Synchronization Procedure Research Articles

A Contemporary Methodology to Unify Structured Data in Portable Devices

The aim is to provide a methodology to handle Mobile Devices data using an ISAMD (Improved Synchronization Algorithm based on Secured Message Digest) so that data synchronization can take place between a mobile based database server and a multipurpose database. The ISAMD generates a Message Digest Table (MDT) in the database server. The secured Message Digest is used by the mobililty based database. This table stores the encoded format data put away by the client. These tables are contrasted push savvy all together with select the lines required for synchronization. On the off chance that and when any two lines of these MDT are extraordinary, the synchronization procedure advances as indicated by the synchronization strategy. The ISAMD algorithm does not utilize systems that are subject to explicit database merchants; may use triggers, put away methods or timestamps. The proposed algorithm utilizes just the normal SQL capacities for the synchronization. And the proposed algorithm possibly utilized for mixes of back-end storages and mobile databases due to its autonomy of database vendor. The encoded data in the database server can be decoded and retained based on end user request.

A mathematical model of the interaction between bottom-up and top-down attention controllers in response to a target and a distractor in human beings

Top-down and bottom-up attention are two systems that allocate our neuronal resources for processing different stimuli. To do the tasks efficiently, it is required to suppress irrelevant information. In the presence of both target and distractor, synchronization or desynchronization between the activities of neuronal responses has been observed in different regions of the brain. In the current study, we have proposed a mathematical model to show how the interaction between top-down and bottom-up attention, through synchronization and desynchronization, can lead to the suppression of distractor effects in human beings. The model structure was inspired by the results of neurological studies. The model consists of several oscillating units as a representation of top-down and bottom-up neuronal processing resources. These units communicate with each other through synchronization and desynchronization procedures.Results of simulations showed that how the mutual interaction between top-down and bottom-up units, which was done using synchronization and desynchronization procedures, led to the selective or divided attention between the target and distractor. It was shown that the activity of responsive units to the distractor could be suppressed by a desynchronous signal transmitted from the top-down attention unit. This model suggests a justification for brain waves synchronization or desynchronization during attentionally demand tasks. The proposed model also provides a tool to investigate the effect of some influencing factors such as the distractor intensity or similarity between the distractor and the target on the function of top-down and bottom-up systems.

Nanoseconds Timing System Based on IEEE 1588 FPGA Implementation

Clock synchronization procedures are mandatory in most physical experiments where event fragments are readout by spatially dislocated sensors and must be glued together to reconstruct key parameters (e.g., energy and interaction vertex) of the process under investigation. These distributed data readout topologies rely on an accurate time information available at the front end, where the raw data are acquired and tagged with a precise timestamp prior to data buffering and central data collecting. This makes the network complexity and latency, between front-end and backend electronics, negligible within upper bounds imposed by the front-end data buffer capability where the raw data are stored waiting for the trigger validation. The proposed research work describes a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) that exploits the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) timing, trigger, and control (TTC) system as a multicast messaging physical and data link layer. The hardware implementation extends the clock synchronization to the nanoseconds range, overcoming the typical accuracy limitations inferred by computers Ethernet-based local area network (LAN). Establishing a reliable communication between master and timing receiver nodes is essential in a message-based synchronization system. In the backend electronics, the serial data streams synchronization with the global clock domain is guaranteed by a hardware-based finite state machine that scans the bit period using a variable delay chain and finds the optimal sampling point. The validity of the proposed timing system has been proven in point-to-point data links as well as in star topology configurations over standard CAT-5e cables. The results achieved together with weaknesses and possible improvements are hereby detailed.

Speciation of organic fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 3: Combining off-line and on-line measurements

The present study proposes an advanced methodology to refine the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA). This methodology is based on the combination of offline and online datasets in a single Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis using the multilinear engine (ME-2) algorithm and a customized time synchronization procedure. It has been applied to data from measurements conducted in the Paris region (France) during a PM pollution event in March 2015. Measurements included OA ACSM (Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) mass spectra and specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers from PM10 filters on their original time resolution (30 min for ACSM and 4 h for PM10 filters). Comparison with the conventional PMF analysis of the ACSM OA dataset (PMF-ACSM) showed very good agreement for the discrimination between primary and secondary OA fractions with about 75% of the OA mass of secondary origin. Furthermore, the use of the combined datasets allowed the deconvolution of 3 primary OA (POA) factors and 7 secondary OA (SOA) factors. A clear identification of the source/origin of 54% of the total SOA mass could be achieved thanks to specific molecular markers. Specifically, 28% of that fraction was linked to combustion sources (biomass burning and traffic emissions). A clear identification of primary traffic OA was also obtained using the PMF-combined analysis while PMF-ACSM only gave a proxy for this OA source in the form of total hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) mass concentrations. In addition, the primary biomass burning-related OA source was explained by two OA factors, BBOA and OPOA-like BBOA. This new approach has showed undeniable advantages over the conventional approaches by providing valuable insights into the processes involved in SOA formation and their sources. However, the origins of highly oxidized SOA could not be fully identified due to the lack of specific molecular markers for such aged SOA.

Effect of biostimulation and estrus synchronization on estrus response and fertility rate in primiparous and multiparous Kundhi buffaloes

Anestrus and unobserved estrus are one of the crucial managemental lapses in the livestock business. This research was planned to assess the efficiency of different estrus synchronization procedures with bull exposed and with non-bull exposed groups in primiparous and multiparous buffaloes at Kundhi buffalo farm Rorhi and its surroundings. Total 40 (n=20 primiparous, n=20 multiparous) buffaloes were used in this study. The chosen buffaloes were divided into two main groups, A (BE, Bull-Exposed) and group B (NE, Non-Exposed). Based on the treatments A group was further sub-divided into two sub-groups, OvSynch bull-exposed (OBE) A1 and prostaglandin bull exposed (PBE) A2. Also, B group was parted into dual sub-groups Ovsynch non-exposed (ONE) and prostaglandin non-exposed (PNE) group B2. Results of the present study showed that estrus response differed significantly among the primiparous and multiparous Kundhi buffalo in all groups (P<0.05). The overall estrus response (50% and 100%) and pregnancy rates (40% and 70%) were higher in both primiparous and multiparous animals of BE groups as compared to primiparous (60% and 70%), and multiparous animals (30% and 60%) of NE groups. The overall estrus, duration was also higher in the primiparous (22 ± 0.66 hours) and multiparous animals (20 ± 2.05 hours) of BE groups, in contrast to 16 ± 0.95 hours and 14 ± 0.84 hours of NE groups. These findings suggested that the use of bull with OvSynch protocol it could efficiently be used to improve the estrus incidence and pregnancy rate in primiparous and multiparous buffaloes as compararion double prostaglandin protocol. Keywords: Biostimulation; Estrus synchronization; Estrus response; Kundhi buffalo; Pregnancy rate http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80049

Synchronous CEA and CABG in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: A case study

In the United States, there were 213,700 coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgeries and 102,700 carotid endarterectomies (CEA) in 2011. Combined CEA and CABG surgeries are lower than either CEA or CABG, with an estimated 1,370 surgeries in 2012. There is some literature which supports that the surgeries can be performed safely together (referred to as combined, synchronous, tandem, or concomitant procedures). The purpose of this article is to describe the merits and potential complications involved with undergoing synchronous carotid artery and coronary artery bypass procedures. This purpose will be addressed by examining a case study of a patient who completed a synchronous procedure and by also reviewing the literature which addresses the benefits versus the risks associated with the synchronous procedures. Some studies found an increased incidence of perioperative and postoperative risks such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and death with the combined procedures, whereas some studies found no difference in the risks when the operations were performed sequentially. Combined or synchronous coronary artery bypass and carotid artery endarterectomy may be a safe surgical option for a specific subset of patients.

Optimizing the Communication Capacity of a Ground Station Network

Small satellites are growing in use for educational, scientific, and commercial purposes, usually in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) flights, given their lower costs and associated risks, as well as smaller lead times for assembling and testing. However, the typically short periods of LEO passes bring the need to find ways of optimizing the communication between the ground and space segments. In that direction, several projects have relied on ground station networks to increase the total time of contact with the satellites. In this type of arrangement, the stations agree in monitoring one or more satellites in such a way that, as the spacecraft exits one station’s field of view, another station assumes its tracking, extending the total communication time and compensating the short passes. This type of solution, while very efficient in terms of costs, on the other hand demands a good synchronization procedure, so that all constraints present in its operations are taken into account and the network can operate effectively. This paper aims at describing a model implemented for orchestrating ground station networks that optimizes the communication capacity of the ground network, while taking into account physical constraints not usually considered in other models currently proposed.

Evaluation of a Commercial Ballistocardiography Sensor for Sleep Apnea Screening and Sleep Monitoring.

There exists a technological momentum towards the development of unobtrusive, simple, and reliable systems for long-term sleep monitoring. An off-the-shelf commercial pressure sensor meeting these requirements is the Emfit QS. First, the potential for sleep apnea screening was investigated by revealing clusters of contaminated and clean segments. A relationship between the irregularity of the data and the sleep apnea severity class was observed, which was valuable for screening (sensitivity 0.72, specificity 0.70), although the linear relation was limited ( of 0.16). Secondly, the study explored the suitability of this commercial sensor to be merged with gold standard polysomnography data for future sleep monitoring. As polysomnography (PSG) and Emfit signals originate from different types of sensor modalities, they cannot be regarded as strictly coupled. Therefore, an automated synchronization procedure based on artefact patterns was developed. Additionally, the optimal position of the Emfit for capturing respiratory and cardiac information similar to the PSG was identified, resulting in a position as close as possible to the thorax. The proposed approach demonstrated the potential for unobtrusive screening of sleep apnea patients at home. Furthermore, the synchronization framework enabled supervised analysis of the commercial Emfit sensor for future sleep monitoring, which can be extended to other multi-modal systems that record movements during sleep.

A Study on the Presence of Immersive User Interface in Collaborative Virtual Environments Application

This study proposes a collaboration-based interaction as a new method for providing an improved presence and a satisfying experience to various head-mounted display (HMD) users utilized in immersive virtual reality (IVR), and analyzes the experiences (improved presence, satisfying enjoyment, and social interaction) of applying collaboration to user interfaces. The key objective of the proposed interaction is to provide an environment where HMD users are able to collaborate with each other, based on their differentiated roles and behaviors. To this end, a collaboration-based interaction structured in three parts was designed, including a synchronization procedure and a communication interface that enable users to swiftly execute common goals with precision, based on immersive interactions that allow users to directly exchange information and provide feedback with their hands and feet. Moreover, experimental VR applications were built to systematically analyze the improved presence, enjoyment, and social interaction experienced by users through collaboration. Finally, by conducting a survey on the participants of the experiment, this study confirmed that the proposed interface indeed provided users with an improved presence and a satisfying experience, based on collaboration.

Optimal Batch Distributed Asynchronous Multisensor Fusion With Feedback

Asynchronous multisensor systems have been widely equipped on various host platforms to meet the requirements of modern navigation campaigns. However, the existing asynchronous fusion algorithms are not efficient in many challenged environments, due to the limitations of communication condition, out-of-sequence observation, and computation affordance. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a batch state asynchronous fusion algorithm with feedback for distributed architecture systems. It is optimal in the sense of minimum mean-squared estimation and its fusion solution is rigorously derived by fully considering the correlations of sequential/cross channels and one-step prediction information. The final fusion solution is straightforward expressed with the combinations of multiple local Kalman filtering estimates outputs during one fusion period. Moreover, no additional interpolation, extrapolation or synchronization procedures are required. Furthermore, to alleviate the computational burden of our proposed algorithm, its approximation form is also given by replacing the weighting matrix by the weighting scalar. Simulations are carried out to illustrate the efficiency and the performance of the proposed algorithm.

Synchronization Procedure in 5G NR Systems

Similar to all mobile communication networks, synchronization in the time-frequency domain is a fundamental step that allows a fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) user equipment (UE) to properly receive and transmit its data. Due to the wide range of frequencies that are defined for the 5G NR systems, the corresponding synchronization procedure becomes critical and presents many challenges, especially for the applications that would need accurate oscillators to reduce the large values of the frequency offset. In this paper, we present and detail the 5G NR physical layer. Then, we describe the required synchronization procedure for 5G NR. And finally, we present the main challenges and issues within the 5G NR synchronization.

Analysing RPC and Testing the Performance of Solutions

In distributed computing, network sockets provide mechanism for a process to establish a remote connection to another process and send messages back and forth. This interface makes possible a proper mechanism that allows a program running as a process on computer A to call a procedure or a function on remote computer B and pass parameters to it. In the case of synchronous Remote Procedure Call (RPC), processes on computer A need to wait for the finishing of execution of procedures on computer B. When the called procedure finishes, produces its result and passes it to the process on computer A that can continue execution. The question is what happens between the time of the remote procedure call and arrival of the returned values and how much the caller must wait for result. To answer that question, this paper describes the structure of third generation RPCs and analyses them putting the focus on performance and the way of marshalling parameters. To facilitate the choice between them this paper represents the results of performance tests carried out by the authors

Detection of (2,2) quasinormal mode from a population of black holes with a constructive summation method

The quasi normal modes (QNMs) associated with gravitational-wave signals from binary black hole (BBH) mergers can provide deep insight into the remnant's properties. Once design sensitivity is achieved, present ground-based gravitational wave interferometers could detect potentially hundreds of BBH signals in the coming years. For most, the ringdown phase will have a very weak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Signal summation techniques allow information extraction from the weak SNR ringdowns. We propose a method to constructively sum the (2,2) QNM from different BBH signals by synchronizing and rescaling them. The parameter space adopted to test the method is presently limited to mass ratio $q\leq3$, initially non-spinning black holes with face-on orientation. Moreover, since the synchronisation procedure fails for the weakest signals, we select all ringdowns with SNR above 2.6. Under these conditions, we show that for different BBH populations, 40 to 70% of all the potential detections could be used for the summation while still ensuring a summed SNR of $\sim$80% of the maximal achievable SNR (i.e. for ideally synchronized signals).

Radical nephrectomy and intracaval thrombectomy for advanced renal cancer with extensive inferior vena cava involvement utilising cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest: Is it worthwhile?

ObjectiveTo report our long-term outcomes of surgical treatment of renal tumours with inferior vena cava (IVC) tumour thrombus above the hepatic veins, utilising cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP) and hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA), as surgical resection remains the only effective treatment for renal cancers with extensive IVC tumour thrombus. Patients and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed 48 consecutive patients (median age 58 years) who underwent surgical treatment for non-metastatic renal cancer with IVC tumour thrombus extending above the hepatic veins. Perioperative, histological, disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) data were recorded. ResultsTumour thrombus was level III in 23 patients and level IV in 25 patients. The median (range) CBP and HCA times were 162 (120–300) min and 35 (9–64) min, respectively. Three patients underwent synchronous cardiac surgical procedures. There were three (6.3%) perioperative deaths. American Society of Anesthesiologists grade and perioperative blood transfusion requirement were significant factors associated with perioperative death (P < 0.05). Despite extensive preoperative screening for metastases the median (range) DFS was only 10.2 (1.2–224.4) months. The median (range) OS was 23 (0–224.4) months. Cox regression analysis revealed that perinephric fat invasion conferred a significantly poorer DFS (P = 0.005). ConclusionsRadical surgery for patients with extensive IVC tumour thrombus has acceptable operative morbidity and mortality. It provides symptom palliation and the possibility of long-term survival. Improvements in preoperative detection of occult metastasis may improve case selection and newer adjuvant therapies may improve survival in this high-risk group.

Hybrid synchronous treatment of two separate cardiovascular pathologies: Coronary artery bypass grafting and endovascular aortic replacement

Coronary artery disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm may frequently be together, particularly in elderly patients. Treatment strategies should be tailored according to the needs and specific properties of each patient. Hybrid synchronous procedures may be a choice of therapy in these patients, as well as staged procedures. Herein, we present the first hybrid synchronous case of Turkey to treat two separate cardiovascular pathologies.

Risk factors for anastomotic leakage following ileosigmoid or ileorectal anastomosis.

Reconstruction with an ileosigmoidal anastomosis (ISA) or ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) is a surgical option after a subtotal colectomy. Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a problematic complication and high rates have been reported, but there is limited understanding of the risk factors involved. The aim of this study was to assess the established and potential predictors of AL following ISA and IRA. This was a retrospective cohort study including all patients who had undergone ISA or IRA at three Swedish referral centres for colorectal surgery between January 2007 and March 2015. Data regarding clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome were collected from medical records. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the association between patient and treatment related factors and the cumulative incidence of AL. In total, 227 patients were included. Overall, AL was detected amongst 30 patients (13.2%). Amongst patients undergoing colectomy with synchronous ISA or IRA (one-stage procedure), AL occurred in 23 out of 120 (19.2%) compared with seven out of 107 (6.5%) after stoma reversal with ISA or IRA (two-stage procedure) (P=0.004). In addition, the multivariate analyses revealed a statistically significantly lower odds ratio for AL following a two-stage procedure (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.03-0.41, P=0.001). This study confirms high rates of AL following ISA and IRA. In particular, a synchronous procedure with colectomy and ISA/IRA carries a high risk of AL.

Effect of consecutive re-synchronization protocols on pregnancy rate in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) heifers out of the breeding season

The combined effect of six consecutive timed artificial inseminations (TAIs) on pregnancy rates, following two different synchronization protocols on buffalo heifers, over a period of seven months typically characterized by low breeding performances, were investigated in this study. A total of 2189 TAIs were performed on 1463 buffalo heifers within a large buffalo farm in the south of Italy. Individual animals were allowed to undergo synchronization protocol (either a slightly modified Ovsynch or Progesterone treatment) and TAI until establishment of pregnancy or else for not more than six consecutive times. Semen of seven proven bulls was used throughout the study, which was carried out from March to September of the same year. Therefore, other than the effect given by consecutive TAIs over time, a monthly and a seasonal effect could also be tested, once the entire period was split into a Low Breeding Season (LBS) from March to June, and a Transition to Breeding Season (TBS) from July to September. From the data recorded in this study and the statistical analysis performed, it can be stated that the two protocols for the synchronization of ovulation were similar in efficiency in determining pregnancies with an overall fertility rate of 89.4% when the comparison was run both on a monthly basis or when months were grouped into two different seasons. In addition, an average of 1.83 AI/pregnancy was reported, slightly higher for the Ovsynch when compared to the Progesterone protocol: 1.91 vs 1.70, respectively. Finally, when considering the number of progressive synchronization treatments implemented over time as covariate, neither Ovsynch nor Progesterone treatment significantly affected pregnancy rates following the first of the six synchronization sessions. However, repeating the synchronization procedure, the progesterone based protocol resulted in significantly higher probability of success in terms of established pregnancies during the second and third re-synchronization sessions.

Preparation of polyamide/polyacrylonitrile composite hollow fiber membrane by synchronous procedure of spinning and interfacial polymerization

In this investigation, a new concept for fabrication polyamide (PA)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite hollow fiber membrane by using a triple orifice spinneret was explored. Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) were used as the monomers of aqueous solution and acid chloride solution, respectively. The PAN dope, TEPA solution and TMC solution were pumped into the outermost, middle and inner channel of the triple orifice spinneret, respectively, and then co-extruded into water from the outlet of the spinneret simultaneously. The PA layer then was formed on the lumen surface of the synchronous wet-spun PAN hollow fiber membrane. SiO2 was added into the dope to increase the hydrophilicity of the dope. The resultant PA/PAN composite hollow fibers were characterized by using FTIR-ATR, SEM, light transmission, contact angle and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). The effects of SiO2 content, TEPA concentration, as well as the TEPA solution flow rate on the properties and pervaporation performances of resultant PA/PAN composite hollow fibers were investigated. The PA layer was completely attached to the lumen surface of the resulted hollow fibers through the spinning and interfacial polymerization synchronous procedure. The pervaporation performances with 419 g/m2h of permeation flux and 96.6 wt% of water content in permeate of the 90 wt% aqueous isopropanol solution at 25 °C can be obtained through the synchronous fabricated PA/PAN composite hollow fiber membrane which was fabricated by the 18 wt% PAN dope containing 5 wt% SiO2, 1 ml/min of 14 wt% TEPA solution and 2 ml/min of 1 wt% TMC solution.

Subxiphoid uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for synchronous bilateral lung resection

ABSTRACTObjectives: With advancements in medical imaging and current emphasis on regular physical examinations, multiple pulmonary lesions increasingly are being detected, including bilateral pulmonary lesions. Video-assisted thoracic surgery is an important method for treating such lesions. Most of video-assisted thoracic surgeries for bilateral pulmonary lesions were two separate operations. Herein, we report a novel technique of synchronous subxiphoid uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery for bilateral pulmonary lesions.Methods: Synchronous bilateral lung resection procedures were performed through a single incision (~4 cm, subxiphoid).Results: This technique was used successfully in 11 patients with bilateral pulmonary lesions. There were no intraoperative deaths or mortality recorded at 30 days.Conclusions: Our results show that the subxiphoid uniportal thoracoscopic procedure is a safe and feasible surgical procedure for synchronous bilateral lung resection with less surgical trauma, postoperative pain and better cosmetic results in qualifying patients. Further analysis is ongoing, involving a larger number of subjects.

Transcriptomic Characterization of the Human Cell Cycle in Individual Unsynchronized Cells

The highly fine-tuned dynamics of cell cycle gene expression have been intensely studied for several decades. However, some previous observations may be difficult to fully decouple from artifacts induced by traditional cell synchronization procedures. In addition, bulk cell measurements may have disguised intricate details. Here, we address this by sorting and transcriptomic sequencing of single cells progressing through the cell cycle without prior synchronization. Genes and pathways with known cell cycle roles are confirmed, associated regulatory sequence motifs are determined, and we also establish ties between other biological processes and the unsynchronized cell cycle. Importantly, we find the G1 phase to be surprisingly heterogeneous, with transcriptionally distinct early and late time points. We additionally note that mRNAs accumulate to reach maximum total levels at mitosis and find that stable transcripts show reduced cell-to-cell variability, consistent with the transcriptional burst model of gene expression. Our study provides the first detailed transcriptional profiling of an unsynchronized human cell cycle.