Synonymous Words Research Articles

Effectiveness of gait analysis in management of osteoarthritis knee at primary care settings in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

Background: This systematic review will focus on the effectiveness of gait analysis on osteoarthritis knee management. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis are to synthesize the clinical effectiveness and to compare the effectiveness of gait analysis in the osteoarthritis knee management in Asian population. Methods: This review will be conducted and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. To discover relevant papers, the search technique will use MeSH terms such as osteoarthritis knee, gait analysis, osteoarthritis knee management, primary healthcare, effectiveness, and Asia. Other synonymous words will be searched using the Boolean operator "and"/"or" on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane. Randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of gait analysis in the therapy of osteoarthritis knee patients in primary care settings in Asia will be considered. A random effects meta-analysis will be carried out using the REVMAN software version 5.3.5. The STATA software version SE16 will be used for both cumulative and comparative meta-analysis. Conclusions: This review and meta-analysis will be among the first to give an extensive purview on the effectiveness of gait analysis in osteoarthritis knee management at primary care settings in Asian population. This study will also acknowledge the effects of different gait analysis strategies with an attempt to compare the same. Trial Registration: The protocol has been registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024540444).

ANALISIS KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN KATA DALAM MENULIS PARAGRAF ARGUMENTASI OLEH SISWA

The background to the problem in this research is that there are still errors in choosing words or diction such as denotation, connotation, synonyms, general words and special words in writing argumentative paragraphs. These errors can cause readers to misinterpret the meaning of the argumentation paragraph written by the student. This research aims to describe errors in denotation, connotation, synonyms, general words and special words. The approach used in this research is a descriptive approach. This research data was analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, verification and conclusion drawing. The results of this research were from eighteen seventh grade students, six argumentative paragraph texts which had denotation word errors, one argumentative paragraph text which had connotation word errors, three argumentative paragraph texts which had synonym word errors, two argumentative paragraph texts which had word errors. In general, two argumentative paragraph texts that have specific word errors and those that do not have word errors are four argumentative paragraph texts. This word error occurs because students still don't know the more appropriate and better words to use in argumentative paragraphs. Suggestions for future researchers, the results of this research can be used as material for further research on word errors in writing argumentative paragraphs.

Contract-based Testing Using the Ontology Approach

This article analyzes the use of contract testing to verify the compatibility of two components, specifically web servers that use an Application Programming Interface (API) for data transmission. Additionally, the article includes a comparison of APIs and contract tests and describes cases where the latter have an advantage. A contract structure for contract testing is described. The article contains a description of the ontological approach for comparing knowledge about the business systems of the provider, in the form of ontologies, with the software representation of the consumer system, stored in the form of classes. A structure of the object that supplements the contract by providing it with business logic level checks is developed. Basic predicates that form the basis of this method are proposed and described. The use of the mapping field allows for the use of thesauruses or dictionaries for automated replacement of concepts when using synonym words. An example is provided that demonstrates the operation of this approach, namely: a simplified representation of the provider system’s concepts, a simplified structure of the consumer system’s classes, an example of an API and a contract for it, an extension using the developed approach, and the result of test execution.

Lexical-Semantic and Stylistic Shadeness of Poetic Synonyms

Synonyms, as a rule, are distinguished by their unique qualities from other lexical units from the lexical-semantic point of view in the language. So, mainly two aspects attract more attention in this group of words. First, they are close in meaning. Some linguists even call them synonymous, depending on the meaning of the synonym word. On the other hand, synonymy is the diversity of words in terms of form. In addition to the common aspects of synonyms and their main features such as their capacity, processing in a wide aspect, gaining richness, creating comparison, elimination of repetition, nuances of meaning, emotional-expressiveness, each language also has its own characteristics. Based on this issue, the article discusses the general and different aspects of the lexical-semantic composition of synonyms in the artistic language, their poetic figurative functions, and explains each of them separately. In addition, synonymous rows their composition, the structure of these rows, the place of the dominant in the row and its distinguishing features, the function of phraseological units as synonym are explained in detail in the artistic language. Here, at the same time, the essence of synonyms is revealed in the artistic language as a concise, laconic description means, from the variety of images, events, conditions, etc. the emergence of the need to use new synonyms has been clarified. In this regard, the stylistic aspects of synonyms have been highlighted in artistic language. When having a broad conversation based on the stylistic nuances of synonyms in the artistic language, a number of issues that create a specific meaning variety of synonyms within the context, including their juxtaposition, the meaning capacity and breadth of any word in a synonymous line, the pairing of a number of words as synonyms, and the strengthening of meaning in a sentence, increasing harmony, appropriate expression of characters' moods, feelings and emotions, etc. more attention has been paid to such main aspects.

On Freedom from Remorse (Avipratisāra/Avippaṭisāra): Its Place on the Well-Trodden Path from Moral Discipline to Samādhi Meditation

The primary objective of this study is to shed light on the role and significance of freedom from remorse (avipratisāra/avippaṭisāra) in the cultivation of Buddhist concentration (samādhi) meditation. The study delves into the progression from avipratisāra/avippaṭisāra to samādhi, examining how moral discipline influences an individual’s conscience and, consequently, meditation. We commence by examining the well-established path of cultivation leading toward samādhi. A comprehensive study was undertaken to understand the term avipratisāra/avippaṭisāra, its significance for Buddhist meditation, the context in which it originated, and the various English translations that have been provided for it. Furthermore, a comparison is made between avipratisāra/avippaṭisāra and a seemingly synonymous term, kaukṛtya/kukkucca, with areas being sought where one or the other tends to be (or is exclusively) used within the discourse about Buddhist ethics and meditation. From various Buddhist scriptures, it is suggested that a morally disciplined individual typically progresses through a series of states, starting with freedom from remorse and potentially leading to concentration (samādhi). Avipratisāra/avippaṭisāra is pivotal in fostering positive meditative states, serving as a catalyst that propels individuals from negative emotions to wholesome ones on the Buddhist path. By contrast, both vipratisāra/vippaṭisāra and kaukṛtya/kukkucca are identified as basically synonymous words for disturbing emotions with somewhat different contexts of use, the elimination of such emotions being necessary if individuals are to progress on their spiritual journey. Avipratisāra/avippaṭisāra plays a crucial intermediary role bridging Buddhist ethics and meditation. Moral discipline and the subsequent understanding and confession of any personal misconduct are integral to fostering freedom from remorse. Such freedom not only paves the way to deeper meditation but also fortifies one’s confidence in Buddhist teachings, and so provides a foundation for true spiritual progress.

Precision Population Cancer Medicine in Cancer of the Uterine Cervix: A Potential Roadmap to Eradicate Cervical Cancer.

With the success of the Human Genome Project, the era of genomic medicine (GM) was born. Later on, as GM made progress, there was a feeling of exhilaration that GM could help resolve many disease processes. It also led to the conviction that personalized medicine was possible, and a relatively synonymous word, precision medicine (PM), was coined. However, the influence of environmental factors and social determinants of diseases was only partially given their due importance in the definition of PM, although more recently, this has been recognized. With the rapid advances in GM, big data, data mining, wearable devices for health monitoring, telemedicine, etc., PM can be more easily extended to population-level health care in disease management, prevention, early screening, and so on.and the term precision population medicine (PPM) more aptly describes it. PPM's potential in cancer care was posited earlier,and the current authors planned a series of cancer disease-specific follow-up articles. These papers are mainly aimed at helping emerging students in health sciences (medicine, pharmacy, nursing, dentistry, public health, population health), healthcare management (health-focused business administration, nonprofit administration, public institutional administration, etc.), and policy-making (e.g., political science), although not exclusively. This first disease-specific report focuses on the cancer of the uterine cervix (CC). It describes how recent breakthroughs can be leveraged as force multipliers to improve outcomes in CC - by improving early detection, better screening for CC, potential GM-based interventions during the stage of persistent Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and treatment interventions - especially among the disadvantaged and resource-scarce populations. This work is a tiny step in our attempts to improve outcomes in CC and ultimately eradicate CC from the face of the earth.

A bird’s eye view on the concept of Nityasamshleshitha Dosha

Ayurveda is a time-tested science of life, which is a treasure of knowledge, explains about the homeostasis of Dosha, Dhatu and Malas in our body. Diseases are as old as life, Disease is very old nothing has changed, it is we who changed. They are nothing but the permutation and combination of the various components of the body in vitiated state. Roganidana is the prime subject that reveals the complete process of the disease in the given patient and then the medicine is decided. The word Nityasamshleshita Dosha is used synonymous with the word Leena Dosha. Leena Dosha is a unique concept explained in Ayurveda, which plays a pivotal role in the manifestation of the disease. We find this concept explained in scattered references of Ayurveda literature explained by our Bruhatrayees. Leena Dosha Avastha is considered as a latent phase of the disease, and if the physician understands this concept in a right time, physician can easily treat the disease properly without a failure in treatment approach. This present article is intended to introduce the synonymous word to Leena Dosha as per the new syllabus of Roganidana (framed by NCISM) and to highlight the Ayurvedic aspect of Nityasamshleshita Dosha Avastha in an elaborated form.

Этимология и семантика цветообозначения «красный» (红) в русском и китайском языках

The study aims to identify the features of the etymology and semantics of the color term ‘red’ (красный, 红 hóng) in Russian and Chinese to determine the similarities and differences in the symbolic content of this notion in the two cultures. The work is novel in that it is the first to analyze and compare phraseological units with the lexeme ‘red’ in the Russian and Chinese languages in the linguocultural aspect and to identify the peculiarities of the use of a number of synonymous words with the meaning of ‘red’ (红 hóng; 赤 chì; 朱 zhū; 丹 dān). A comparative approach involving sources in Chinese not only made it possible to clarify the etymology of the notion under study, but also to deepen the understanding of commonalities and differences in the cognitive perception of this color term. As a result, the main semantic groups of the lexeme ‘red’ are identified according to the principle of their earliest appearance and spheres of use; examples of the use of these color terms in phraseological units in direct and figurative meanings are given; semantically similar color terms (红; 赤; 朱; 丹) are compared; in addition, the symbolism of red in Russian and Chinese cultures is also shown.

On the problem of the lexicographic representation of diminutives in the Serbian-Russian dictionary

The article is a comparison of diminutives and functionally similar lexical units in Serbian and Russian languages (hereinafter SL and RL). Crosslinguistic lexical comparison is conducted as a preparation for a large bilingual Serbian-Russian dictionary, which is a part of the project on comparative lexicology and lexicography. The article deals with the lexico-semantic category, which in the SL consists of the two subcategories, diminutives and terms of endearment, while in the Russian linguistic tradition it is united under the name diminutives. Lexical units of this group consist of motivated derivatives formed by affixation with a common primary semantics of diminution in relation to the norm. In terms of grammar, this group consists mainly of nouns, followed by adjectives and adverbs, as well as diminutive verbs in Serbian. The analysis of lexical items beginning with the letters A and B with qualifiers ???. ?diminutives?, ???. ?a term of endearment? or ? ???. ??????? ?in diminutive meaning? from the one-volume Dictionary of the Serbian Language of Matica Srpska (2018), as well as their potential equivalents in the RL, apart from classification differences, reveals a number of inconsistencies at the level of functions and pragmatics of the units in SL and RL, which make their lexicographic representation difficult. Although the frequency of diminutives is higher in RL, the formal equivalent of the SL derivative is sometimes expressed through a synonym (a synonym of the derivative word is searched for and its diminutive form is built), a hyperonym or a syntagm. In the Russian part of the dictionary, the difference between meanings of diminutives and terms of endearment may be neutralized, since Russian derivatives carry a whole paradigm of potential connotations, which are actualized only in communicative situations. Not all communicative situations coincide with those in SL - for example, in RL the use of diminutives in polite communication is known. The lexicographic problem lies not only in finding a suitable congruent form, but also in the fact that by identifying lexemes in the dictionary one can impose on the Serbian lexeme connotations from RL that it did not possess in SL. An additional difficulty of semantics is related to the adequacy of interpretation of diminutives in SL formed from polysemantic words. Namely, it is not always obvious whether ?diminution? refers to one of several separated meanings or to all meanings, because there is no qualifier referring to it, there is no illustration of usage, and the electronic corpus of SL does not provide an adequate number of usage examples. The paper also describes the problem of possible narrowing of the meaning of a lexeme. Finally, the stylistic status of the units is unequal: in RL derivatives with diminutives and / or meaning of subjective evaluation belong mainly to the verbal and colloquial style (and are limitedly recorded in dictionaries), while in SL diminutives are ?accepted? in the language and dictionary, which means that they demonstrate a higher degree of lexicalization. The problem of representing diminutives and other lexical structures in a bilingual dictionary should be considered on a broader linguistic material and at the level of the methodology of bilingual lexicography.

«Жирный» и «полный» в «Преступлении и наказании». К апологии Порфирия Петровича

The article is devoted to the analysis of the image of Porfiry Petrovich. The analysis is based on the lexical drawing of the text created by Dostoevsky in Crime and Punishment by distributing the synonymous words “zhirnyi” (“fat”) and “polnyi” (“full” + “plump”) in it. “Fat,” taking a place in the characteristics of “positive” characters and displacing the more expected in this case “polnyi,” shifts the perception of the word “polniy” to another segment of its semantic field: it is displaced from the reader’s consciousness as related to physical complexion (“plump”) and actualizes the general meaning of completeness (integrity, fulfillment). This shift in meaning is supported by the repeated use of various words in the text with the root “poln” precisely with the meaning of final completion. If we proceed from this point, the author’s characteristics of Porfiry Petrovich, which at first glance seem disjointed, strange, derogatory, and marginalizing, begin to gather into a completely coherent whole. They gather into a unity that is fully described by the character’s name, which in Russian reads like “the red stone” or “the red stage in stone making.”

Bahasa, Struktur Persajakan, dan Makna Moral dalam Syair Nasyid Karya Kiyai Hamzanwadi

Researchers analyzed five songs (from the word choice, rhyme patterns, and moral). This research refers to qualitative research, the research method that is based on the philosophy postpositivisme, used to examine the condition of natural objects, (as his opponent was an experiment) where the researcher is a key instrument, the data collection techniques of triangulation (combined), data analysis inductive / qualitative, and the results qualitative research emphasizes meaning rather than generalization. The five songs were obtained from a source book nasyid songs work works chaplain Tuan Guru Haji Muhammad Zainuddin Abdul Madjid. The nature of the world literature as an autonomous cause of literary works has the right to be analyzed regardless of social background that produced it. Data collected from the research field of tangible words and not a series of numbers, so that the form of analysis using a structured approach to qualitative descriptions into expanded text and deep. All the activities of this analysis is an analysis that considers the meaning behind the meaning of social facts found in the field as well as literature. Researchers found that synonymous words and berantonim, has a very high artistic value, style with high aesthetic value and not least for the benefit of the people who are full of moral message, especially for the people of Sasak and Indonesian Muslims in general.

СПОСОБИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЧНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ У СВІТЛІ ПРАЦЬ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА

In the article Ivan Ohiienko’s views on changes in phraseological units in speech have been analyzed and the scientist’s practical approaches to their recording in sci-entifi c works and dictionaries have been studied. The signifi cance of the linguist’s works for further research into non-derivative and derivational transformations of phraseological units has been emphasized. The relevance of the study is due to its appeal to the problem of phraseological units’ transformation, popular in linguistics, and the need to highlight the role of Ivan Ohiienko’s works in the formation of this area of linguistics, and to confi rm the thoroughness of his approach to the linguistic phenomena under consideration.On the basis of a «broad» view on phraseology, we consider fusion, unity, phrase-ological connection and phraseological expression (proverb, saying, aphorism, catch-phrase, etc.) to be a phraseological unit. Phraseologisms – non-uniform, relatively stable linguistic signs – can change and transform in speech. Among the transforma-tions we distinguish non-derivative and derivative ones.Non-derivative ones concern only the formal side of a phraseological unit or lead to such a modifi cation of the meaning in which the unit remains recognizable and understandable. These are grammatical transformations of one or all components, determined by its (their) morphological properties; rearrangement of components; freedom to use prepositions; replacing a component with a synonym word or replac-ing an obsolete word with a literary one; playing with the morphemic structure of the component in a wide semantic range; expansion of the component composition due to words that clarify the phraseological meaning is emphasized by its elements.As a result of derivational transformations, either a new phraseological unit or a new word is formed from it, or the phraseological unit is lost and transformed into a free combination of words. Ivan Ohiienko was perhaps the fi rst to draw attention to the possibility of «collapsing» a phraseological unit into a word while preserving phraseological semantics through affi x word formation; described the phenomenon of semantic condensation of the idiom content in one component without its affi xation; recorded compound words formed from phraseological units; described the replace-ment of a component resulting in a new unit; negatively assessed the mechanical tracing of foreign language units, which makes the language incomprehensible to the people due to the loss of phraseological image (dephraseologicalization of units).So it can be stated that long before the appearance of special works on phraseo-logical transformation, Ivan Ohiienko outlined the main approaches to fi xing and as-sessing speech changes in Ukrainian phraseological units, and laid the foundation for further research on their nature and range.

Social Implications of Borrowings

Abstract The paper is focused on the sociolinguistic study of borrowings used in twenty-first century American literature to bring out their potential to translate status and high social position of characters. The study is aimed at proving that borrowings are socially charged and function in speech as indices of socially privileged layers of society. The study of modern British novels by Jeffrey Archer carried out earlier revealed four categories of borrowings, serving to represent upper-class characters: 1) terms, 2) a pair of synonymous words of Germanic and foreign origin, 3) U-class words, and 4) loan words used ironically. The study of American novels by Amor Towles A Gentleman in Moscow (2016) and Rules of Civility (2012) allows us to verify this classification and expand it by adding two more categories: 5) a pair of synonymous words of Germanic and foreign origin, like in group 2 but with switched social connotations, and 6) a pair of borrowings, one explaining the meaning of the other. The analysis has proved that borrowings in American, like in British literature, explicitly or implicitly translate the social status of a character. The question to answer is whether classes 5 and 6 have universal or culturally specific nature. Further research is therefore required to shed light on this very subtle use of borrowings in speech.

SONGS FROM ENGLISH-LANGUAGE CARTOONS AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS INTO UKRAINIAN AND GERMAN

Background. Songs in the field of film publishing play an important role in the understanding of the main characters’ emotions and thoughts, conveying a specific atmosphere, or even serving as a substitute for dialogues and words. But in most cases, songs are not translated into other languages during the release of the film, forgetting that the song lyrics can play a key role or even carry the inherent opinion of the producer. Due to the great need for film art now, its development in society and further prospects, there is a problem with the appropriate translation of songs and with insufficient research and materials on this topic.
 The purpose of the article is to identify difficulties in translating songs and analyze translation transformations using the example of the lyrics of the song «How Far I'll Go» from the cartoon «Moana».
 Methods. Classification and comparative method for determining difficulties in translation; generalization of the received information; practical analysis of translation methods on the example of a song from the cartoon «Moana»; synthesis of translation difficulties with translation methods and classification of ways to translate a song in films and cartoons.
 Results. The most common difficulties in translating songs are lexical difficulties: correctly understand the latest words in the original language, choose a synonymous word or meaning from the translation language, and determine the correct interpretation of texts with abbreviations. It is also important to preserve the main meaning of the text, its rhyming, and take into account cultural features when translating a song. The translator also needs to have knowledge in the field of poetics and music to accurately translate the song text while preserving the opinion of the author of the original song and the musical drawing. Insufficient theoretical base forces translators not to translate the original song and leave it in the original, which leaves the viewer without understanding the song and its role in the film, which also causes the loss of emphasizing the feelings of the scenes and the main idea of the author.
 Discussion. Studying this topic of translating songs from cartoons allows us to conclude that songs are an important part of cinema, which studios in most cases neglect when translating films into other languages. Only knowledge of the theory of Translation Studies is not enough for translators for professional and adequate translation, so there is a problem of insufficient number of professional and qualified translators. The study also found that lexical constructions are used by translators quite often when translating songs and are the main translation tool. The need for knowledge of ways and methods of correct translation of song texts in the film industry requires scientists and researchers to draw attention to this problem and engage in active research in the direction of song translation, which means a great prospect for creating a new direction in the field of translation studies due to the demand and necessity of song translations in the film industry.

The Issue of Synonymy between the Words Al-Hulm and Al-Ru’ya in Surah Yusuf: A Quranic Semantics Study

The issue of synonymy in the Holy Qur'an is one of the important controversial issues between scholars and those working with the Qur'an and its sciences, ancient and modern. Some scholars prove the occurrence of synonymy in the Qur'an by the difference in the two words and the meaning being the same, and some of them deny its occurrence by the complete lack of synonymy between the two words. It is one of the synonymous words in the Qur'an, including Al-Hulm and Al-Ru'ya. This study aims to clarify and answer detailed implications in the meaning of the words Al-Hulm and Al-Ru'ya in Surah Yusuf. The type of this study is a desk study to obtain facts about the semantic meaning between these two words using the descriptive and analytical approach to solve study problems. The results of this research are that the semantic study reveals great secrets and wondrous wisdom that can only be imagined by those who contemplate this great miracle of the Qur'an. The words al-Hilm and al-Ru'ya have synonymy and context comparison. Regarding synonymy, these two words have the same meaning: dream. Meanwhile, in a comparative context, the verses in al-Ru'ya show dreams and are revelations sent down by Allah SWT to His Prophet and can be interpreted. As for al-Hilm in context, it has no meaning and does not require interpretation, and it is associated with Satan, and it is not permissible for Muslims to talk about it because it is part of Satan's play.

SINONIM DAN ANTONIM DALAM BAHASA NIAS UTARA DIALEK BARAT DI DESA ONOLIMBU YÖU KECAMATAN MANDREHE BARAT KABUPATEN NIAS BARAT

This research was motivated by the use of synonymous and antonymous word in the west dialect of the North Nias language in Onolimbu You village. This research aims to 1) describe the use of synonymous verbs (synonims with the same meaning and almost the same meaning) in the west dialect of the North Nias language in Onolimbu You village, West Mandrehe District, West Nias Regency and 2) describe of the use of the west dialect of the North Nias language verb antonymous in Onolimbu You village, West Mandrehe District, West Nias Regency. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The object of this research in the Onolimbu You village community. The research instrument was carried out by researchers. The data collection technique used by researchers is semi-structured interview techniques. The data analysis technique was carried out by following the data collection steps, namely the data reduction stage, the data presentation stage and the data verification stage. Checking the validity of the data used by researchers technique triangulation and source triangulation. The results of the research show that there are synonymous and antonymous verb in Onolimbu You village. There are two types of synonymous verb, namely synonymous with the same meaning and synonyms with almost the same meaning. The suggestions put forward by researchers are 1) for students to carry out further research both in the field studied and other fields to develop knowledge of the Nias language, 2) For parents to continue to implement policies for the younger generation so that they continue to preserve the Nias language.

Поиск технологических возможностей на основе анализа патентного массива

Currently companies still rely heavily on expert knowledge when searching for technological opportunities and choosing partners. Automation of search of patent holders who can be partners of the enterprises of the Volgograd region is considered. Companies not only from Russia, but also from China, India, and other friendly countries are considered as partners. The process of identifying partners is based on the similarity of solved technological problems extracted from patent documents, the patent holders of which are these enterprises. By analyzing the dependency trees extracted from the patent fields “Scope of the invention” and “Name of the invention” the “Problem-Solution” structures are formed. Based on the analysis of patent documents of potential partners “Problems-Solutions” that are not patented in Russia are identified. It causes a “technological vacuum” for enterprises of the Russian Federation. A method for identifying technological capabilities based on the analysis of the world patent array has been developed. The novelty of the method which provides a search for potential innovative technological areas for key enterprises of the Volgograd region lies in the use of deep learning technologies in relation to the analysis of natural language data of the world patent array. A software module has been developed to search for technological opportunities for enterprises of the Volgograd region based on the similarity of technological problems. The module is programmatically implemented in Python, the Yargy library from the Natasha project was used for semantic analysis of text fields of patents, Deep–translator was used for translating patent documents into Russian, Stanza library was used for building dependency trees, and RuWordNet library was used for selecting hyperonyms (to account for synonymous words). In order to identify technological opportunities for enterprises of the Volgograd region, 6 785 patents were analyzed.

The Tolerability and Safety of Psilocybin in Psychiatric and Substance-Dependence Conditions: A Systematic Review.

The objective of this systematic review is to determine the tolerability and safety of psilocybin in a variety of psychiatric and substance-dependence conditions. A systematic review was conducted using Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science through September 2023 using the following terminology: "psilocybin" AND "mental-disease" OR "substance-dependence" AND "disease-therapy," in addition to other synonymous key words. Literature reporting acute effects and safety data following the use of psilocybin as the pharmacologic intervention in a clinical trial in adult patients with a psychiatric or substance-dependence condition were included. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 studies were ultimately included in this review. The most common treatment-emergent adverse effects reported were transient nausea and headache. Transient anxiety was reported as a frequent psychiatric effect, and 3 participants received a benzodiazepine for refractory anxiety during the psilocybin session. Psilocybin demonstrated modest increases in blood pressure and heart rate, and 1 participant received an antihypertensive for sustained hypertension during the psilocybin session. No cases of psilocybin-induced psychosis or Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder were reported. Treatment resistance remains a concern for psychiatric patients and novel therapies are needed to help alleviate the burden of morbidity and mortality. Psilocybin demonstrates promising acute and long-term safety that may allow for its use in psychiatric or substance-dependence conditions as an alternative to standards of care or in treatment-resistant patients. Psilocybin has demonstrated tolerability and safety in recent literature that has investigated its therapeutic potential in a variety of psychiatric or substance-dependence conditions.

Systematic Literature Review on Ontology-based Indonesian Question Answering System

Question-Answering (QA) systems at the intersection of natural language processing, information retrieval, and knowledge representation aim to provide efficient responses to natural language queries. These systems have seen extensive development in English and languages like Indonesian present unique challenges and opportunities. This literature review paper delves into the state of ontology-based Indonesian QA systems, highlighting critical challenges. The first challenge lies in sentence understanding, variations, and complexity. Most systems rely on syntactic analysis and struggle to grasp sentence semantics. Complex sentences, especially in Indonesian, pose difficulties in parsing, semantic interpretation, and knowledge extraction. Addressing these linguistic intricacies is pivotal for accurate responses. Secondly, template-based SPARQL query construction, commonly used in Indonesian QA systems, suffers from semantic gaps and inflexibility. Advanced techniques like semantic matching algorithms and dynamic template generation can bridge these gaps and adapt to evolving ontologies. Thirdly, lexical gaps and ambiguity hinder QA systems. Bridging vocabulary mismatches between user queries and ontology labels remains a challenge. Strategies like synonym expansion, word embedding, and ontology enrichment must be explored further to overcome these challenges. Lastly, the review discusses the potential of developing multi-domain ontologies to broaden the knowledge coverage of QA systems. While this presents complex linguistic and ontological challenges, it offers the advantage of responding to various user queries across various domains. This literature review identifies crucial challenges in developing ontology-based Indonesian QA systems and suggests innovative approaches to address these challenges.

A Corpus-Based Comparative Study of English Synonyms: Taking Improve, Promote, and Strengthen as an Example

As synonyms account for more than 60% of English vocabulary, improving the ability to distinguish synonyms will help speakers produce language in a more precise and efficient manner. This paper adopts a corpus-based approach to explore the usage of synonymous words in terms of language register, collocates and semantic prosody, exploring how these synonyms are used by native speakers and hoping to offer some guidance to English learners and translators.