Symptoms In Dogs Research Articles

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) serological and molecular patterns in dogs with viral gastroenteritis from southern Brazil.

Canine Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus that can cause severe systemic disease with gastroenteric symptoms in dogs, particularly in young puppies. Originating from the feline parvovirus in the late 1970s, it swiftly propagated globally, instigating a pandemic in dogs. Despite vaccination advancements, CPV-2 remains a substantial challenge for veterinary professionals and pet owners. This study aimed to contribute knowledge about the current situation of CPV-2 among dogs in southern Brazil. In this study, the sera of 125 dogs (mostly with gastroenteritis symptoms) were screened for antibodies against CPV-2 and their faeces for the virus itself. The results showed that 40% (50/125) of dogs were infected with CPV-2. Most animals (65.5%) had previously been exposed to CPV-2 (with serotitres equal or above 1:40), and only 37.6% had protective antibody titres equal or above 1:80. The findings have also demonstrated that vaccination against CPV-2 significantly reduced the risk of infection, with positive cases decreasing from 56.9% (unvaccinated) to 2.0% (fully vaccinated). Furthermore, the prevalence of CPV-2 decreased as dogs aged, with younger dogs and those with an incomplete or non-existent vaccination history at the highest risk of infection. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insight into the prevalence and risk factors associated with CPV-2 infection in dogs in southern Brazil, thereby providing valuable knowledge for the improvement of veterinary care and pet health.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor favors Neospora caninum infection in mice

Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite with worldwide incidence, acting as a major cause of reproductive failures in ruminants and neuromuscular symptoms in dogs. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is produced by several cell types and exhibits a central role in immune responses against intracellular pathogens. The present study aimed to comprehend the role of MIF in the relationship between N. caninum and its host. We used in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo experiments in a model of infection based on genetically deficient mice to analyze the infection kinetics and inflammatory markers. MIF production was measured in response to N. caninum during the acute and chronic phases of the infection. While Mif−/− mice survived lethal doses of NcLiv tachyzoites, sublethal infections in these mice showed that parasite burden was controlled in target tissues, alongside with reduced inflammatory infiltrates detected in lung and brain sections. TNF was increased at the initial site of the infection in genetically deficient mice and the MIF-dependent reduction was confirmed in vitro with macrophages and ex vivo with primed spleen cells. In sum, MIF negatively regulated host immunity against N. caninum, favoring disease progression.

Re-emergence of canine influenza in the United States of America; a call for One Health approach; a letter to the editor

Re-emergence of canine influenza in the United States of America; a call for One Health approach; a letter to the editor

Concomitant virus-induced gastrointestinal infection in dogs.

Many viruses are involved in concomitant infections, which are prevalent in nature. In mixed infections, one or both infectious agents may be increased, reduced, or both may be increased while the other is suppressed. Canine distemper virus (CDV) and Canine parvovirus- 2 (CPV-2) are important causes of gastroenteritis in dogs. Detection of these viruses is challenging since the symptoms are very similar. CDV is a member of the morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family, and CPV-2 is a member of the Protoparvovirus genus in the Parvoviridae family; and both predominantly affect puppies and induce gastrointestinal symptoms in dogs. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the differential diagnosis of dogs with gastrointestinal symptoms. A PCR technique with specific primers was used to identify CDV and CPV-2 infections in gastroenteric dogs, and clinical changes in the infected dogs were monitored. The VP2 structural gene of CPV and the nucleocapsid gene of CDV were partially amplified in the study. PCR amplified the partial fragments of the CDV nucleocapsid (287 bp) and CPV-2 VP2 proteins (583 bp) from feces. In total, 3 out of 36 stool samples were positive for CDV and CPV-2 in the same dogs. Gasterointestinal symptoms also supported the diagnosis of concomitant infection with CDV and CPV-2 in these dogs. Dehydration and diarrhea in dogs can be signs of various diseases, such as viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. After the elimination of non-viral pathogens, CDV and CPV-2 should also be simultaneously investigated to establish what is causing these symptoms. This study demonstrates the potential utility of correct diagnosis for the control of viral infection in dogs, but more research with a broader use of PCR-based detections is needed to assess its impact on differential diagnosis for concomitant infections.

Retrospective study of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in dogs with neurological complications resulting from infection by canine distemper virus

Canine distemper virus causes death in a large proportion of infected dogs. For the survivors, various physiological systems can be damaged, including the nervous system, resulting in neurological signs such as ataxia, paresis or plegias, myoclonus, tremors and epileptic crises. Mesenchymal stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the capacity to release trophic factors with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and as such may represent an alternative to treat or mitigate the clinical symptoms in dogs with such neurological sequelae. In the current retrospective study, we evaluated clinical data and films from 14 dogs that presented myoclonus, epileptic episodes, and/or ambulatory difficulties after distemper virus infection, and that were treated with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells from a cell bank. The animals that had presented epileptic crises and myoclonus presented a reduction in the frequency of these episodes, and of the 14 animals that presented with ambulatory difficulties, ten regained the ability to walk without aid after the therapy. No animal presented with any adverse reaction to the cell transplant. These results suggest that mesenchymal stem cell therapy may be an alternative for treatment of neurological sequelae, however, further controlled studies should be carried out in order to obtain further data regarding the number of cells to be transplanted, the time interval between transplants, and even about the ideal time for initiation of such therapy.

Epidemiology, genetic diversity, and association of canine circovirus infection in dogs with respiratory disease

Although canine circovirus (CanineCV)-associated with gastroenteritis has been well documented, the virus is also detectable in the respiratory discharge of dogs with respiratory disease. In this study, an epidemiological approach was used to explore the association between the presence of CanineCV and respiratory symptoms in dogs. Respiratory swabs were collected from 76 healthy dogs and 114 dogs with respiratory illness and tested for CanineCV using conventional PCR (cPCR). Furthermore, lung tissues collected from 15 necropsied dogs showing pneumonia were tested using the real-time PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. A total of 8.95% (17/190) of dogs were CanineCV positive, with a significant association (p = 0.013) in dogs with respiratory signs. Four necropsied dogs were qPCR positive with the CanineCV-DNA labeling localized in tracheobronchial lymphoid cells (3/4), pulmonary parenchyma, capillary endothelia, and mononuclear cells harboring in alveoli (2/4). Full-length genome sequences of seven CanineCV strains were analyzed, indicating that the detected CanineCV genome clustered in the CanineCV-4 genotype. Genetic recombination was also evident in the replicase (Rep) gene. Although the role of CanineCV primarily affecting lung lesions could not be determined from this study, the presence of CanineCV DNA in pulmonary-associated cells indicated the potential association of the virus with canine respiratory disease; thus, linking causality must be examined in further studies.

Gallnut Tannic Acid Exerts Anti-stress Effects on Stress-Induced Inflammatory Response, Dysbiotic Gut Microbiota, and Alterations of Serum Metabolic Profile in Beagle Dogs.

Stress exposure is a potential threat to humans who live or work in extreme environments, often leading to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, intestinal dysbiosis, and metabolic disorders. Gallnut tannic acid (TA), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has become a compelling source due to its favorable anti-diarrheal, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-stress effects of gallnut TA on the stress-induced inflammatory response, dysbiotic gut microbiota, and alterations of serum metabolic profile using beagle models. A total of 13 beagle dogs were randomly divided into the stress (ST) and ST + TA groups. Dietary supplementation with TA at 2.5 g/kg was individually fed to each dog in the ST + TA group for 14 consecutive days. On day 7, all dogs were transported for 3 h from a stressful environment (days 1–7) to a livable site (days 8–14). In our results, TA relieved environmental stress-induced diarrheal symptoms in dogs and were shown to protect from myocardial injury and help improve immunity by serum biochemistry and hematology analysis. Also, TA inhibited the secretion of serum hormones [cortisol (COR), glucocorticoid (GC), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)] and the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 to protect dogs from stress-induced injury, thereby relieving oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Fecal 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that TA stimulated the growth of beneficial bacteria (Allobaculum, Dubosiella, Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002, and Faecalibaculum) and suppressed the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella and Streptococcus), thereby increasing fecal butyrate levels. Serum metabolomics further showed that phytosphingosine, indoleacetic acid, arachidonic acid, and biotin, related to the metabolism of sphingolipid, tryptophan, arachidonic acid, and biotin, respectively, could serve as potential biomarkers of stress exposure. Furthermore, Spearman’s correlation analysis showed strong relationships between the four potential serum biomarkers and differential bacteria. Overall, gallnut TA may be a potential prebiotic for the prevention and treatment of stress-induced metabolic disorders by targeting intestinal microbiota.

Characterization of the Neospora caninum peroxiredoxin: a novel peroxidase and antioxidant enzyme.

Neospora caninum, an apicomplexan parasite, is the etiological agent of neosporosis, a disease that leads to neurological symptoms in dogs and abortion in cattle. Vaccine or drug treatments for neosporosis remain to be determined. Therefore, it is of undeniable relevance to investigate new molecules involved in the parasite's successful survival within the host cell. The aim of this study was to characterize the N. caninum peroxiredoxin (NcPrx), an enzyme involved in the redox system of the parasite. The NcPrx amino acid sequence showed high identity and similarity compared to homologues representatives of Apicomplexa phylum. The recombinant NcPrx (rNcPrx) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (BL21) with the predicted molecular weight (22kDa), and the identity of monomer and dimer forms of rNcPrx was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Native and recombinant NcPrx were detected by ELISA and western blot, using the polyclonal anti-rNcPrx serum. Multiphoton analysis showed that NcPrx is localized in tachyzoite cytosol. H2O2 treatment increased the rNcPrx dimerization in vitro, and associated with the in silico data, we suggest that NcPrx belongs to typical 2-Cys Prx group (AhpC/Prx1 family). rNcPrx also increased the H2O2 clearance and protected plasmidial DNA under oxidative conditions. Finally, H2O2 increased the NcPrx dimerization in intracellular and extracellular tachyzoites suggesting that it is enrolled in H2O2 clearance and sensing in N. caninum.

Effectiveness of therapy with low-dosage masitinib on pulmonary hypertension in dogs: a pilot study

The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the efficacy of long-term masitinib therapy at low doses on echocardiographic, cardiovascular, haematological, and blood biochemical indicators, as well as clinical symptoms in dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH) caused by advanced chronic degenerative mitral valve disease or heartworm disease. Seven client-owned dogs with severe PH were recruited prospectively and given low-dose masitinib orally, 3 mg/kg body weight (approximately one-fourth of the recommended antineoplastic dosage), q24h, for 123–928 days. Examinations were performed prior to masitinib administration, as well as 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months later. At 1–12 months, low-dose masitinib significantly reduced systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (P < 0.05 or 0.01) and dramatically improved clinical symptoms. Low-dose masitinib treatment improved right ventricular function indicators such as right atrium/aorta ratio, maximum tricuspid regurgitation velocity, right ventricular Tei index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, without worsening left ventricular function indicators. These findings suggest that low-dose masitinib may be effective as an adjunctive therapeutic for chronic heart failure in dogs with PH and may increase the survival of PH dogs.

Experimental infection of dogs with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: Pathogenicity and potential for intraspecies transmission.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by infection with Dabie bandavirus [formerly SFTS virus (SFTSV)] and is an emerging zoonotic disease. Dogs can be infected with SFTSV, but its pathogenicity and transmissibility have not been fully elucidated. In experiment 1, immunocompetent dogs were intramuscularly inoculated with SFTSV. In experiment 2, immunosuppressed dogs (immunosuppressed group; oral azathioprine 5mg/kg/day for 30 days) were intramuscularly inoculated with SFTSV. Both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent contact dogs were co-housed with the SFTSV-inoculated dogs that had been immunosuppressed. Immunocompetent SFTSV-infected dogs did not show any clinical symptom. However, immunosuppressed SFTSV-infected dogs showed high fever and weight loss without lethality. In all SFTSV-infected dogs, viral RNA could be measured in the serum only after 3 days post infection (DPI) and neutralizing antibodies were detected in the serum beginning 9 DPI. SFTSV shedding in the urine and faeces of some infected dogs occurred between 4 and 6 DPI. The immunocompromised SFTSV-infected dogs showed thrombocytopenia beginning 3 DPI to the end of the experiment (24 DPI). We confirmed SFTSV transmission to one of three immunocompetent co-housed dogs. This dog showed a high fever, weight loss, and shed viral RNA by urine. Viral RNA and neutralizing antibodies were also detected in the serum. These results demonstrated that intramuscular inoculation with SFTSV induced minor clinical symptoms in dogs, and intraspecies SFTSV transmission in dogs can occur by contact.

A Clinical Report on Babesiosis as one of the Etiological Factors of Convulsions and Neurological Symptoms in Dogs and Cats in Tabriz With Emphasis on the Importance of Babesiosis in Public Health

Introduction: Babesiosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. It is transmitted by ticks and affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals and even humans. Case Presentation: In this study, during the last three and a half years (2017-2021), 18 cats and 8 dogs with Babesia infection have referred to one of the small animal clinics in Tabriz, Iran. Ten of these 18 cats presented with obvious neurological symptoms, of which 7 had severe ocular symptoms in addition to neurological symptoms. The remaining eight had anemia and ocular symptoms and no neurological symptoms. In addition to ocular symptoms, one of the cases showed jaundice and anemia. All cases were in a critical condition at the time of referral to the clinic; that is, they showed all the expected symptoms and were close to death. Conclusion: The aim of this article is to show Babesia as one of the etiological factors of convulsions and neurological symptoms in dogs and cats.

Digital Dogsitter® reduces vocalization in dogs suffering from separation-related problems

Separation-related behaviour problems are common in domestic dogs. Vocalization is one of the most common symptoms in dogs, and neighbors often complain about dog barking and howling. We investigated the effect of digital application Digital Dogsitter® on the dogs’ vocalization (barking, howling, whining) when left alone. Digital Dogsitter® is an application, used via laptop or pc, and it activates as a reaction to the dog’s vocalization and then plays a short owner-recorded feedback. Altogether 40 participants who had a laptop/pc at home and a dog that suffered from separation related symptoms, specifically vocalization, completed the study. Dogs’ vocalization (when alone at home) was recorded before and after using Digital Dogsitter® for two weeks, in order to investigate whether Digital Dogsitter® reduces dog’s vocalization. The amount of total dog vocalization noise (in milliseconds) was significantly reduced (P < 0.001, N = 40) after using Digital Dogsitter® for two weeks. The reduction in the dogs’ vocalization after Digital Dogsitter® was 95.7%, which is very large compared to earlier studies. Owners’ opinions were also asked, and only 9.4% of the owners felt that no improvement was seen. Finally, we wanted to know, whether the effect of Digital Dogsitter® was long lasting, and sent a questionnaire to participants an average of eight months after the first study. Out of 35 participants that responded, 68.7% felt that Digital Dogsitter® did reduce the vocalization either rather well / extremely well, and only 14.3% felt, that no long-lasting effect was noticed. In addition, after eight months the owners also reported significantly less dogs’ destructive behavior compared to the starting situation. Digital Dogsitter® clearly reduces dogs’ vocalization, possibly also alleviating the separation-related stress.

DISTRIBUTION OF STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS AMONG DOGS OF DIFFERENT HOUSING GROUPS IN KYIV AND KYIV REGION, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS

Strongyloidiasis in dogs, despite its uncertain zoonotic status, is potentially danger for dogs owners. It is considered that strongyloidiases characteristic for tropical and subtropical regions, but in recent years it is increasingly found in non-endemic countries. The aim. To determine the extent of the invasion, clinical signs and diagnostic methods of strongyloidiasis in dogs of different groups in Kyiv and Kyiv region. Materials and methods. A total of 364 dogs were studied (130 animals lived in shelters (Group 1) and 234 in homes (Group 2). Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis was performed by native smear and Baerman methods. Additionally, the sensitivity of the modified string test was tested. Samples of venous blood were taken from dogs with confirmed strongyloidiasis for haematological and biochemical analysis. Results. A study found that the extent of invasion (EI) in shelters and home dogs was 3.0±0.36 % (4/130; Group 1) and 2.5±0.25 % % (6/234; Group 2) respectively. It was found that three repetitions of the Baerman method test increased its efficiency to 90.5 %. The sensitivity of the modified string test was 100 %. Clinical manifestations included disorders of the respiratory (20 %: 2/10) and digestive systems (80 %: 8/10), weight loss (70 %: 7/10). Blood tests did not reveal changes specific to strongyloidiasis, eosinophilia was observed in only one dog in the acute stage of the disease. Conclusions. The results of our studies indicate the presence of strongyloidiasis in dogs in Kyiv and Kyiv region and probability of the spread of the pathogen in the environment. Symptoms in dogs with strongyloidiasis were nonspecific and cannot be used for diagnosis. A modified string test and Baerman method has demonstrated high efficacy and may be recommended to clarify the diagnosis of a chronic invasion.

Urological detection of specific antibodies against Neospora caninum infection in mice: A prospect for novel diagnostic approach of Neospora

The intracellular protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is incriminated to induce drastic economic losses in both livestock and pet animal industries. Neosporosis is primarily characterized by abortion in cattle and paralytic symptoms in dogs. Because there are no effective treatments or vaccines, diagnosis is critical for Neospora control. Thus, diversification of laboratory tests and specimens used for diagnosis of N. caninum is an essential scientific endeavor to judge and select the most appropriate diagnostic tool. Herein, we provide the first evidence for the utility of urine samples for demonstration of specific antibodies against N. caninum employing an experimentally infected murine model. Specific antibodies to recombinant N. caninum dense granule 7, surface antigen 1, and lysate antigen were assayed using different antibodies-based ELISAs. Urine based IgG ELISA efficiently discriminated between infected mice (acute or chronic infection), and those of non-infected mice. This effect was also noticed for IgG1 and IgG2a suggesting the utility of urine for assessment of T-helper 2- and T-helper 1-mediated immunities, respectively. In addition, reactivity of specific antibody in urine was also confirmed against parasites when indirect fluorescent antibody test was employed. Usefulness of urine as an additional clinical sample for Neospora diagnosis was confirmed via comparison with the relevant control non-infected and infected mouse sera as reference samples. Because of minimum invasiveness and ease of urine collection, this approach might offer new diagnostic opportunities for N. caninum either for the field or research purposes. However, further studies are required to extrapolate this preliminary study and results in the animal species of interest particularly in dogs.

Evaluation of The Efficacy of a Dietary Supplement in Alleviating Symptoms in Dogs with Osteoarthritis

Evaluation of The Efficacy of a Dietary Supplement in Alleviating Symptoms in Dogs with Osteoarthritis

Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms

Our companion-animals, dogs, suffer increasingly from non-communicable diseases, analogous to those common in humans, such as allergic manifestations. In humans, living in rural environments is associated with lower risk of allergic diseases. Our aim was to explore whether a similar pattern can be found in dogs, using a nation-wide survey in Finland (n = 5722). We characterised the land-use around dog’s home at the time of birth as well as around its current home, and described several lifestyle factors. The severity of owner-reported allergic symptoms in dogs was estimated with a comprehensive set of questions, developed by experts of canine dermatology. Also, the prevalence of diagnosed allergies in dog owners was recorded. The results indicate that allergic symptoms are more prevalent in urban environments both in dog owners and in dogs (accounting the effect of dog breed). Several factors related to rural living, such as bigger family size and regular contact with farm animals and other pets, were also protective against allergic symptoms in dogs. Interestingly, allergic dogs were more likely to have allergic owners than healthy dogs were. Therefore, we suggest that the mutual presence of allergic symptoms in both species indicates common underlying causal factors of allergic diseases.

Psychometric properties of the Canine Symptom Assessment Scale, a multidimensional owner-reported questionnaire instrument for assessment of physical symptoms in dogs with solid tumors.

OBJECTIVE To describe development and initial psychometric testing of the Canine Symptom Assessment Scale (CSAS), a multidimensional owner-reported questionnaire instrument, in a population of dogs with solid tumors enrolled in clinical trials. DESIGN Questionnaire development and validation study. ANIMALS 238 client-owned dogs with solid tumors. PROCEDURES A 14-symptom questionnaire was developed. Symptoms were defined as subjective physical disturbances dogs experienced during the course of daily living as assessed through proxy reports of pet owners. For each symptom, owners reported frequency and severity of the symptom and extent of distress caused by the symptom for the dog and the owner. Questionnaire content, symptom prevalence and dimensionality, internal consistency, and factor structure were examined. Construct and criterion validity were examined via comparison with the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI). RESULTS Symptom prevalence was high, with pain and lack of energy reported in most dogs. Severity, versus frequency, was most highly correlated with both dog and owner distress. Two symptoms were removed from consideration because of poor performance. Analysis of the remaining 12 symptoms revealed that they could be grouped into 3 factors: malaise, anxiety, and digestive upset. The CSAS factor and total scores demonstrated predictable relationships with quality of life and pain scores as measured by the CBPI, including a significant association between increasing symptom burden and decreasing quality of life. The Cronbach α for the CSAS was 0.77. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The 12-item CSAS was a psychometrically sound owner-reported instrument for assessment of symptom frequency and characteristics in client-owned dogs with solid tumors. Potential applications include clinical research and practice settings.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids influence inflammatory markers in a cellular model for canine osteoarthritis.

Although it is well recognized that dietary supplementation with fish oil improves clinical symptoms in dogs suffering from osteoarthritis, the molecular basis for the dietary benefit is not yet completely resolved in dogs. This study was designed to further clarify how polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) affect key factors of cartilage degeneration in a canine cell culture system mimicking osteoarthritis. Canine chondrocytes were incubated either without or with 10μm of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA) or 3.6μm ibuprofen (Ibu) as positive control for 6days. After the supplementation, cells were stimulated with 10ng/ml interleukin-1β (IL-1β) for another 48hr to induce osteoarthritic changes, or left unstimulated. We analysed fatty acid uptake via gas-liquid chromatography, nitric oxide (NO) production via Griess assay, prostaglandin E (PGE) production via ELISA and relative gene expression of several cartilage matrix proteinases, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 via RT-qPCR. After supplementation, the chondrocytes rapidly incorporated the PUFA into their fatty acid pools. The stimulation with IL-1β caused a marked increase of most of the inflammatory markers measured. N-3 PUFA EPA reduced IL-induced gene expression of iNOS and corresponding production of NO. N-6 PUFA AA also decreased iNOS and NO, but furthermore lowered gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3. On the other hand, AA upregulated the aggrecanase ADAMTS-5 and augmented the release of PGE. The effect of n-3 PUFA DHA turned out to be negligible. Our results reveal molecular mechanisms by which PUFA affect degenerative joint disease in dogs. Of particular importance is that not only EPA but also AA decreased several inflammatory markers in our model. Thus, we conclude that an appropriate balance of both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids deserves more attention in dietary interventions.

Are Novel Allergen or Hydrolysed Diets an Effective Means of Reducing the Gastro-intestinal Signs in Dogs With Inflammatory Bowel Disease When Compared to Oral Prednisolone?

Clinical bottom line&#x0D; Novel allergen or hydrolysed diets are a valid modality for the management of gastro-intestinal symptoms in dogs with chronic enteropathy, however bias in case selection in the literature means a direct comparison of dietary modification versus prednisolone was not able to be achieved. Further prospective trials would be needed to better answer this PICO.&#x0D;

ОСНОВНІ НЕВРОЛОГІЧНІ СИМТОМИ ТА ЇХ ПОШИРЕННЯ У СОБАК

As a result of the ambulatory reception it was investigated 12233 animals, of which 5653 (46.2%) were dogs. In the neurological research it had shown the symptoms of the nervous system damage in 653 dogs (11.5%). In particular it was found that paresis and paralysis (23.4%) were the most common neurological symptoms in dogs. Number of animals with inclination of head, ataxia, myoclonus and epileptiform state was respectively 19.8; 14.7; 11.7 and 10.5%. The manifestations of the nervous system damage as nystagmus, tremor and lameness were registered in accordance with 8.3; 4.4 and 4.1% of sick dogs. The least number of dogs were with a disorder of vision (2,8%) and hearing (0,3%), which was associated with the pathology of the nervous system. The above mentioned symptoms of the nervous system diseases do not occur as a symptom, but it was marked their combination – syndromes. The conducted neurological research makes it possible to establish the location of the pathological process in the departments of nervous system (neurons anatomical localization).As a result of the research and the results found that most dogs manifest the symptoms of damage to the brain and spinal mozkupaytiyi. Based on the results of verification of the diagnosis will be made using the methods of visual diagnostics.