced to copying the source text with the aid of target language means, and some distinctions of traced revisions attest to there may have been a transmitter of oral information, though written speech patterns did prevail. The lexical substitutions, corrections of word forms, changes in syntactic constructs clearly illustrate how the translator was making his way through the text.

ВЕРБАЛЬНА РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЯ ЕМОТИВНИХ КОНЦЕПТОСФЕР У ХУДОЖНІХ ТВОРАХ ВОЛОДИМИРА ЛИСА

Modern linguistic research is increasingly directed towards the stream of cogni-tive expressiveness. Emotionality is an important part of language, it is inherent in all four linguistic levels: phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical. It is also worth taking into account that each level has its own system of means of expression.As for the phonetic level, scientists put forward a hypothesis that there are con-nections between the inclusion of a particular phoneme in a lexeme and the meaning of this lexeme. They claim that a phoneme is able to awaken a certain meaning in the subconscious of readers, is able to replace objects or actions, becoming a certain sym-bol. And due to the fact that the phenomena in the real world are characterized by the one who perceives this information, the evaluation of the subject is also transferred to the phonemes that accompany the given phenomena.The syntactic level can be expressed through the use of interrogative, exclama-tory, elliptical, inverted sentences, interjectional elements. This is used by the author to express emotionality in his works. It should also be noted that the higher the level of emotional tension, the higher the level of disorganization in the syntactic structure. With the help of repetitions, interruptions, unfi nished syntactic constructions, the de-gree of concentration of emotions increases.The syntactic level can be expressed through the use of interrogative, exclama-tory, elliptical, inverted sentences, interjectional elements. This is used by the author to express emotionality in his works. It should also be noted that the higher the level of emotional tension, the higher the level of disorganization in the syntactic structure. With the help of repetitions, interruptions, unfi nished syntactic constructions, the de-gree of concentration of emotions increases.We conclude that the vocabulary of the analyzed novels is emotional, expres-sive, full of lexemes with the suffi xes of diminutiveness, caressing, and rudeness. The interrelationship of emotions, ideas and themes forms a complex and emotionally saturated structure of the work, which deeply aff ects the readers. Saturation is an important feature of the writer’s authorial style

SPEECH STRATEGY OF SELF-PRESENTATION IN ENGLISH DOCUMENTS WHEN SEARCHING FOR WORK

Statement of the problem. The article discusses linguistic means of self-presentation strategy in the English-language documents pertaining to the job-hunting discourse. Definitions of the speech strategy of various scientists are given. The aim of the study is to identify and to describe the language means of self-presentation in the English-language documents in the job hunting discourse. The material of the study is resumes and CV written in English. The material was obtained on job-hunting websites, such as Balance, Career Addict, Career Blog, Indeed, Resume.io, Stand Out CV, Zety. Results. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the usage of certain tactics in a resume helps the speaker to convey the information, and contributes to achieving the ultimate goal of acquiring a position within a company. Among those tactics are: self-nomination, self-description, presentation of one’s professional achievements and description of one’s professional responsibilities. The tactics of self-nomination is one of the important tactics in the framework of the self-presentation strategy. Conclusion. The strategy used by the speaker in resumes includes self-nomination and self-description, which is expressed through structural, semantic and grammatical characteristics of language means. In business discourse, which is a type of institutional discourse, the strategy of self-presentation and its tactics (self-nomination, self-description, presentation of one’s professional achievements and description of one’s professional responsibilities) are used in the process of communication. When preparing a resume or CV, searching for work and putting the documents on the Internet, the speaker uses self-presentation as the central speech strategy. Language means of self-presentation include the names of professions and posts to which the applicant belongs, as well as nouns professional and specialist; fragments of the text with self-description, elliptical syntactic constructions. The frequency of self-nomination tactics in the genre of resume is slightly more than 4% of the total number of linguistic means of self-presentation. Despite the low quantitative representation of this tactics, self-nomination is an important component of the aforementioned speech strategy. Self-nomination is often combined with other tactics, mostly with self-description and description of the speaker’s professional achievements.

Les stratégies de la construction du discours sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans deux manuels d’histoire européens. Une perspective comparative

This paper identifies strategies for the construction of discourse on the Second World War in two history textbooks published in the framework of two European projects. The main objective is to observe how different stratagems such as the semiotic device, lexical expressions, syntactic constructions, participate in the construction of a coherent narrative that shapes the collective memory on the discursive object of the Second World War. The dialogical character of the history textbook and its pedagogical aim, the essential and constitutive elements of the discursive strategy towards the readership conveying soft historical skills, are also questioned in the present paper.

REVIEW OF THE BOOK: STEKSOVA T.I., SHMELEVA T.V. RUSSIAN EXPLANATORY SENTENCE IN THE DISCURSIVE SPACE: MONOGRAPH. SAINT-PETERSBURG: DMITRY BULANIN, 2022. 288 P.

The monograph is devoted to the study of Russian explanatory sentences as a semantic type, which contains an explicit modus and dictum (deliberative) propositions and to which a wide range of syntactic constructions (from simple sentences to text) belongs. The focus is on the discursive properties of these sentences, manifested in the ability to serve as markers of communicative situations, author’s behavior, etc. Both general discursive properties of this semantic type and their specific manifestations in scientific and media discourses are considered.