Switch Mode Power Supply Research Articles

On-State Voltage Measurement Circuit for Condition Monitoring of MOSFETs in Resonant Converters

This work aims to estimate the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor’s (MOSFET) junction temperature, guessing in real time the dynamic drain-source resistance during MOSFET operation in LLC (Inductor-Inductor-Capacitor) converters usually adopted in Switched-Mode Power Supplies. The task is accomplished using an on-state voltage measurement circuit that allows clamping of the high-voltage drain-source voltage during the off-state. The results of this method have been compared with the temperature accurately measured using a co-packed die as a thermal sensor.

DC Regulation and Loop Gain Analysis of a DC-DC Switch Mode Power Supply: A Case Study on a Synchronous PWM Controlled Buck Converter

This study investigates the DC regulation of a DC-DC buck converter operating with pulse width modulation (PWM), taking into account the internal resistance of the coil and the on-resistance of the switching device. The effect of these parameters on the input/output disturbances is analyzed in continuous-conduction mode under constant frequency voltage mode control. The study also explores the effect on loop gain using the IRU3037 8-pin IC synchronous PWM controlled buck converter. The transfer function of the IRU3037 IC is derived from datasheet values using state-space averaging and AC small signal methods. A Type II compensator is then designed based on the derived transfer function. In addition, the step response characteristics of the open-loop and closed-loop circuits are investigated by time domain analysis.

A pulse-width-modulation-based approach to eliminate inrush currents of switch-mode power supply

A pulse-width-modulation-based approach to eliminate inrush currents of switch-mode power supply

IOT Enabled Remote Monitoring Application For Telecom SMPS

This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the development of an IoT-enabled remote monitoring system for telecom SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply). The system aims to address the critical need for efficient power supply management in the telecom industry by utilizing a network of sensors to collect real-time data on key parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and load. The collected data is securely transmitted to a central monitoring system for analysis and control.

Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues in 400-MHz-Band Wireless Medical Telemetry Systems and Their Management Using Simplified Methods for Safe Operation.

Wireless medical telemetry systems (WMTSs) are typical radio communication-based medical devices that monitor various biological parameters, such as electrocardiograms and respiration rates. In Japan, the assigned frequency band for WMTSs is 400 MHz. However, the issues accounting for poor reception in WMTS constitute major concerns. In this study, we analyzed the effects of electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) caused by other radio communication systems, the intermodulation (IM) effect, and noises generated from electrical devices on WMTS and discussed their management. The 400-MHz frequency band is also shared by other radio communication systems. We showed the instantaneous and impulsive voltages generated from the location-detection system for wandering patients and their potential to exhibit EMI effects on WMTS. Further, we presented the IM effect significantly reduces reception in WMTS. Additionally, the electromagnetic noises generated from electrical devices, such as light-emitting diode lamps and security cameras, can exceed the 400 MHz frequency band as these devices employ the switched-mode power supply and/or central processing unit and radiate wideband emissions. Moreover, we proposed and evaluated simple and facile methods using a simplified spectrum analysis function installed in the WMTS receiver and software-defined radio for evaluating the electromagnetic environment.

Analysis and Prejudgment of Entire-Link Rejection Ratio of a Spaceborne Microwave Receiver Against Switched Mode Power Supply Harmonics

Analysis and Prejudgment of Entire-Link Rejection Ratio of a Spaceborne Microwave Receiver Against Switched Mode Power Supply Harmonics

Design and Analysis of Switch Mode Power Supply Adapters

Design and Analysis of Switch Mode Power Supply Adapters

Design of a Portable Emergency DC Power Supply

Abstract In recent years, wireless or handheld devices have become increasingly widely used, especially in areas such as environmental monitoring and the Internet of Things. However, due to environmental conditions, they cannot rely on the power grid to provide electricity, and energy supply has become a key issue that restricts the deployment and operation of such devices. This article introduces the method and principle of applying a microcontroller control system to a portable emergency DC power supply, and proposes a method for a portable emergency DC power supply with adjustable and stable output. The output voltage can be adjusted in steps of 0.1-15V. This adjustable portable emergency DC power supply not only has the advantages of small volume and low loss of switch mode power supply, but also has the advantages of small output voltage ripple and good output characteristics of linear power supply. It has certain research significance and practical value.

Smart charging process development based on ant colony optimization machine learning for controlling lead-acid battery charging capacity

The Indonesian government has targeted 2.1 million two-wheeled electric vehicles and 2,200 four-wheeled electric vehicles (EV) by 2025. This is hampered by limited electricity supply and EV charging, which takes long time. Multi device interleaved DC-DC bidirectional converter has been applied and assessed as the most suitable method for battery EV and plug-in hybrid EV because it produces high power >10 kW. For power below 10 kW, it is recommended to use a sinusoidal, Z-Source, and boost amplifier type converter. The smart charging (SC) system will be applied to electric vehicles, which only require a minimum charging power of around 169 W for four lead acid batteries. This paper focuses on an SC system that is capable of charging the battery quickly while still paying attention to the state of health (SoH) of the battery. The SC developed uses a DC-DC boost converter to increase the voltage produced by the switch mode power supply (SMPS). Estimated charging time is less than 30 minutes and still pay attention to the battery SoH. SC will also use pulse width modulation (PWM) as a duty power cycle regulator. This research applies a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier to a neural network (NN). The results of the research show that smart charging can charge up to 600 W with an estimated charging time of around 11 minutes. The charging condition is above 60 % and the power duty cycle setting is 100 %. The power estimation results processed using the ant colony optimization (ACO) based neural network method show a root mean square deviation value of 0.010013430 for charging four lead acid batteries. These results are useful to help solve the problem of capacity requirements and battery charging speed for EVs, with good SoH

A Comprehensive Review of dc/ac Single-Phase Differential-Mode Inverters for Low-Power Applications

Switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) are single-switch, two-state, dc/dc power electronic converters and can be generally classified into buck, boost, and buck–boost converters according to voltage transfer functions. There are more than 33 SMPSs with different characteristics in terms of their current and voltage ripples, voltage and current stresses, and their being voltage/current sourced. Although they are usually employed in the dc/dc mode, these SMPSs can be connected differentially to operate as single- and three-phase dc/ac inverters; hence, they are used in low-power applications. The resultant inverters will behave differently according to the topologies that they are descendant from. Several publications have presented differential-mode single-phase inverters (DMSIs) for low-power applications, focusing on their suitability for renewable energy systems. These proposals have mainly focused on boost and buck–boost configurations, with less focus on the buck inverter topologies. Also, several possible configurations for other DMSIs have not yet been proposed or discussed. This paper proposes a comprehensive review of the different possible configurations of the DMSIs, illustrating a systematic method by which to generate and explore them. The paper will mainly categorize the DMSIs in terms of their voltage transfer function and will then discuss the topologies, presenting the main advantages and disadvantages of each one.

SINDy-Based Feature Extraction for Data Driven Model Predictive Control of a Buck Boost Switch Mode Power Supply

Abstract This paper presents two methods of creating model predictive control strategies for efficient real-time control algorithms for power electronics. Two novel methods of performing nonlinear modeling are presented in this research, the first being novel Takagi-Sugeno model, which combines two linear state space models using a membership function to model the nonlinear transitions between operating points. The second method involves using sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics, a nonlinear modeling technique that uses L1 regularization of least squares on for time series data to define a parsimonious polynomial function set. This set is used to define the input feature space to extended dynamic mode decomposition with control. These models are then used for data-driven model predictive control of a buck switch mode power supply to find the optimal duty cycle that regulates the output voltage over a finite receding horizon and validated using an LTSPICE simulation to assess their effectiveness in comparison to a tuned proportional integral derivative controller. Numerical accuracy challenges are discussed, and strategies are offered for their mitigation.

Development of sustainable energy: Performance investigation of the combined utilisation of a seawater electrolyser and single slope solar desalination still

The primary objective of this work is to investigate experimentally the desalination performance of seawater, hydrogen, and oxygen gas generation through the use of two identical single-slope solar stills. Seawater collected from “Bay of Bengal” was used as the fluid and analysis was conducted at a constant water depth of 20 mm. The system was constructed using mild steel and stainless steel 316 L was used as electrodes. A set voltage and current of 12 V and 40 A was supplied to the electrodes through switched-mode power supply (SMPS). The study investigated the impact of solar radiation and induction of electrolysis system on the performance of solar stills. The results demonstrate a significant positive correlation between solar radiation and still temperature, with 877.1 W/m2 of maximum solar radiation intensity resulting in a still temperature of 53.9 °C. The temperature of the basin water increased by an average of 4.25% upon the addition of an electrolyser. It was noted that with the introduction of electrolyser there was increase in productivity by 48 % than the still without the electrolyser. When the solar radiation was at its peak the maximum amount of hydrogen and oxygen were produced which is 0.44 kg/L and 0.24 kg/L respectively. It was noted that when the system with electrolyser is operated at its peak there was increase in solar still and exergy efficiency by 30.5 % and 9.32 % than the system operated without electrolyser. The economic analysis revealed that the hybrid system which possessed electrolyser has very short pay back period of 1.5 days which is approximately 90 days less than the still without electrolyser. The study shows the use of hybrid system reduces the carbon emission significantly which contributes for its sustainable utilisation. The study highlights the interaction between solar radiation, electrolyser induction, and overall efficiency in the context of seawater desalination and shows the system's strong performance.

To the question of construction of welding inverter sources with a high power factor

Purpose. Design a power-factor-corrected, energy- and cost-efficient switchmode power supply for welding. Methodology. It is proposed to use the principle of direct conversion and to develop the "hybrid" power circuit consisting of a main power path using direct conversion and an auxiliary power path having a converter with an intermediate DC link with relatively low stored energy. Since a load to the welding power supply is the welding arc, its instantaneous power fluctuations during the mains voltage period essentially do not influence the welding process due to the thermal constant of the weld pool molten metal. Effective use of this features of the welding arc allows to optimize the power processing, reduce the amount of energy stored in the reactive elements of the circuit and improve the economical, mass and dimensional parameters of the supplies. Findings. A new power factor corrected switchmode power supply topology is proposed utilizing beforementioned principles of power processing. The algorithm for calculating the switching frequency of supply power switches is given. To confirm the adequacy of the developed provisions, an experimental sample of the power supply was created. Oscillograms of mains voltage and source current consumption and oscillograms in output current limitation mode are obtained. The results of experiments showed that the supply has a power factor > 0.94 in a wide range of powers. Originality. A distinctive feature of the supply is the absence of additional inductive components in the power path, a lower capacitance of the DC-link bulk capacitor and a simplified scheme for limiting its inrush current during initial charging. The supply has an increased open circuit voltage, independent of the mains voltage, which allows for easy arc ignition during manual arc welding. Practical value. Due to the increased power factor, the current drawn from the mains is 30 % to 45 % lower than that of widespread inverter supplies without a power factor corrector. These features allow to simultaneously use more power supply units with the same mains current load, and/or to provide stable welding in conditions of a "weak" mains.

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF POWER SEMICONDUCTOR ELEMENTS USED IN FLYBACK CONVERTERS

Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) have become very popular lately due to their superior efficiency and compact dimensions as compared to conventional counterparts which contain low-frequency transformers. This efficiency and miniaturization are connected to several factors, including high operating frequencies typically in the kHz to MHz range, the utilization of ferromagnetic materials for inductive coupling, and the incorporation of active switching components to mitigate energy loss via the Joule-Lenz effect. Enhancing SMPS efficiency implies active circuit elements (diodes, transistors, etc.) sizing and arrangements. This paper presents a practical approach by addressing a series of experiments to analyze and compare the performance of different active components. It starts with the analysis of the PWM generator module from the primary and continues with the field-effect transistors and rectifier diodes in the secondary. The asynchronous flyback topology has been chosen to carry out the experiments. By using the same experimental platform, based on the obtained results, the analysis of behavioral differences between the different components has been performed.

Study of Harmonic Minimization in Pulp and Paper Mill using Hybrid Active Filter -A Case Study

Increased power electronics-based nonlinear loads have harmed distribution system power quality. Variable speed drives, switched-mode power supply, and DC drives impair power quality and affect customers and utilities. Many variable-speed drives in the paper mill cause harmonic distortion, a power quality issue. This study investigates the impact of nonlinear electric drives on supply current distortion in Padmavati Pulp and Paper Mill, Ambarnath, Thane, India. Harmonic analysis is done at PCC, that is, at the secondary side of the transformer, with the help of a power quality analyzer fluke-434. Based on detailed analysis, a suitable harmonic reduction method is identified. passive filters, are the simplest solution for lowering harmonic currents but it has shortcomings like bulk size and cause resonance. In recent years active filter has been applied as an effective solution for harmonic reduction. This study suggests a hybrid filter as an economical solution to take advantage of a passive and active harmonic filter. This work present design and simulation of cascade H- bridge multilevel inverter-based hybrid filter for medium and high-power distribution system. The system for the case study is developed in MATLAB Simulink platform with suitable harmonic mitigation techniques and performance is evaluated in terms of total Harmonic Distortion Index (THDi).

Analysis and Optimization of a Regenerative Snubber for a GaN-Based USB-PD Flyback Converters

This paper presents a high-efficiency GaN-based 65 W Quasi-Resonant (QR) Flyback converter. The converter is characterized by a wide input voltage range and a variable output voltage, and it is designed as a Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) for high power density USP-Power Delivery (USB-PD) applications. To increase the efficiency and power density, a regenerative snubber clamp solution has been used to limit the excursion of the drain voltage during the power switch turn-off. The activity involved the modeling of the converter, the sizing of the regenerative snubber, and the design of the flyback transformer. Furthermore, a dedicated test application board was used to verify the effectiveness of the solution. The results were compared with those obtained using a flyback converter with an RCD snubber.

Universal Continuous Model of Active Power Factor Correctors

The purpose of the work is to develop continuous mathematical models of power factor correctors for switch-mode power supplies. The models are designed to solve optimization problems aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of these devices. This goal was achieved by developing a universal continuous averaged model of switch-mode voltage converters, which are an integral part of any active power factor corrector. State-space averaging method was proposed for constructing such a universal model. It has been shown that such a model adequately reproduces the processes in any of the main types of DC-DC voltage converters. The possibility of constructing a mathematical model of an active power factor corrector based on the proposed universal model of a DC-DC voltage converter is substantiated. The features of the structures of active power factor correctors for switching power supplies are considered and the problems that arise when studying their energy efficiency are shown. By simulation in the time domain with using the constructed model, diagrams of transients of the power factor corrector during load and primary network voltage disturbances are obtained. The most important result is the creation of a universal continuous mathematical model of switching voltage regulators. This model, unlike previously proposed models, is suitable for use in the analysis, modeling and design of any power factor correctors without the need to modify it in each specific case. The significance of the results obtained lies in accelerating the design process of active power factor correctors built on the basis of any type of pulsed DC-DC voltage converters. The developed model is intended for use in the Micro-Cap electronic circuit analysis program. However, since it is ultimately a software module in the SPICE language, this model can be used in many circuit analysis programs that support this language.

ZVS Active Clamp 포워드 컨버터를 적용한 철도차량용 전원공급장치

ZVS Active Clamp 포워드 컨버터를 적용한 철도차량용 전원공급장치

Research on the Prediction Method of Conducted Interference in Flyback Converters based on the High-frequency Transformer Model

Conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) has always been a challenge for designers of switched-mode power supplies. Flyback converters are used in various applications. However, as the switching frequency of these converters increases, the issue of electromagnetic interference becomes progressively more severe. In light of this, this paper presents a predictive method for conducted interference in flyback converters, based on a high-frequency transformer model. A high-frequency transformer model topology is proposed, integrating traditional inductance models with a three-capacitor model. Subsequently, a self-organizing migrating algorithm (SOMA) is employed for the extraction of parameters from the high-frequency transformer model, and a high-frequency model is established for a transformer. Finally, the high-frequency model is applied to the prediction of conducted interference in flyback converters. The results demonstrate that the proposed predictive method can effectively forecast the actual conducted interference, thereby providing a reference for suppression of conducted electromagnetic interference.

Voltage Disturbances and Inrush Current of DC Power Supplies

The potential damaging effects of high inrush currents occurring after power quality disturbances on switch-mode dc power supplies (SMPS’) have been reported, but have not been studied in detail. This paper presents a new analytical model for the accurate representation and calculation of inrush currents of low-power SMPS devices. This model is verified against previously developed circuit-based simulation model and compared with the only other analytical model available in existing literature. The developed analytical model is also used to investigate device protection co-ordination, in order to demonstrate two important effects of high-inrush current: nuisance tripping of protection and damage of internal SMPS components. Key words. Inrush current, load modelling, analytical representation, switch-mode dc power supply (SMPS), power quality disturbance, short interruption, voltage sag