Swimming Endurance Test Research Articles

Evaluation of adaptogenic and antidepressant activity of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Salacia chinensis in mice

Study was carried out to evaluate the Adaptogenic and Antidepressant effect of Salacia chinensis leaf extract in animal model.Salacia chinensis is a plant species belonging to the family Celastraceae. This study was carried out to evaluate the Adaptogenic and Antidepressant effect of Salacia chinensis leaf extract in animal model. Swimming Endurance Test was used to evaluate the Adaptogenic activity in albino mice while Tail Suspension Test and Elevated Plus Maze test was used to evaluate the Antidepressant activity in albino mice. In Swimming Endurance model various biochemical parameters like blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides were estimated, weight of organs like liver, spleen and adrenal gland was measured in stress control and extract treated animals. Immobility as behavioural parameter was assessed in Tail Suspension Test and Elevated Plus Maze model of depression after treatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Salacia chinensis leaf at selected dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Results of the study have showed significant Adaptogenic and Antidepressant activity of Salacia chinensis.Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis (15) Salacia chinensis leaves extract was subjected to chemical tests for the identification of their active constituents. The results have indicated the presence of flavonoid, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates.The biochemical estimation results obtained showed decrease in blood glucose, triglyceride, and slight increase in cholesterol level when compared to control which support the adaptogenic activity of the title plant as shown in table no: 02,03,04 and fig no: 03,04,05,06,07. The duration of immobility was reduced after treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Salacia chinensis and results are significant on both high dose 400 mg/kg, p.o. (P<0.001) and low dose 200 mg/kg, p.o. (P<0.01) with that of standard Imipramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) indicating that the extract possess significant antidepressant activity. Results depicted in table no: 05 and fig no: 08,09.The hydroalcoholic extract of Salacia chinensis at high dose (400 mg/kg, p.o) (P˂0.05) significantly increased the number of entries in to open arm and total time spent in open arm as compared to control.It shows increase in the mobility of the mice in open arm which suggest the antidepressant activity shown in table no:06 and fig no: 10,11.Based on the results obtained from this study it can be concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Salacia chinensis leaves possess Adaptogenic and Antidepressant activity. This beneficial effect of Salacia chinensis leaf might be due to presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and its derivatives.

Evaluation of Phytochemical and Antistress Activity of Averrhoa carambola L.

In India, the medicinal plant Averrhoa carambola L. has been utilised for centuries to cure a wide range of illnesses and problems. The goal of the current study was to assess the ethanolic seed extract of Averrhoa carambola L. (EEAC) for its phytochemical and anti-stress properties Flavonoids were identified as the main phytoconstituents by EEAC. Studies on acute toxicity were conducted on albino mice. At a level of 2000 mg/kg body weight, the ethanolic extract did not have a deadly effect, and no abnormalities or deaths were seen for a 14-day period. The EEAC effect and the gold standard Ashwagandha were evaluated. The anti-stress potential of this plant was examined using swimming endurance tests, anoxic stress tolerance tests and immobilisation stress models. The findings show that 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg dosages of an ethanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola L. seed significantly reduced stress levels. Based on the findings, it was determined that Averrhoa carambola L. has strong anti-stress properties.

Effectiveness of Basil, Lime, Honey, Candlenut, and Tiwai Onion Herbs Combination as Analgesics and Stamina Stimulator

Traditional medicine is generally considered to be safer than modern medicine because it has lower incidence of side effects and also relatively easy to obtain. The purpose of this study was to examine the analgesic effect of herbs made of basil, lime, honey, candlenut, and Tiwai onions as well as to evaluate the potential of these herbs as a stamina stimulator. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Management Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, from January–February 2022. Mice were divided into four groups based on the treatment dose with each group consisted of five mice. An analgesic test was conducted using hot water immersion tail-flick test method and the stamina test was performed with swimming endurance test. Data obtained were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and Minitab 19. Significant differences of the average of each group were shown statistically using the one-way ANOVA and confirmed with Tukey test. Results showed that mice given the combination herbal medicine infusion of with a dose of 4 g/kg body weight had the highest average tail lift time compared to the controls (p<0.05). Mice with a treatment dose of 1 g/kg body weight had the highest analgesic power compared to the other treatment doses. The highest swimming duration was observed in group that received a dose of 1 g/kg body weight. It is concluded that this herbal combination can be used as an analgesic and a stamina stimulator.

Investigation of Antistress and Antidepressant Activities of Synthetic Curcumin Analogues: Behavioral and Biomarker Approach.

Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder that affects millions of individuals all over the world, thus demanding special attention from researchers in order to investigate its effective remedies. Curcumin, along with its synthetic derivatives, is recognized for its incredible pharmacological activities. In this study, methyl, methoxy and chloro-substituent synthetic curcumin analogues C1–C3 were respectively tested for free radical-scavenging activity. Behavioral studies were performed using chemical-induced and swimming endurance tests as stress models, and forced swim tests (FSTs) and tail suspension tests (TSTs) as depression mice models. Biochemical examinations were performed after a scopolamine-induced stress model by decapitating the mice, and brain tissues were isolated for biochemical assessment of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The curcumin analogue C2 exhibited higher DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulphonate) free radical-scavenging potential, having IC50 values of 45.18 µg/mL and 62.31 µg/mL, respectively, in comparison with reference curcumin and tocopherol. In the chemical-induced test, C2 (80.17%), C3 (72.79%) and C1 (51.85%) revealed higher antistress responses by significantly reducing the number of writhes, whereas the immobility time was significantly reduced by C2 and C3 in the swimming endurance test, indicating excellent antistress potential. Similarly, C2 and C3 significantly reduced the immobility times in FST and TST, demonstrating their antidepressant properties. The biomarkers study revealed that these compounds significantly enhanced hippocampus CAT, SOD and GSH, and reduced MDA levels in the scopolamine-induced stress mice model. These findings suggest the potential of curcumin analogues (C2 and C3) as antistress and antidepressant agents.

Anti-stress and Nootropic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Coriandrum sativum Aerial Parts

The swimming endurance test, anoxic tolerance test, and basal activity by actophotometer were used to assess the antistress activity of a seven-day therapy (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) of the ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum (EECS) aerial parts. A method for measuring the in vitro antioxidant activity of hydroxyl radicals was used. In all of the examined models, Coriandrum sativum at both doses demonstrated antistress effects. In the anoxic tolerance test, swimming endurance test, and duration of stay on the rotarod, the EECS treated rats demonstrated enhanced swimming time, duration, and anoxic tolerance time, respectively. The C. sativum's potential to scavenge free radicals, which enhanced the cognitive effect, was utilized to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity. The results demonstrated clearly that the extract's in vivo adaptogenic performance and cognitive improvement were caused by its in vitro antioxidant activity. The EECS treated animals showed increase locomotor scores in basal activity by Actophotometer. The plant secondary metabolites flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, and phenolic components may be accountable for the animals' improved swimming endurance, stress tolerance, and overall performance. This study gave evidence that the ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum has antioxidant, anti-stress, and nootropic activity, and that utilizing them by humans as nutraceuticals is beneficial and scientific. By stress reduction in animals, the antioxidant effect provides the pharmacological basis for supporting a healthy memory.

BEHAVIORAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS FOR ANTISTRESS AND NOOTROPIC ACTIVITY ON RATS

There is a number of Synthetic (allopathic) drugs which are used in the treatment of mental disorders, they are helpful but synthetic drugs also have lots of side effects with monetary problem. The Ayurveda has a long tradition of treating mental disorders. Herbal drugs are playing a significant role in the health care agendas worldwide, mostly due to the general faith that they are without any side effects, besides being contemptible and locally available. Recently there is a recovery of an interest in herbal medicines for the management of different aliments including CNS disorders. Experimental screening of ethanolic extracts of Stem & root of Amaranthus spinosus for brain disorders was done by Anti-stress activity (Swimming endurance test, Anoxia stress tolerance test and Immobilization stress test) Nootropic activity (Elevated plus maze and the Morris water maze). It was concluded that the hydro alcoholic extract of Amaranthus spinosus stem & root (200, 400 mg/kg) has anti-stress and nootropic activity in dose dependent manner.

Development and Screening of Anxiolytic and Antistress activity of Novel Health Promoting Tea Fortified with Herbs

The current investigation was planned to assess anxiolytic and antistress properties of polyherbal formulation containing ethanolic extracts of four plants Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Justicia adhatoda (Vasaka), Trigonella foenum (Methi), Vitis vinifera (Grape seed) and to develop a tea fortified with these herbs. The anxiolytic efficacy was determined with the adult rats by elevated plus maze (EPM) analysis and motor coordination with the rotarod test. The antistress activity was evaluated with the adult rats by swimming endurance test (SET), anoxia tolerance test (ATT), and immobilization stress test (IST). In EPM, Polyherbal extract (PHE 200 mg/kg; 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of time spent in open arms (180.33±4.89 and 202.67±3.68 seconds) in a dose dependent manner as compared to the control group (39.00±3.88 seconds) and is comparable with the standard diazepam (226.67±2.98 seconds). In RotaRod test, the polyherbal extract significantly diminished spontaneous activity (fall off time with control rats is 43.16±2.05 seconds and with polyherbal extract 400 mg/kg treated rats is 203.33±2.21 sec). In swimming endurance, polyherbal extract displayed a dose-dependent decrease in immobility time (71.66±3.45 sec) which is almost comparable to standard antistress medicine Mentat (62.66±3.13 sec). In anoxia tolerance test polyherbal extract increased the convulsion time which was again statistically significant. The levels of neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine were found to be increased with the polyherbal extract. The present study reveals that polyherbal extract possesses significant anxiolytic and anti-stress activity and, an herbal tea was prepared using polyherbal extract for the management of stress.

The Effect of Hot Water Extract of Tilapia on Exercise Capacity in Mice

Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) has become one of the main aquatic products of Taiwan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a hot water extract of tilapia (HWET) in relieving fatigue and enhancing exercise performance in mice in a swimming endurance test. Male ICR mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 per group) and treated with either a vehicle (control group) or different doses of HWET, which were designated as HWET-L (800 mg/kg/day), HWET-M (1600 mg/kg/day), and HWET-H (4000 mg/kg/day). The results of the swimming endurance test showed that HWET treatment significantly improved exercise-induced fatigue as the swimming time of the mice increased (p < 0.05). One hour after the test, blood samples were collected from each mouse and serum biochemical parameters were measured. The serum levels of lactate, creatine kinase (CK), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were lower in mice treated with HWET compared to the control group. Moreover, HWET treatment increased serum glucose levels and glycogen content in the liver. Enhanced glutathione (GSH) content in the liver and muscle was also found in the HWET-M and HWET-H groups. Western blot results showed that the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the liver tissue was downregulated by HWET treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HWET supplementation could enhance exercise performance and alleviate fatigue via biochemical profile improvements. This suggests that HWET has the potential for future development into functional foods or nutritional supplements to relieve fatigue.

Adrenal Gland Irradiation Causes Fatigue Accompanied by Reactive Changes in Cortisol Levels.

Background: Incidental radiotherapy (RT) to the adrenal gland may have systemic effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adrenal RT on fatigue. Methods: BALB/c mice were surgically explored to identify the left adrenal gland and delivered intra-operative RT. The swimming endurance test was used for endurance assessment to represent fatigue. Plasma levels of stress hormones and histopathological features were examined. Three patients with inevitable RT to the adrenal gland were enrolled for the preliminary study. Serum levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were measured before and after RT. Fatigue score by using the fatigue severity scale and RT dosimetric parameters were collected. Results: In the experimental mouse model, adrenal RT decreased baseline cortisol from 274.6 ± 37.8 to 193.6 ± 29.4 ng/mL (p = 0.007) and swimming endurance time from 3.7 ± 0.3 to 1.7 ± 0.6 min (p = 0.02). In histopathological assessment, the irradiated adrenal glands showed RT injury features in the adrenal cortex. In the enrolled patients, baseline cortisol significantly declined after RT. There were no significant differences in the levels of morning cortisol, aldosterone, and ACTH before and after RT. Conclusions: The RT dose distributed to the adrenal gland may correlate with unwanted adverse effects, including fatigue and adrenal hormone alterations.

Kalanchoe Pinnata aqueous extract has the potential to improve haematological profile and fatigue status of mice subjected to Free Swimming Endurance Test

Kalanchoe Pinnata aqueous extract has the potential to improve haematological profile and fatigue status of mice subjected to Free Swimming Endurance Test

Kalanchoe Pinnata aqueous extract has the potential to improve haematological profile and fatigue status of mice subjected to Free Swimming Endurance Test

Introduction: Kalanchoe pinnata extracts have been shown to possess beneficial cardiovascular effects, analgesic and myorelaxant activities. This study aimed at evaluating the haematological and anti-fatigue effects of its aqueous extract. Materials and methods: This was an in vivo pharmacological experiment, carried out in the Laboratory of Zoology, University of Buea, from January to May 2018. A total of 48 mice were subjected to a 90mins/day-free endurance swimming test for 14 days. Two groups of mice received distilled water and 12% NaCl solution, respectively. Five groups received the plant extract (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) and 200mg/kg/day+NaCl. One positive control group received 5% Vitamin C (1.97mg/kg/day). All administrations were by gavage. Maximum swimming time, glycaemia, lactatemia, uremia, triglyceridemia, haematological indices, tissue glutathion peroxidase, malondialdehyde, glucose and creatine kinase-MB in the heart or gastrocnemius muscle were measured. Results: K. pinnata (50 and 100mg/kg/day) induced a non-significant increase of the swimming duration, compared to neutral control. However, the 12%NaCl group recorded a significant (P<0.05) increase. In the blood, NaCl induced a decrease of platelets that was significantly reverted by the extract in the 200mg/kg+NaCl group. The extract prevented the increase of the level of CK-MB in NaCl group and decreased the serum triglycerides, glucose, urea nitrogen and Lactate levels. In the tissues, MDA and CK-MB levels significantly increased (P<0.001) in the negative control. These increases were significantly (P<0.001) prevented by K. pinnata (200mg/kg/day). Conclusions: Significant biochemical variations support the hypothesis that K. pinnata could be used to delay exercise induced fatigue.

Acute exposure of embryo, larvae and adults of Danio rerio to fipronil commercial formulation reveals effects on development and motor control.

The insecticide fipronil, one of the main pesticides used in Brazil, is often detected in natural aquatic environments, and causes neuronal hyperexcitation by inhibiting GABAergic neurotransmission, leading to putative alterations in behaviour and development. This work sought to analyse the toxicity of formulated Regent® 800WG (80% fipronil) on development (fish embryo toxicity test, FET), morphology, and swimming behaviour of larvae and adults of zebrafish (Danio rerio). FET was performed following OECD236 guidelines at concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 1600 μg.L-1 of formulated Regent® 800WG. Adults were exposed to 0.2, 2 and 20 μg.L-1 of the product for 24 and 96 h, and were submitted to the light-dark, novel tank and swimming endurance tests No lethal parameters were observed in larvae, but in concentrations above 400 µg.L-1, there was shortening of the body axis and decreased swimming behavior. In adults, exposure to the pesticide did not lead to changes in free swimming parameters. However, a marked decrease of swimming endurance was observed at all experimental treatments, although probably not in consequence of energetic depletion, since baseline blood glucose levels and condition factor were similar at all conditions. Furthermore, zebrafish adults did not show their natural preference for the dark environment. The pesticide likely has anxiolytic effects on zebrafish, as well as a compromising effect on locomotor control, illustrating that behavioural changes, which could affect activities on the natural environment, such as escape and predation, may occur even in environmentally relevant concentrations of this pollutant.

NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING, ANTI-STRESS ACTIVITY, AND TOXICITY STUDIES OF STANDARDIZED EXTRACT OF THE SEEDS OF CELASTRUS PANICULATUS WILLD

Objective: Celastrus paniculatus Willd, family Celastraceae is an important medicinal plant distributed all over India. Due to the presence of antioxidative polyphenols in C. paniculatus Willd have received much attention for health-promoting properties by scavenging the free radicals, the purpose of this study is to understand neuropharmacological, anti-stress activity, and toxicity studies of standardized seeds extract of “C. paniculatus Willd. Methods: The sun dried C. paniculatus Willd seeds were collected and extracted with ethanol by maceration. Then, the ethanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical screening. The acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of C. paniculatus was observed as per the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline no. 423. Neuropharmacological and anti-stress effects were analyzed and evaluated by using physical stress models such as Swimming endurance test, Anoxic tolerance test, Tail suspension test (TST), and Elevated plus maze test. For this study, Swiss albino mice (20–30 g) were divided into five groups of six animals each. Distilled water administered as vehicle in control group and standard group received Withania somnifera (100 mg/kg) while C. paniculatus Willd ethanolic extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) was given orally for 7 days. Results and Discussion: Change in immobility time in swim endurance, first clonic convulsion produced in anoxic tolerance test, immobility time in TST and open arms entry in elevated plus maze test was recorded as parameters. The ethanolic extracts of C. paniculatus Willd significantly reduces the immobility timing along with increases the swimming endurance time, and clonic convulsion timing in anoxic tolerance test in comparison of control group. In tail suspension significant decrease in immobility time and increased open arm entry in elevated plus maze were observed as compare to control group. Conclusion: C. paniculatus Willd has potential as a medicinal plant and it showed protective effect for the stress prevention as the alkaloids are present as main constituents.

Adaptogens as anti-stress agents in reducing increased plasma cortisol level during stress

The stress response involves the activation of both the sympathetic-adrenal response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. During times of increased stress, the adrenal gland is stimulated to produce increased levels of hormones. Cortisol, the main hormone involved in the stress response, is secreted in increased amounts within minutes of a perceived stressor. Cortisol secretion can increase as much as 20-fold and has several important physiological effects. Short-term surges in cortisol levels can suppress inflammation and at the same time suppress immune function. Though inflammation control is important, surges of sustained levels of cortisol are not healthy and ultimately lead to premature aging, degenerative disease, and increased susceptibility to cancer. Studies show that psycho-social stress activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis causing an increase in morning cortisol levels, which correlated to the subjects reports of increased fatigue and anxiety. Although this stress response is important for survival during an acute stressor, prolonged activation of the stress response may lead to adrenal exhaustion in which cortisol levels drop to insufficient levels resulting in fatigue or illness. Many herbs have been shown to impact adrenal function. Adaptogens are plants that produce a non-specific response improving the physiological resistance to stressors. These herbs are often used in the context of adrenal support formulas to balance adrenal hormone levels. It is believed that adaptogenic herbs can increase low levels of adrenal hormone or decrease levels that are elevated. Additionally, these herbs provide balancing activity on many body systems that are impacted by stress, such as the immune response and blood sugar control.In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum 47mg/kg p.o, Withania somnifera 23 mg/kg p.o and Bacopa monnieri 23 mg/kg p.o on plasma cortisol level in mice subjected to swim endurance test and cold restraint stress. The standard group was administered water-soluble root powder of Panax ginseng 100 mg/kg p.o and the stress control group was administered distilled water orally for 7 days. It was found that mice pretreated with ethanolic extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and Bacopa monnieri showed a fall in the plasma cortisol level. The standard group also showed a significant decrease in the plasma cortisol level compared to the stress and normal control groups.

Anti stress activity of olea europaea

Stress and stressor-related disorders are the global illnesses. The immune system is thought to be strengthened by apoptogenic substances due to their ability of restoring normal body functions, which were imbalanced due to the presence of stressful conditions. The aim of study is to evaluate anti stress potential in ethanolic extract of () leaves on swimming endurance test in mice, cold and immobilization stress in rats. The effect was assessed by swimming survival time and estimation of biochemical parameter, weight of gland, organs, blood count in cold and immobilization stress at a dose 400 and 600 mg/kg per oral(p.o).The results demonstrated on comparison with stress models with leaf extract and Gerifort Syrup showing significant increase (p<0.001) in swimming time, significant decrease (p<0.001) in blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), plasma cortisol and Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and also decrease in the weight of adrenal gland and organs weights. Blood cell count such as WBC, polymorphs and neutrophils significant decrease (p<0.01) under physiological limits. It was experimentally compared to control and gerifort group. Thus, obtained results revealed that the leaf extract of have potential Anti-stress activity due to the existence of phenolic compounds, especially secoiridoids and iridoids and antioxidant molecules, such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, caffeic acid, and ligstroside proving its significant anti stress activity.

Streblus asper attenuates stress-induced physical and Biochemical changes in Rat Model

The study deals with the evaluation of Streblus asper hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity using swimming endurance test and milk induced leukocytosis. The Streblus asper hydroalcoholic extract was administered to control vehicle, extract-treated (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) and standard drug (diazepam) treated groups prior to 1 hour of stress methods for 7 consecutive days. Mean swimming time, brain tissue antioxidant profiles (MDA, SOD, GSH, and Catalase), triglyceride, creatinine kinase, and corticosterone were evaluation parameters of adaptogenic activity in the swimming endurance test. However, determination of difference in number of leukocyte count considered as evaluation parameter was using milk induced leukocytosis method. The dose 400 mg/kg p.o. of Streblus asper hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity in both stress method showed significant variation (P< 0.1) when is compared with the stress control group. Therefore, it was revealed that Streblus asper hydroalcoholic extract showed potential adaptogenic activity.

Yellow- and green-cotyledon seeds of black soybean: Phytochemical and bioactive differences determine edibility and medical applications

Black soybean seed (BSS) is a traditional edible and medical food. The cotyledons of BSS are either yellow or green, but that difference's effect on functional and bioactivities are not clear. In the present study, the concentrations of the main functional components, including anthocyanins, isoflavones, fatty acids, protein, and polysaccharides, and in vitro antioxidant activities of yellow-cotyledon and green-cotyledon BSS (YBS and GBS, respectively) were compared. The anti-fatigue activities of the ethanol extract of BSS (EEB) were evaluated using mouse swimming endurance tests. Additionally, a metabolomics comparison between YBS and GBS was done using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) on high doses of EEB-treated mouse plasma. The results indicated that YBS showed significantly higher contents of anthocyanin and protein, and stronger antioxidant activity and anti-fatigue activity than GBS; while GBS showed higher levels of isoflavone, stearic acid, and polysaccharide. By infusing the feed with EEB, the swimming time of mice increased in a dose-dependent manner. The metabolomics results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of EEB correlated well with serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis in vivo. All of the above results showed that BSS has anti-fatigue potential and might be used as a potential source of functional food ingredients.

Development and evaluation of a novel herbal formula for tobacco cessation in nicotine addicted rat model

Tobacco addiction is a major cause of disabilities and premature death. Numerous therapies for de-addiction are available; however, nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms pose problems for addicts. Here, we developed novel herbal formulations using natural plant parts and evaluated for de-addiction of nicotine. Parts of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Avena sativaL., Cinnamomum cassia Blume,Acacia catechu (L.f.)Willd.,Ocimumtenuiflorum L.and Glycyrrhiza glabraL. were formulated in three formulations containing alcohol extracts (AELF), aqueous extracts (WELF) and powdered herbs (PHLF). Swiss albino Wistar rats were addicted with nicotine 10 mg/kg/day for first five days and 20 mg/kg/day for next 10 days subcutaneously. Control rats were administered with 0.9% NaCl (Group VII) and addicted animals were treated with bupropion, 40 mg/kg, p.o. (Group I), rid-tobak, 200 mg/kg, p.o. (Group II), AELF, 200 mg/kg, p.o. (Group III), WELF, 200 mg/kg, p.o. (Group IV), PHLF, 200 mg/kg, p.o. (Group V), 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, p.o. (Group VI) for 15 days. The animals were subjected to Y-maze test, swimming endurance test, behavioural studies on day 0, 1, 6, 11 and on day 16 after withdrawal of nicotine. On day16, brain dopamine and serum cortisol levels were measured. Rats treated with AELF and PHLF showed significant improvement in behavioural parameters, increased brain dopamine level and decreased serum cortisol levels thus being a promising choice for tobacco cessation.

Screening of Synergistic Antistress Activity of Phyllanthus Niruri Leaves and Sapindus mukorossi Fruits

Phyllanthus niruri leaves and Sapindus mukorossi fruits have been traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial and antiparasitic, expectorant, emetic, anti-cancer, mood elevator, and as hepatoprotective. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-stress activity of combined extract of P. niruri leaves and S. mukorossi fruits employing various activities using experimental animals. Rats and Mice were separated into five groups, consisting of six animals each. Methanolic extract of P. niruri leaves (MEPNL), aqueous extract of S. mukorossi fruit (AESMF), and combined extract (MEPNL+AESMF) were prepared and anti-stress activity was investigated by Anoxia induced stress in mice, Immobilization stress in rats, and Swimming endurance test in mice. Combined extract (400 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited remarkable effect as it delayed onset of convulsion time in anoxia stress model when equated to individual extracts. In swimming endurance test, combined extract (400 mg/kg, p.o.) displayed significant effect as it enhanced swimming time in mice when compared to MEPNL (400 mg/kg, p.o) and AESMF (400 mg/kg, p.o). Combined extract has remarkably reduced the serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and cortisol in rats as equated to control. Combination of extracts has produced remarkable and protective effects on organs such as liver, adrenal gland, spleen, and testes. Present study showed that the combined extract of P. niruri leaves and S. mukorossi fruits possessed significant anti-stress action, which was found to be higher than the individual extracts. This indicates the synergistic anti-stress efficacy of the combination of extracts. However, future studies are essential to focus on the cellular mechanism of quantitative phytochemical constituents and ascertain the precise mode of action involved in its anti-stress property.

EFEK ADAPTOGENIK EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.) PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus) MENGGUNAKAN METODE SWIMMING ENDURANCE TEST

Adaptogenic activity was related to antioxidant activity which can reduce the number of free radicals, which in turn will reduce stress and improve body balance. Mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) with a large antioxidant content promises to be Adaptogen. This study aims to examine the Adaptogenic effects of Ethanol Extract of mangosteen peel (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Using the Swimming Endurance Test (SET) in Mice. Simplicia of Mangosteen Fruit extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol, then tested its Adaptogen activity based on swimming endurance test. The group consisted of negative control (NaCMC 1%), positive control (Vit C. 100 mg / kg BB) and 3 groups treatment of ethanol extract of mangosteen peel ranging from 100, 200 and 400 mg / kg BB where all groups were given oral 1x1 oral administration for 7 days and on the 8th day, a SET test were performed. After that, data analysis was performed statistically. The results showed that the ethanol extract of mangosteen peel had the ability to be Adaptogenic where mice swimming in all groups given mangosteen peel extract was longer than the negative group with a significant difference (p <0.05). Ethanol extract of mangosteen peel showed a strong adaptogenic antistress effect in mice based on increased swimming time ability of mice.