Synonymous Series Research Articles

ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЧНА СИНОНІМІЯ В МОВІ ХУДОЖНІХ ПЕРЕКЛАДІВ МИКОЛИ ЛУКАША: ДЖЕРЕЛА ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ

The language of artistic translation in Ukrainian linguistics is considered to be an integral part of the literary language, at the level of the language of the original Ukrainian literature. Among the Ukrainian translations of fiction, the work of M. Lukash is a special place. This translator has his own original style, based on traditional classical Ukrainian literature and his contemporary teaching. He entered not only in the history of Ukrainian artistic translation, but also significantly influenced the Ukrainian literary language of the second half of the twentieth century. In the idiostyle M. Lukash the special attention deserves to be studied the features of phraseological synonymy. Priority tasks include the establishment of sources of phraseological synonyms of M. Lukash, studying it against the background of codified phrases. The article substantiates the idea that synonymous connections in the language of translation of M. Lukash penetrate the overwhelming majority of phraseological units. The study of the specificity of phraseological relations in M. Lukash’s idiostyle, the intersection of synonymous series and values in the selected material for analysis will allow us to develop the concept of the ideographic dictionary of M. Lukash’s phraseological translations.

Лексическая репрезентация образа Китая в российском публицистическом дискурсе

The question of formation of language image of China in the Russian mass media is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the current political context, in which the creation of a positive image of a country for its residents and for representatives of other cultures is one of the tasks of domestic and foreign policy. The material for the study were the Russian lexemes for China, PRC, Celestial, Celestial Empire, Celestial Oecumene, which are found in publicistic texts extracted from the National corpus of the Russian language, the newspapers “Коммерсантъ” and “Аргументы и факты.” Through the discourse analysis the meanings associated with these proper names actualized in the contexts are identified. On the basis of the revealed pragmatic information, a dictionary entry is compiled in accordance with the principles of lexicographical description of synonymic series presented in the New Explanatory Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language edited by Yu. D. Apresyan. It is noted that the ideas of the Moscow Semantic School (hereinafter - MSS) are very popular in China. It is shown that the integral dictionary description of synonymic series can be applied to proper names, which is not represented in either Russian or Chinese linguistics. The author comes to the conclusion that the image of China as a world leader with specific socio-cultural and political characteristics is formed in the Russian information space.

CONCEPT CHARM IN THE ENGLISH LEARNER’S DICTIONARIES

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the concept CHARM verbalization in English-language learner’s dictionaries. The research has been done on the material of Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus and Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. The communicative specificity of learner’s dictionaries consists in their targeting to a clear segment of the readership. These are non-native speakers of English, studying it as a foreign language and living outside the area of its functioning, and, therefore, outside the situational context. The features of users to whom learner’s dictionaries are addressed determine the content and presentation of lexicographic material, which is aimed primarily at expanding the vocabulary of the reader and, moreover, familiarizing him more closely with the culture of English-speaking society. The analysis of the verbalization of the CHARM concept in English-language learner’s dictionaries showed that the MAGICNESS “magic, witchcraft” (a feature that is inexplicable, akin to magic) and ATTRACTIVENESS (a feature associated with a person’s psychological ability to attract others) are decisive cognitive features of the CHARM concept in English). The sememe charm = the power or quality forms a wide range of derived lexical units – mono-lexemes and phrases with the charm component. The synonymous series of the charmer lexeme is formed by allurer, enticer, inveigler, smoothie, sweet talker, heart-throb, lady-killer nouns, which refer to the characteristics of only males. In turn, charming female human beings are named as a sweetie, a sweet girl, pippin, sweetpie, sweetie pie, lovey, honey, dearie. Gender neutral nomination is cutie. Such options as a little charmer, little kiddie charmers, little angel are used to denote charming children.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СИНОНИМИЧЕСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ ЭМОТИВНЫХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМОВ В КАБАРДИНО-ЧЕРКЕССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article is devoted to emotive phraseological units in the Kabardian-Circassian language. The important role of these emotives in the national consciousness of the Adygs is noted. The author examines one of the characteristic semantic relations of phraseological emotives - synonymy. The study singles out the groups of emotions that form the largest number of synonymous series. The role of the word “ гу ” (heart) in the synonymous relations of emotive phraseological units is revealed. The participation of these linguistic units as synonyms in the hyper-hyponymic relations of the Kabardian-Circassian language is found out. The paper considers the main types of synonymous links of phraseological emotives.

O sposobie konstruowania haseł w dawnych słownikach przekładowych (na przykładzie prac Łukasza Brzezwickiego)

On the Method of Constructing Entries in Old Translation Dictionaries (Using the Example of the Works of Łukasz Brzezwicki)The birth of Polish-Latin lexicography has usually been associated with Cnapius, the author of Thesaurus Polonolatinograecus seu Promptuarium linguae Latinae et Graecae (1621), while the two lexicographers who worked before him tend to be forgotten. In 1596 Nicholas Volckmar published Dictionarium trilingue tripartitum ad discendam linguam Latinam, Polonicam et Germanicam accommodatum, and a few years later, on the basis of Volckmar’s work, Łukasz Brzezwicki composed two dictionaries: Synonyma latina ex variis authoribus collata Polonice et Latine (Cracow 1602) and Puerilia ex variis onomasticis excerpta et in usum iuventutis Polonae publicata (Cracow 1625). Although the list of words in the dictionaries of these two authors is nearly identical, Brzezwicki introduced several changes to his lexicographic method. One of the innovative features of Synonym… and Puerilia… is the construction of entries in the form of series of synonyms. The goal of the present paper is to analyse these series and to answer the questions: What kinds of pairs of words does Brzezwicki introduce? What role do they play? In what relation are those pairs to the state of contemporary Polish? This is the basis on which this paper will attempt to evaluate the level of lexicographic and linguistic awareness of Łukasz Brzezwicki.

КОНЦЕПТ «БЕЖЕНЦЫ» В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ РУССКОЙ И ФРАНЦУЗСКОЙ ПРЕССЫ И ИНТЕРНЕТ-ФОРУМОВ)

The article examines the linguo-cultural concept “refugees” by the material of the Russian and French languages. The authors focus on comparing the scope of notions in the Russian and French languages, on the analysis of extensive synonymous series and the study of the verbalization of the concept in the speech of contemporaries. The research material is the modern press and Internet sources: online dictionaries, comments from readers and forum participants on migration issues. The findings of the work demonstrate similarities in the description of the image of a modern migrant by means of the Russian and French languages.

Синонимические ряды с заимствованными словами в русском языке

Synonymic rows with loanwords are investigated. The study found that the change in the conceptual and linguistic worldview of modern man is largely due to the process of the emergence of new synonymic series in the Russian language. Synonymic relations between words are established on the basis of the dictionary synonymic definition of the already known word or phrase in the Russian language, with the help of already established in the Russian language borrowed nominations in the context of descriptive construction, illustrative material, which expands, presents the synonymic sphere of lexicographic definition. Human consciousness structures conceptual real reality anthropocentrically, so the semantic range of names of persons in the study material is quite wide. Examples of loanwords that characterize activities are presented. Based on the synonymic definition of terms in lexicographic sources, which reveals the meaning of a new loanword through the identical meaning of loanwords, it is assumed that in the understanding of the surrounding reality, a person uses words correlated with one concept or reality, and in this case there are synonymic series in which members of the opposition are loanwords and demonstrate the full identity.

О семантических особенностях номинации в новозеландском тюремном жаргоне (на примере лексико-семантической группы «заключенный»)

The semantic features of the nomination in the New Zealand prison jargon are considered on the example of the lexical-semantic group “prisoner.” The relevance of the work is due to the increased interest in the study of social variants of the language in general, and their linguistic features, in particular. Semantic analysis of the studied units assumes their description in two planes - semasiological and onomasiological. Within the framework of semasiology, the organizational structure of the group is analyzed, its synonymic series and sub-standard lexemes in their relation to literary equivalents. In the context of onomasiology the ways of nomination of lexemes are investigated. The principles of two opposite directions for complex semantic description of nominative features of language units are revealed and systematized. The combination of two approaches makes it possible to reflect the organization of the lexical-semantic group under study in the most complete way, taking into account its structure-forming components, and to reveal the mechanisms of naming. It is found that the feature typical to this group is excessive variability, which is functionally determined and manifests itself in the presence of synonymous series. It is noted that the centres of attraction are the objects or phenomena most important for a particular social group. The presented scheme of the analysis of the lexico-semantic group “prisoner” is applicable in the description of other similar paradigmatic groups of the language substandard.

ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СИНОНИМИЯ КАК СПОСОБ *ОТРАЖЕНИЯ РЕАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТИ В НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЯЗЫКАХ

This article presents an analytic study of phraseological synonymy as one of the methods of reflecting the surrounding reality in the language worldview in national languages. The ability of phraseological units to form synonymic series is demonstrated on the example of the verbal phraseological units objectifying the concept of «blame» in the French language. The main criteria for synonymy of the considered phraseological units are belonging to the same grammatical category and the presence of the same set of basic semantic components. The following types of phraseological synonyms embodying the concept of BLAME were found: verbal phraseological units which differ in lexical composition but have a similar syntactic structure; verbal phraseological units with a similar syntactic structure and a common lexical component.

Interpretation of an Epoch in the Novel "the Big Green Tent" by L. Ulitskaya: Linguistic-Cultural Analysis of Verbal Lexicon

<p> This article is the verbal lexicon analysis based on the text of the novel "The Big Green Tent" by L. Ulitskaya. The creative manner of the contemporary writer attracts the attention of researchers, her writings describe the emotional experiences of the heroes and also give a generalized image of time full of historical details and features. The language of her stories and short stories is characterized by a special style in the description of time realities. A verb in the text allows the author to express the events and the circumstances that characterize an action in its dynamics due to the fact that verbal categories reflect the real reality in our consciousness. The method of linguistic cultural analysis of verbal lexicon in the novel "The Big Green Tent" made it possible to single out exactly those language units that the writer carefully selects for the creation and interpretation of the era. A special emphasis in the study is made on the creation of an expressive-emotional style of narration using the stylistic capabilities of the Russian verb. The individual author's methods of narration expressiveness creation are singled out: synonymous series, euphemisms, colloquial lexicon, etc. The conducted study and a careful analysis of the selected factual material testifies that, recreating an epoch, the master of the word invariably uses that language arsenal that brightly and fully conveys the color of time. L. Ulitskaya is able to be not only an indifferent witness of the epoch, but also her tenacious observer and interpreter. The analyzed factual material and the main points of this research can be used in the courses on stylistics and linguistic culturology, and also as an illustrative material during the classes on the linguistic analysis of a literary text.</p>

Medical terms-synonyms

Purpose of the study. Among the main paradigmatic groups in medical terminology, synonymy is vividly represented. This lexico-semantic phenomenon, which is considered one of the most important system-forming categories. The problem of synonymy is related to the process of normalization and medical-clinical terminology. Methods of research. The comparative-historical and descriptive methods are applied, in part - classification and statistical, as well as the methodology of linguistic analysis. Scientific novelty. In this article, we consider the ambiguity of the interpretation of the phenomenon of synonymy in Ukrainian medical terminology; the ways of occurrence of modern synonyms are clarified; the features of the formation of the syno -mical series are studied; The characteristic signs on which it is possible to classify synonyms of clinical terms are revealed. Conclusions. The results of the conducted work show that the choice of the most successful term belongs to the competence of scientists (physicians, philologists, terminologists). In modern science there is a disparity in the use of terms in different languages, the lack of efforts to limit the unsuccessful synonymic series, which leads to a large interpretation of synonyms, and, unfortunately, continues to be a serious obstacle in the exchange of scientific information, creates serious difficulties in accurate scientific translation medical literature, and also causes contradictions in the international cooperation of doctors.

CRIME as the categorial concept and category

The article focuses on a notional category CRIME. Its structure is stipulated by notional characteristics of the categorial concept CRIME that is verbalized in the English language and serves as a classifier of this category. The lexicalized notional category CRIME is structured as a radial category at superordinate and subordinate levels with members of the category being in hyper-hyponymic relations and forming subcategories and extensions structured radially on the general CENTER – PERIPHERY principle. The data obtained demonstrate the relative similarity of the category CRIME members as there is partial identity between the members which is based on a different number of semantic components. Numerous means of verbalization of the category classifier – the concept CRIME are grouped into synonymic series according to the nuances of meaning and form the basis for identifying subcategories and extensions within the notional category CRIME. Names of crimes against person and crimes against property serve as the grounds for structuring the notional category CRIME. On this basis two parts have been singled out within the superordinate category CRIME: CRIME 1 (against person) and CRIME 2 (against property) with these parts being encompassed by six subordinate categories. The categories VIOLENCE, KIDNAPPING and KILLING belong to the subordinate level and come into the superordinate category CRIME 1 (against person). The superordinate category CRIME 2 (against property) also include three subordinate categories TRESPASS, THEFT and VANDALISM. Some subcategories have a certain number of extensions. Thus, the paper provides the method of structuring a category on the basis of categorial concepts.

Synonimia w polskiej terminologii medycznej przełomu XIX i XX wieku. Rekonesans

Synonyms in Polish medical terminology at the turn of the 20th century. ReconnaissanceThe paper concerns the phenomenon of synonyms in the medical terminology. On the basis of Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej (Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology, 1881) and Słownik lekarski polski (Polish Dictionary of Medicine, 1905) the author examines (in terms of a structure, origin and chronology) 88 series of synonyms (regarding illnesses) present in both dictionaries. From the examination it results that during a conscious tiding up and shaping of Polish medical terminology it was impossible to eliminate synonyms, a phenomenon undesired in every terminology. Admittedly, in the Słownik lekarski polski (Polish Dictionary of Medicine, 1905) one may observe a tendency to reduce on the number of synonyms in the series of synonyms and the general number of the series, however, scale of this phenomena is still significant. Even if, till the half of twentieth century, nearly half of series of synonyms did not survive, as it is proven by researches conducted by K. Musiołek-Choinski, phenomena of synonyms could not be eliminated. The old series of synonyms are replaced by new ones, and this situation is greatly affected by English vocabulary.

Types and Ratio of Functionally and Stylistically Colored Synonyms from G. Matyukovskiy’s Poetry in the Hill Mari Language

The article is devoted to analysis of functional and stylistic coloring of synonyms and their quantitive proportions in the poetry of G. Matyukovskiy in the Hill Mari language. The study identified three main groups of synonyms belonging to different functional styles: colloquial and bookish style synonyms, and commonly used synonyms. Among the synonyms of the colloquial style we revealed components of synonymous series with daily colloquial, low colloquial, and rude colloquial functional stylistic coloring. Some of the synonyms of the bookish style are specified in belonging to a functional style and refer to scientific or belles-letter style. Synonyms of the belles-letter style have poetic, traditional poetic and folk poetic coloring. We give a brief description of functional styles and functional-stylistic colorings that are characteristic to the synonyms in the works by G. Matyukovskiy. The paper contents comparison of number of commonly used and functionally colored synonyms to identify proportions, reflected in the form of tables and charts. We described the language of the author on the basis of quantitative proportions. The data obtained can be used for compiling and adding the synonym dictionary of the Hill Mari language, which is expected to be published. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s7p127

Verbal synonyms of the broadcasting act in Iryna Vilde's short stories

The brief review of verbal synonyms of thematic group of the broadcasting act in prosaic works of Iryna Vilde is given in the article. Lexical units of lexico-semantic, semantic and stylistic groups are analysed; contextual meanings of synonyms are determined. Interpretation has been given for such basic linguistic iteams as synonyms, synonymic series, shade of meaning, lexical word meaning; internal organization of synonymic series and its limits have been explained, and the criteria for classification of synonyms identified. Synonyms, taken from works of Iryna Vilde are analysed, the common synonyms units are distinguished. Semantic and semantic and stylistic synonyms are separated among the common synonyms. The components of synonymous row, that get organized round a dominant, are considered in the article. Synonymous units belong on denotation of broadcasting act as one of displays of intellectual activity belong to the synonyms that mark intellectually- analytical activity of man. In the article attention is concentrated on the lexico-semantic and functional features of synonyms that belong to the synonymous row with a dominant : to «talk». A value, that unites the lexemes of synonymous row - ability to pass ideas, emotional states, report information using facilities of language, is distinguished. Iryna Vilde uses language semantic and common semantic-syntactical synonyms to represent a value «to have ability to express opinions, sense». Synonyms differ from each other on such basic features as amount of broadcasting participants; methods of action; speed; volume; duration; timbre and height of voice; clearness; estimation; stylistic component. It has been summarized that specific features of Iryna Vilde individual style include: extensive use of synonymic diversity of the Ukrainian language, priority use of general-language synonyms, active functioning of phrasal synonymic units.

Conceptual metaphors in taboo-induced lexical variation

Taboo is deeply woven into every culture and society, which is obviously reflected in vocabulary. Indeed, taboo keeps language users from avoiding the forbidden concept and compels them to preserve or violate it, which leads to endless series of cross varietal synonyms for forbidden concepts. In this process, though metaphor stands out as a potent source for euphemistic and dysphemistic reference, the analysis of conceptual metaphor in the Lakoffian tradition as a X-phemistic device has not been dealt with in depth so far. In this regard, the main aim of this paper is twofold: to gain an insight into the process of metaphorical X-phemistic lexical replacements triggered by taboo and explore the role the process of lexicalization of metaphorical units plays in sex and death-related X-phemistic vocabulary. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that whereas lexicalized metaphorical units are deprived of their capacity to conceptualize the taboo in particular terms, both semi-lexicalized and creative metaphors suit the purpose of euphemism and dysphemism by conceptualizing a taboo topic within a conceptual network, which accounts for the X-phemistic function of metaphorical items.

S.-CR. Koca Dorsum montis, Montis genus; clivus: An etymological-semantic view

The paper deals with a case of multiple homonymy as reflected in the S.-Cr noun kosa. Leaving aside the etymologically identical pair of *kosa "coma" and kosa "falx" known to all Slavic languages (and therefore reconstructed for PS1. too, as obvious postverbals of PSI. *česati), as well as the newly established *kosa "aggregatio erosionis fluminis, promontorium", the author focuses on yet another homonymous noun in S.-Cr.: kosa "dorsum montis montis genus; clivus" which has hitherto not been given a satisfactory etymological interpretation. Four existing etymologies (three counting on various metaphors of already recognized nouns and one in favor of substantivisation of the adjective *kosb) are discussed and rejected as insufficiently persuading. Basic argumentation is presented for describing this semantically ambiguous geographic term as a post verbal of S.-Cr. kositi "cut; hit, fight; quarrel, hurt, etc.", a nomen resultativum meaning "that which has been cut (off)", specifically "cliff. This solution being formally unproblematic, the discussion is focused on semantic and typological parallels furnished by synonymous series of verbs and nouns derived from them within Serbo-Croatian itself.

Regroupements sémantiques dans un dictionnaire d’adverbes composés en espagnol

Summary At first, we present semantic grups compiled in the Spanish compound adverbs dictionary. We propose four types of semantic groups : variants, series of (para)synonyms, open adverbs and adverbs organised by lexical functions. Then, we discuss the possibility of using compound adverbs to caracterise semantic classes of verbs in Spanish. Finally, we study some properties of the structures formed by a verb and adverb related or the relationship with structures formed by a predicative noun and adjective.

A new manifestation of the arithmetical regularity suggests the universal genetic code distinguishes the decimal system

The author has recently found a balance of the nucleon sums in amino acids corresponding to certain groups of 24 synonymous triplet series of the genetic code (compressed in the 3'-base positions), as well as peculiar writing of these sums in the decimal system (Shcherbak, 1993, 1994; see also Verkhovod, 1994). The synonymous triplet series inside the groups were mapped by Rumer's transformation (1966) and the amino acids were "cut" into side chains and boxes (the nucleon number of the Pro box was unified by formally borrowing of a nucleon from its own side chain; zero nucleons were assigned to Stop).

Effects of Contextual versus Definitional Computer‐assisted Vocabulary Instruction on Immediate and Long‐term Vocabulary Retention of Advanced ESL Students

This paper investigates the role of definitional information versus contextual information in computer‐assisted vocabulary instruction. A group of 58 advanced ESL students participated in the main data‐collection phase. The results revealed that context‐embedded vocabulary exercises facilitate better long‐term retention of words that exist in context. This finding is noteworthy in that the context‐embedded condition is the natural vocabulary condition commonly observed in reading. Students seldom encounter direct definitions or a series of related synonyms in the natural passage condition. Definitional knowledge, however, appears to be important in developing a basic concept of a given word in the initial phases of vocabulary development.