Rat Brain Synaptosomal Membranes Research Articles

Regulation of the Melanocortin-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase System by N-Acylated Peptide 71-82 of Type 4 Melanocortin Receptor.

The peptides structurally corresponding in to cytoplasmic loops of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are able to control functional activity of homologous receptors and the corresponding signaling pathways. Modification of these peptides with hydrophobic radicals enhances their biological activity due to penetration of lipophilic derivatives through the membrane and anchoring near their targets, GPCR. We synthesized an N-palmitoylated peptide Palm-Val-[Lys-Asn-Lys-Asn-Leu-His-Ser-Pro-(Nle)-Tyr-Phe-Phe71-82]-amide-Palm-Val-(71-82) structurally corresponding to cytoplasmic loop 1 of melanocortin 4 receptor (M4R). We found that in micromolar concentrations it very effectively suppresses stimulation of basal adenylate cyclase activity and basal level of GppNHp binding of heterotrimeric G proteins produced by THIQ and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), agonists of M4R homologous to the peptide, in synaptosomal membranes of rat brain. The peptide Palm-Val-(71-82) also reduced, albeit to a significantly less extent, stimulation of adenylate cyclase and G-proteins by M3R agonist of γ-MSH, due to high homology of the peptide primary structure to M3R cytoplasmic loop 1. The synthesized peptide with activity of M4R/M3R antagonist can be used for the development of regulators of M4R and M3R and the corresponding biochemical and physiological processes.

The secondary structure of peptides derived from the third intracellular loop of the serpentine-type receptors and its interrelation with their biological activity

We and other authors have shown that synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of the third intracellular loop (ICL-3) of receptors of the serpentine type are capable of activating G-protein signaling cascades and trigger them in the absence of hormone. To create on the basis of these peptides the selective regulators of hormonal signaling systems the relationship between their biological activity and secondary structure are studied. It is assumed that most suitable is a helical conformation, which allows the peptide effectively interact with signaling proteins. The aim of this study was to test the biological activity and secondary structure of synthesized by us linear peptides and their dimeric and palmitoylated analogs, corresponding to C-terminal region of the ICL-3 of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor of the type 6 (5-HT6R). It is shown that LHR-peptides at the micromolar concentrations stimulate the basal activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and the GTP-binding of G-proteins in the plasma membranes of rat testes, while 5-HT6R-peptides activate AC and G-proteins in the synaptosomal membranes of rat brain. The action of peptides is tissue-specific and observed in the tissues where there are homologous receptors. The most effective were palmitoylated peptides. LHR-peptide reduced the AC stimulatory effect of human chorionic gonadotropin, while 5-HT6R-peptides the effect of 5-HT6R-agonist, EMD-386088, and the action of the peptides was not found in the case of non-homologous receptors. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy it is shown that in neutral (pH 7) and acidic (pH 2) medium all the peptides are exist predominantly in the antiparallel beta-sheet (37-42%) and disordered conformations (33-35%). In alkaline medium (pH 10) in the case palmitoylated peptides the increase of the contribution of the helical conformation to 12-27% was observed. In the presence of trifluoroethanol (10-80%), a helix-forming solvent, the contribution of helical conformation for the majority of peptides was slightly increased (for palmitoylated analogs to 14%), however, in this case the antiparallel beta-sheet and disordered conformation prevailed. The conclusion was made that the lack of clearly expressed ability to form helices in peptides derived the ICLs of receptors did not significantly affect their activity. This is consistent with proposed mechanism of peptides action, whereby peptide interacts with the complementary regions of homologous receptor that does not require the helix formation.

Normal Phase HPLC as a Model System of Specific Benzodiazepine-receptor Binding

The hypothesis that benzodiazepines interact with their receptors in the CNS via hydrogen bonding mediated by the carbonyl and imine groups has been studied by correlating a physicochemical parameter affected by hydrogen bonds potentially accepted or donated by benzodiazepines with their binding constants to synaptosomal rat brain membranes. The reference physicochemical system chosen was normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography on mu-Bondapack NH2 (propylamine groups chemically bonded to porous silica) eluted with mixtures of n-hexane and 2-propanol. A strong correlation has been found for binding of the implicated groups to the column and to the receptor.

Muscarinic Receptor 1 Agonist Activity of Novel Arecoline Derivatives in Alzheimer’s Dementia Models

T cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient’s brain has intensified research efforts to test cholinomimetic approaches for efficacy in AD therapy. Various therapies may be of potential clinical use in AD. Among these are cholinergic agents including muscarinic agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and acetylcholine releasing agents. One of the muscarinic agonists tested in AD is arecoline and its bioisosters, which are widely, explored as muscarinic receptor 1 agonist (M1 receptor agonist) in AD research. In this regard, we have synthesized five and six membered heterocyclic ring system attached arecoline basic nucleus (N-methyl tetrahydropyridines) at 3rd position. Subsequently the synthesized arecolines derivatives were subjected to in vitro muscarinic receptor 1 binding affinity studies using male wistar rat brain synaptosomal membrane (cerebral cortex) and also cell line culture studies and extended this in vitro studies to in vivo pharmacological evaluation of memory and learning in male wistar rats (Rodent memory evaluation, plus and Y maze studies). Some of our synthesized molecules have shown very potent M1 receptor agonist activity and significantly elevated the basal IP3 levels in vitro and also have decreased beta-amyloid (Abeta40 and Abeta42) deposition in cell lines culture. These molecules have also shown very good antidementia activity in rat dementia model. Conclusions: Molecules with electron donating group as a substitute, has shown very good affinity towards the M1 receptor in vitro and has also elicited beneficial effects in vivo memory and learning models. Muscarinic Receptor 1 Agonist Activity of Novel Arecoline Derivatives in Alzheimer’s Dementia Models

Effect of acute stress on NTPDase and 5′-nucleotidase activities in brain synaptosomes in different stages of development

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acute restraint stress on rat brain synaptosomal plasma membrane (SPM) ecto-nucleotidase activities at specific stages of postnatal development (15-, 30-, 60- and 90-day-old rats) by measuring the rates of ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis 1, 24 and 72h post-stress. At 1h after stress NTPDase and ecto-5′-nucleotidase activities were decreased in rats aged up to 60 days old. In adult rats elevated enzyme activities were detected, which indicated the existence of different short-term stress responses during development. A similar pattern of ATP and ADP hydrolysis changes as well as the ATP/ADP ratio in all developmental stages indicated that NTPDase3 was acutely affected after stress. The long-term effect of acute stress on NTPDase activity differed during postnatal development. In juvenile animals (15 days old) NTPDase activity was not altered. However, in later developmental stages (30 and 60 days old rats) NTPDase activity decreased and persisted for 72h post-stress. In adult rats only ATP hydrolysis was decreased after 24h, indicating that ecto-ATPase was affected by stress. Ecto-5′-nucleotidase hydrolysing activity was decreased within 24h in adult rats, while in 15- and 30-day old rats it decreased 72h post-stress. At equivalent times in pubertal rats (60 days old) a slight activation of ecto-5′-nucleotidase was detected. Our results highlight the developmental-dependence of brain ecto-nucleotidase susceptibility to acute stress and the likely existence of different mechanisms involved in time-dependent ecto-nucleotidase activity modulation following stress exposure. Clearly there are differences in the response of the purinergic system to acute restraint stress between young and adult rats.

Muscarinic receptor 1 agonist activity of novel arecoline derivatives in Alzheimer's dementia models

T cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient’s brain has intensified research efforts to test cholinomimetic approaches for efficacy in AD therapy. Various therapies may be of potential clinical use in AD. Among these are cholinergic agents including muscarinic agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and acetylcholine releasing agents. One of the muscarinic agonists tested in AD is arecoline and its bioisosters, which are widely, explored as muscarinic receptor 1 agonist (M1 receptor agonist) in AD research. In this regard, we have synthesized five and six membered heterocyclic ring system attached arecoline basic nucleus (N-methyl tetrahydropyridines) at 3rd position. Subsequently the synthesized arecolines derivatives were subjected to in vitro muscarinic receptor 1 binding affinity studies using male wistar rat brain synaptosomal membrane (cerebral cortex) and also cell line culture studies and extended this in vitro studies to in vivo pharmacological evaluation of memory and learning in male wistar rats (Rodent memory evaluation, plus and Y maze studies). Some of our synthesized molecules have shown very potent M1 receptor agonist activity and significantly elevated the basal IP3 levels in vitro and also have decreased beta-amyloid (Abeta40 and Abeta42) deposition in cell lines culture. These molecules have also shown very good antidementia activity in rat dementia model. Conclusions: Molecules with electron donating group as a substitute, has shown very good affinity towards the M1 receptor in vitro and has also elicited beneficial effects in vivo memory and learning models. Muscarinic Receptor 1 Agonist Activity of Novel Arecoline Derivatives in Alzheimer’s Dementia Models

Chemical synthesis of dendrotoxin-I: revision of the reported structure

Dendrotoxin I (DTX-I) is a 60-residue peptide from the venom of the black mamba snake Dendroaspis polylepis, which binds to neuronal K+ channels. The structure reported previously for DTX-I was synthesized for the first time by a solution procedure. The synthetic product was confirmed to have the correct primary and disulfide structure determined by peptide mapping, sequence analysis and mass measurements. Comparison of synthetic DTX-I with the natural one by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis, as well as by sequence analysis, revealed that the Asn residue at position 12 in the synthetic peptide was Asp in the natural product. Synthesis of DTX-I with Asp at position 12 gave a peptide identical with the natural product in all aspects. NMR analysis of synthetic [Asn12]- and [Asp12]-DTX-I also supported our findings that the Asn residue at position 12 in the DTX-I molecule should be revised as Asp. [Asn12]- and [Asp12]-DTX-I had very similar binding affinities when tested against radiolabeled dendrotoxin binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes.

Characterization of a New Class of Potent Inhibitors of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.7

Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav1) transmit pain signals from peripheral nociceptive neurons, and blockers of these channels have been shown to ameliorate a number of pain conditions. Because these drugs can have adverse effects that limit their efficacy, more potent and selective Nav1 inhibitors are being pursued. Recent human genetic data have provided strong evidence for the involvement of the peripheral nerve sodium channel subtype, Nav1.7, in the signaling of nociceptive information, highlighting the importance of identifying selective Nav1.7 blockers for the treatment of chronic pain. Using a high-throughput functional assay, novel Nav1.7 blockers, namely, the 1-benzazepin-2-one series, have recently been identified. Further characterization of these agents indicates that, in addition to high-affinity inhibition of Nav1.7 channels, selectivity against the Nav1.5 and Nav1.8 subtypes can also be achieved within this structural class. The most potent, nonselective member of this class of Nav1.7 blockers has been radiolabeled with tritium. [3H]BNZA binds with high affinity to rat brain synaptosomal membranes (Kd = 1.5 nM) and to membranes prepared from HEK293 cells stably transfected with hNav1.5 (Kd = 0.97 nM). In addition, and for the first time, high-affinity binding of a radioligand to hNav1.7 channels (Kd = 1.6 nM) was achieved with [3H]BNZA, providing an additional means for identifying selective Nav1.7 channel inhibitors. Taken together, these data suggest that members of the novel 1-benzazepin-2-one structural class of Nav1 blockers can display selectivity toward the peripheral nerve Nav1.7 channel subtype, and with appropriate pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism properties, these compounds could be developed as analgesic agents.

One-step Bioluminescence ATPase Assay for the Evaluation of Neurotoxic Effects of Metal Ions

Membrane-bound ATPases, such as Na,K-ATPase and nucleotide triphospho-diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), being one of the first targets of a toxic action are generally considered as good markers for estimating toxicity. A bioluminescence assay was applied for fast and sensitive evaluation of heavy metals effect on the rat brain synaptosomal membrane ATPase activity. The assay consists of ATP-consuming reaction catalyzed by synaptic plasma membrane ATPases coupled to the luminescent firefly luciferase reaction, which consumes residual ATP after the course of ATPase reaction. The bioluminescence ATPase assay was applied to study the effect of heavy and transitional metals (Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Hg2+) on rat brain ATPase activity after assay optimization. All metals applied inhibited synaptic membrane ATPase activity in a concentration dependent manner. The IC 50 values (Hg2+ < Cu2+ < Cd2+ < Pb2+) obtained with the bioluminescence assay were highly correlated with those obtained by the spectrophotometric method. The fast bioluminescence ATPase assay with small sample and substrate requirements could be adjusted for high-throughput environmental and pharmacological screening.

A disubstituted succinamide is a potent sodium channel blocker with efficacy in a rat pain model.

Sodium channel blockers are used clinically to treat a number of neuropathic pain conditions, but more potent and selective agents should improve on the therapeutic index of currently used drugs. In a high-throughput functional assay, a novel sodium channel (Na(V)) blocker, N-[[2'-(aminosulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]-N'-(2,2'-bithien-5-ylmethyl)succinamide (BPBTS), was discovered. BPBTS is 2 orders of magnitude more potent than anticonvulsant and antiarrhythmic sodium channel blockers currently used to treat neuropathic pain. Resembling block by these agents, block of Na(V)1.2, Na(V)1.5, and Na(V)1.7 by BPBTS was found to be voltage- and use-dependent. BPBTS appeared to bind preferentially to open and inactivated states and caused a dose-dependent hyperpolarizing shift in the steady-state availability curves for all sodium channel subtypes tested. The affinity of BPBTS for the resting and inactivated states of Na(V)1.2 was 1.2 and 0.14 microM, respectively. BPBTS blocked Na(V)1.7 and Na(V)1.2 with similar potency, whereas block of Na(V)1.5 was slightly more potent. The slow tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) current in small-diameter DRG neurons was also potently blocked by BPBTS. [(3)H]BPBTS bound with high affinity to a single class of sites present in rat brain synaptosomal membranes (K(d) = 6.1 nM), and in membranes derived from HEK cells stably expressing Na(V)1.5 (K(d) = 0.9 nM). BPBTS dose-dependently attenuated nociceptive behavior in the formalin test, a rat model of tonic pain. On the basis of these findings, BPBTS represents a structurally novel and potent sodium channel blocker that may be used as a template for the development of analgesic agents.

Alpha-Synuclein-synaptosomal membrane interactions: implications for fibrillogenesis.

alpha-Synuclein exists in two different compartments in vivo-- correspondingly existing as two different forms: a membrane-bound form that is predominantly alpha-helical and a cytosolic form that is randomly structured. It has been suggested that these environmental and structural differences may play a role in aggregation propensity and development of pathological lesions observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). Such effects may be accentuated by mutations observed in familial PD kindreds. In order to test this hypothesis, wild-type and A53T mutant alpha-synuclein interactions with rat brain synaptosomal membranes were examined. Previous data has demonstrated that the A30P mutant has defective lipid binding and therefore was not examined in this study. Electron microscopy demonstrated that wild-type alpha-synuclein fibrillogenesis is accelerated in the presence of synaptosomal membranes whereas the A53T alpha-synuclein fibrillogenesis is inhibited under the same conditions. These results suggested that subtle sequence changes in alpha-synuclein could significantly alter interaction with membrane bilayers. Fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy using environment sensitive probes demonstrated variations in the inherent lipid properties in the presence and absence of alpha-synuclein. Addition of wild-type alpha-synuclein to synaptosomes did not significantly alter the membrane fluidity at either the fatty acyl chains or headgroup space, suggesting that synaptosomes have a high capacity for alpha-synuclein binding. In contrast, synaptosomal membrane fluidity was decreased by A53T alpha-synuclein binding with concomitant packing of the lipid headgroups. These results suggest that alterations in alpha-synuclein-lipid interactions may contribute to physiological changes detected in early onset PD.

Characterization of a novel radiolabeled peptide selective for a subpopulation of voltage-gated potassium channels in mammalian brain.

BgK, a 37-amino acid voltage-gated potassium (Kv) 1 channel blocker isolated from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera, can be modified at certain positions to alter its pharmacological profile (Alessandri-Haber, N., Lecoq, A., Gasparini, S., Grangier-Macmath, G., Jacquet, G., Harvey, A. L., de Medeiros, C., Rowan, E. G., Gola, M., Ménez, A., and Crest, M. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 35653-35661). In the present study, we report the design of two BgK analogs that have been radiolabeled with (125)INa. Whereas BgK(W5Y/Y26F) and its radiolabeled derivative, (125)I-BgK(W5Y/Y26F), bind to Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.6 channels with potencies similar to those for the parent peptide, BgK, BgK(W5Y/F6A/Y26F) and its monoiodo-tyrosine derivative, (125)I-BgK(W5Y/F6A/Y26F), display a distinctive and unique pharmacological profile; they bind with high affinity to homomultimeric Kv1.1 and Kv1.6 channels, but not to Kv1.2 channels. Interaction of BgK(W5Y/F6A/Y26F) with potassium channels depends on the nature of a residue in the mouth of the channel, at a position that determines channel sensitivity to external tetraethylammonium. In native brain tissue, (125)I-BgK(W5Y/F6A/Y26F) binds to a population of Kv1 channels that appear to consist of at least two sensitive (Kv1.1 and/or Kv1.6) subunits, in adjacent position. Given its unique pharmacological properties, (125)I-BgK(W5Y/F6A/Y26F) represents a new tool for studying subpopulations of Kv1 channels in native tissues.

Neuregulin‐1 proteins in rat brain and transfected cells are localized to lipid rafts

Neuregulin‐1 proteins and their receptors, which are members of the ErbB subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases, play essential roles in the development of the nervous system and heart. Most neuregulin‐1 isoforms are synthesized as transmembrane proproteins that are proteolytically processed to yield an N‐terminal fragment containing the bioactive EGF‐like domain. In this study we investigated whether neuregulins are found in lipid rafts, membrane microdomains hypothesized to have important roles in signal transduction, protein trafficking, and proteolytic processing. We found that 45% of a 140‐kDa neuregulin protein in rat brain synaptosomal plasma membrane fractions was insoluble in 1% Triton X‐100. Flotation gradient analysis demonstrated the presence of the brain 140 kDa neuregulin protein in low‐density fractions enriched in PSD‐95, a known lipid raft protein. In transfected cells expressing the neuregulin I‐β1a or the III‐β1a isoform, most of the neuregulin proprotein was insoluble in 1% Triton X‐100, and neuregulin proproteins and C‐terminal fragments were detected in lipid raft fractions. In contrast, the III‐β1a N‐terminal fragment was detected only in the detergent‐soluble fraction. These results suggest that localization of neuregulins to lipid rafts may play a role in neuregulin signaling within the nervous system.

Neuregulin-1 proteins in rat brain and transfected cells are localized to lipid rafts

Neuregulin-1 proteins and their receptors, which are members of the ErbB subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases, play essential roles in the development of the nervous system and heart. Most neuregulin-1 isoforms are synthesized as transmembrane proproteins that are proteolytically processed to yield an N-terminal fragment containing the bioactive EGF-like domain. In this study we investigated whether neuregulins are found in lipid rafts, membrane microdomains hypothesized to have important roles in signal transduction, protein trafficking, and proteolytic processing. We found that 45% of a 140-kDa neuregulin protein in rat brain synaptosomal plasma membrane fractions was insoluble in 1% Triton X-100. Flotation gradient analysis demonstrated the presence of the brain 140 kDa neuregulin protein in low-density fractions enriched in PSD-95, a known lipid raft protein. In transfected cells expressing the neuregulin I-beta 1a or the III-beta 1a isoform, most of the neuregulin proprotein was insoluble in 1% Triton X-100, and neuregulin proproteins and C-terminal fragments were detected in lipid raft fractions. In contrast, the III-beta 1a N-terminal fragment was detected only in the detergent-soluble fraction. These results suggest that localization of neuregulins to lipid rafts may play a role in neuregulin signaling within the nervous system.

On the kaliotoxin and dendrotoxin binding sites on rat brain synaptosomes

The toxic polypeptides α-, β-, γ- and δ-dendrotoxin (DTX), known to be potent blockers of voltage-dependent potassium channels of the Kv1 family, were purified from the venom of the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps. Their binding behaviour to synaptosomal membranes of rat brain was analysed and compared with that of kaliotoxin (KTX), in a competition assay using [ 125I] KTX. α-DTX and δ-DTX were found to compete with radioiodinated-KTX (IC 50 of 8 pM and 0.2 nM respectively), whereas γ-DTX did not. Several minor components that competed with radioiodinated-KTX binding were identified and characterised chemically and biologically.

Pi7, an orphan peptide from the scorpion Pandinus imperator: a 1H-NMR analysis using a nano-NMR Probe.

The three-dimensional solution structure of a novel peptide, Pi7, purified from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator, and for which no specific receptor has been found yet, was determined by two-dimensional homonuclear proton NMR methods from a nanomole amount of compound using a nano-nmr probe. Pandinus imperator peptide 7 does not block voltage-dependent K(+)-channels and does not displace labeled noxiustoxin from rat brain synaptosomal membranes. The toxin has 38 amino acid residues and, similarly to Pi1, is stabilized by four disulfide bridges (Cys6-Cys27, Cys12-Cys32, Cys16-Cys34, and Cys22-Cys37). In addition, the lysine at position 26 crucial for potassium-channel blocking is replaced in Pi7 by an arginine. Tyrosine 34, equivalent to Tyr36 of ChTX is present, but the N-terminal positions 1 and 2 are occupied by two acidic residues Asp and Glu, respectively. The dihedral angles and distance restraints obtained from measured NMR parameters were used in structural calculations in order to determine the conformation of the peptide. The disulfide-bridge topology was established using distance restraints allowing ambiguous partners between S atoms combined with NMR-derived structural information. The structure is organized around a short alpha-helix spanning residues Thr9 to Thr20/Gly21 and a beta-sheet. These two elements of secondary structure are stabilized by two disulfide bridges, Cys12-Cys32 and Cys16-Cys34. The antiparallel beta-sheet is composed of two strands extending from Asn22 to Cys34 with a tight turn at Ile28-Asn29 in contact with the N-terminal fragment Ile4 to Cys6.

Metalloprotease MP100: a synaptic protease in rat brain

Proteases are expressed widely throughout the nervous system and perform essential functions. We have earlier characterized and cloned the metalloprotease MP100, an enzyme originally described as a β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) processing candidate. In the present study we describe the cellular and subcellular localization of MP100 in rat brain. A punctuate intracellular immunostaining in cortical, hippocampal and cerebellar neurons suggests its high abundance in vesicular intracellular structures. The MP100 staining pattern resembled that of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin. In gel filtration chromatography of isolated rat brain synaptosomal membranes, MP100 co-fractionated with synaptophysin and β-APP. Furthermore, pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy of the cerebellum revealed MP100 to be localized at synaptic sites. All together, these data might indicate a role for MP100 in functions such as proteolytic modification of synaptic proteins.

Influence of halothane on phospholipase A2 and enzymatic methylations in the rat retinal membranes.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipid methylases (PLM) play significant roles in transmitter release and membrane signal transduction, respectively. Previous studies have indicated that PLMs occur in the rat brain synaptosomal and retinal membranes, and they are activated under halothane anesthesia. The influence of halothane on PLA2 is not known. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of halothane on retinal PLA2 activity. Rat retinal sonicates were assayed for PLA2 activity using 1-palmitoyl-2[1-14C]arachidonyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 2.2 nmol) in Tris buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C with and without halothane (0.25-2.0 mM) in the assay medium. These studies gave the following results: (1) Rat retinal sonicates contained PLA2 activity of 4.2+/-0.8 pmol PE hydrolyzed/100 ng protein/hr; (2) Halothane (0.25-2.0 mM) increased PLA2 activity by 20 to 150% depending upon concentration; (3) The lower concentration of halothane (0.25 mM) exhibited high activation of PLA2 (150%); (4) High concentrations of halothane (1.0-2.0 mM) caused a low degree of activation of PLA2 (20%); and (5) During phospholipid methylation of retinal membranes with S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the presence of halothane, increased amounts of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were formed. This increase in FAME (45%) was possibly due to the hydrolysis of phospholipids by activated PLA2, liberating fatty acids which were methylated. This increase in FAME (45%) was inhibited by mepacrine (quinacrine) (10 microM), an inhibitor of PLA2. These observations suggest that the release of retinal transmitters (dopamine, acetylcholine and others) is affected during halothane anesthesia, due to activation of PLA2 and enhanced fusogenic activity of vesicular membranes with plasma membrane and depletion of vesicles.

Na+,K+-ATPase interaction with a brain endogenous inhibitor (endobain E)

Na +,K +-ATPase activity of rat brain synaptosomal membranes was evaluated in the presence of an inhibitory fraction II-E (termed endobain E), isolated by gel filtration and anionic exchange HPLC of a rat brain soluble fraction. We studied endobain E aging, analyzed its inhibitory potency in the absence or presence of ouabain as well as its ability to block high affinity [ 3H]ouabain binding to cerebral cortex membranes. Similar loss of endobain E activity was observed when samples were stored either dried or in solution. Endobain E fraction inhibited synaptosomal membrane Na +,K +-ATPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner and the slope of the corresponding curve strongly resembled that of ouabain. Assays performed in the presence of endobain E and ouabain indicated that the inhibitory effect was additive or less than additive, depending on their respective concentrations during preincubation and⧹or incubation. High affinity [ 3H]ouabain binding to cerebral cortex membranes proved concentration-dependent from 0.10 to 0.50 mg protein per ml; binding inhibition by endobain E was independent of protein concentration within the above range. [ 3H]ouabain binding inhibition by endobain E was concentration-dependent over a 10-fold range, an effect similar to that found for Na +,K +-ATPase inhibition. The extent of endobain E effect on Na +,K +-ATPase inhibition was much higher (90–100%) than that on [ 3H]ouabain binding blockade (50%). Findings suggest some type of interaction between endobain E and ouabain inhibitory mechanisms and favour the view that the former behaves as an endogenous ouabain.

Effect of angiotensin-(1–7) on ATPase activities in several tissues

The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether Ang-(1–7) is able to modify ATPase activities in membrane fractions prepared from several tissues. In the presence of 10 −6 M Ang-(1–7), total (Na +, K +, Mg 2+)-ATPase activity decreased 31% in rat atrium and 13% in sheep atrium but was unmodified in sheep liver, rat ventricle or crude brain membranes. In rat brain synaptosomal membranes, Ang-(1–7) at 10 −8 and 10 −7 M concentrations activated Na +, K +-ATPase 20 and 24%, respectively. Rat kidney Na +, K +-ATPase activity decreased roughly 40–70% with 10 −10–10 −6 M Ang-(1–7)), but increased 22% with 10 −12 M peptide concentration, thus indicating a biphasic effect. Our findings showing that ATPase from several tissues responds differently to Ang-(1–7) are attributable to enzyme tissue specificity.