Swamp Type Research Articles

Variation of carbon source and sink along the environmental gradient from lakeside to highlands in Yuanchi swamp wetlands, Changbai Mountains, China.

Lacustrine wetlands have long-term carbon storage capacity and contribute significantly to regional carbon cycle, but it is unclear how its carbon sinks respond to climate change. We measured soil heterotrophic respiration carbon emissions (CO2 and CH4), vegetation carbon sequestration, and related environmental factors (temperature, water level, etc.) of five kinds of natural swamps (Phragmites marsh-L, Carex schmidtii marsh-C, Rhododendron capitatum swamp-D, Betula fruticose swamp-H, Larix olgensis swamp-LT)by using static chamber gas chromatography and relative growth equation methods, along the water environmental gradients from lakeside to highlands in Yuanchi of Changbai Mountains. We quantified the carbon source/sink function (CSS) and global warming potential (GWP) of various swamp types by estimating ecosystem net carbon balance, and revealed the variation patterns and formation mechanisms of CSS and GWP along the environmental gradients, aiming to explore the response of carbon source/sink of lakeside wetland in high altitude area to climate change. The results showed that marshes (L and C) were weak sources (-1.018 and -0.090 t C·hm-1·a-1) at the lower habitats of the water environment gradient, shrub swamps (D and H) were strong or weak sinks (1.956 and 0.239 t C·hm-1·a-1) at the middle habitats, forest swamp (LT) was strong source (-3.214 t C·hm-1·a-1) at the upper habitat. The spatial changes were promoted by water level and suppressed by soil temperature. For GWP, strong thermal radiation for marshes (from 44.682 to 59.282 t CO2·hm-1·a-1), cold radiation for shrub swamps (from -0.920 to -7.008 t CO2·hm-1·a-1), and weak thermal radiation for forest swamp (11.668 t CO2·hm-1·a-1), and their GWP was only promoted by soil temperature. Under current climate change background, marshes and forest swamp at both ends of the water environment gradient from lakeside to highlands played a positive feedback effect due to the increases of CH4 or CO2 emissions, while the middle shrub swamp still maintained a negative feedback effect in Yuanchi located the high-altitude area of the temperate Changbai Mountains.

Pengaturan Populasi Tanaman untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Padi pada Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut

Increasing rice productivity on tidal swamp area need to meet available and affordable technologies. Plant population arrangement through planting method is the one of the cultivation technology which not widely adopted yet by farmers in tidal swamp ecosystem. Farmers generally used scattered plant arrangement called hambur. The research was conducted on tidal swamp type B at Karang Agung’s Experimental Field and farmer’s field in Sukaraja Village, Tungkal Ilir District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera, 2018. The experiment was arranged by using split plot design with three replications. The main plot was rice variety (consisted of Inpara-2 and Inpara-8) and sub plot was plant population consisted of [1] Farmer’s practice (hambur/scattered), [2] Legowo 2:1 (213.333 population/ha), [3]Jarwo ganda 1 (376.470 population/ha), and [4] Jarwo ganda 2 (571.428 population/ha). Plant population arrangement in tidal swamp area was significantly effected by location and variety. Legowo 2:1, jarwo ganda 1 and jarwo ganda 2 had significantly higher yield than hambur. Hambur showed higher panicle number per m2 but lower grain filling ability and grain number per panicle. Through plant population arrangement, farmers could reached higher yield and saving seed consumption. Meanwhile, Inpara-2 tended to be more adaptive to population arrangement than Inpara-8. The jarwo ganda 1 with 376,470 plant/ha showed the highest yields for the Inpara-2 variety. Furthermore, we need to identify simple mechanization to help farmer for sowing by adopt plant population arrangement in tidal swamp land

Oocyte aneuploidy rates in river and swamp buffalo types (Bubalus bubalis) determined by Multi-color Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (M-FISH)

Aneuploidy is one of the main causes of fetal and embryonic mortality in mammals. Nonetheless, its incidence in domestic ruminants has been investigated little. Indeed, no incidence data have ever been reported for water buffalo. To establish the incidence of aneuploidy in this species, we analysed in vitro matured metaphase II (MII) oocytes with corresponding first polar bodies (I PB) of the river (2n = 50) and swamp (2n = 48) buffaloes. For the first time, six river type probes (corresponding to chromosomes 1–5 and heterosome X), were tested on swamp buffalo metaphases using Multicolor-Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (M-FISH) before their use on oocytes MII metaphases. Of the 120 total Cumulus Oocyte Complexes (COCs, 60 for each buffalo type) subjected to in vitro maturation, 104 reached the MII stage and were analysed by M-FISH. Haploid chromosome arrangement and visible I PB were observed in 89 of the oocytes (45 in river and 44 in swamp type). In the river type, the analysis revealed one oocyte was disomic for the chromosome X (2.22%). In the swamp type, one oocyte was found to be nullisomic for chromosome X (2.27%); another was found to be nullisomic for chromosome 5 (2.27%). We also observed one oocyte affected by a premature separation of sister chromatids (PSSC) on the chromosome X (2.27%). In both buffalo types, no abnormalities were detected in other investigated chromosomes. Based on merged data, the overall aneuploidy rate for the species was 3.37%. Oocytes with unreduced chromosomes averaged 1.92% across the two types, with 1.96% in river and 1.88% in swamp. The interspecies comparison between these data and cattle and pig published data revealed substantial difference in both total aneuploidy and diploidy rates. Reducing the negative impact of the meiotic segregation errors on the fertility is key to more sustainable breeding, an efficient embryo transfer industry and ex-situ bio-conservation. In this respect, additional M-FISH studies are needed on oocytes of domestic species using larger sets of probes and/or applying next generation sequencing technologies.

Mitogenome Analyses of Water Buffalo: Closeness of the Genetic Architecture of River Buffalo and Wild Buffalo (Bubalus arnee) Excludes Swamp Buffalo

Water buffalo species belongs to genus Bubalus and involves the wild and the domestic types. Domestic water buffaloes are reclassified into river and swamp types. Here, we have reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship between members of water buffalo species based on mitogenome sequences. The phylogenetic tree included lowland anoa, mountain anoain addition to wild, river and swamp water buffalo types.Results indicated the paraphyly of water buffalo species since lowland anoa and mountain anoa were clustered with river and wild water buffalo in a separate clade, leaving swamp buffalo at the outside. Results also indicated close genetic architecture between the mitogenomes of river and wild water buffalo types. These findings may indicate that river buffalo and swamp buffalo belong to two distinct species and that river buffalo and notswamp buffalo is a descendant of wild water buffalo.Mitogenome analysis provided more information about the taxonomic status of water buffalo types and verified their relationship with the members of genus Bubalus.

Effect of meteorological factors on the radial growth of pine latewood in northern taiga

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of day and night meteorological parameters (air temperatures and dew points, relative humidity, wind speed and precipitation) on the radial growth of pine latewood in northern taiga, in typical conditions of its growth. The study was conducted in the north of the Arkhangelsk region (Russia). A total of 63 cores were selected from seven most representative sites. Meteorological parameters were obtained from the WMR 918 H digital weather station (Huger GmbH, Germany), located directly on the study area and operating in monitoring mode. The analysis used meteorological data for the period 2008–2015. Correlation with night and day air temperature in June and July (0.72–0.77) was revealed in blueberry type. In all the stands studied, a reliable correlation with wind speed was established, direct (0.77–0.88) and inverse (−0.7 to −0.99), but each sample plot had an individual dependence. A reliable correlation with the humidity of August and September (0.64–0.87) and an inverse correlation with precipitation in May and August (−0.63 to −0.75) were established. In general, pine in blueberry, cowberry and pine on swamp types have a similar reaction to the variability of meteorological factors, the most important of which is the temperature regime of air and wind speed.

Morphometric characterisation and performance evaluation of Bhangor indigenous swamp buffalo population of Tripura

An attempt was made to assess the phenotypic variability and study the management practices of indigenous swamp buffalo 'Bhangor' population from the north-eastern state of Tripura. Bhangor buffalo animals have morphological features and behaviour similar to typical swamp buffalo. A survey was conducted in villages covering entire state, to record the phenotypic information. Adult animals are medium sized with compact body and used for draught and meat purpose. The horn is like sickle shaped (curved) with flat broad base and mostly corrugated, and curved upward to form a circle. Recently, for the first time, we had characterised Bhangor buffalo based on cytogenetic analysis as swamp type showing 2N=48 chromosomes. In present study, we had evaluated the reproductive performance and management practices. The buffalo provide valuable draught power in paddy fields. The indigenous population are important and much needed for the local communities as they are most suitably adapted to their natural habitat. At present only few swamp buffalo population are left in the country, and the germplasm of this population needs to be conserved.

The distribution of runs of homozygosity in the genome of river and swamp buffaloes reveals a history of adaptation, migration and crossbred events

BackgroundWater buffalo is one of the most important livestock species in the world. Two types of water buffalo exist: river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) and swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabanensis). The buffalo genome has been recently sequenced, and thus a new 90 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) bead chip has been developed. In this study, we investigated the genomic population structure and the level of inbreeding of 185 river and 153 swamp buffaloes using runs of homozygosity (ROH). Analyses were carried out jointly and separately for the two buffalo types.ResultsThe SNP bead chip detected in swamp about one-third of the SNPs identified in the river type. In total, 18,116 ROH were detected in the combined data set (17,784 SNPs), and 16,251 of these were unique. ROH were present in both buffalo types mostly detected (~ 59%) in swamp buffalo. The number of ROH per animal was larger and genomic inbreeding was higher in swamp than river buffalo. In the separated datasets (46,891 and 17,690 SNPs for river and swamp type, respectively), 19,760 and 10,581 ROH were found in river and swamp, respectively. The genes that map to the ROH islands are associated with the adaptation to the environment, fitness traits and reproduction.ConclusionsAnalysis of ROH features in the genome of the two water buffalo types allowed their genomic characterization and highlighted differences between buffalo types and between breeds. A large ROH island on chromosome 2 was shared between river and swamp buffaloes and contained genes that are involved in environmental adaptation and reproduction.

Yield Grade and Quality Assessment of Native Buffalo Meat and Beef at Different Ages

Boosting meat production potential possibly happens when people will judge meat quality and use their livestock wisely, as they meet up their demand from promising animal like buffalo. To evaluate the productive performances and quality assessments of beef and buffalo meats, cattle (Pabna) and buffalo (Native, swamp type) were fattened for 120 days with a single plane of nutrition in a 2×3 (Species×Age) factorial experiment. By slaughtering, the carcass and non-carcass characteristics, primal cuts, pH, drip loss, cooking loss, color, intramuscular fat of meat, marbling score, and yield grade of meat were determined through univariate GLM procedure based CRD analysis. Live and carcass weights of buffalo were significantly higher (p<0.001), but the dressing percentage was significantly lower (p<0.001) than cattle (52.1% & 55.3%, respectively). Species variation and age have a great impact on the yield of primal cuts. Meat: bone of cattle (5.33:1.00) was significantly better (p<0.001) than buffalo (4.57:1.00). Buffalo meat was darker and reddish (p<0.01) in color, and with the increment of age, it was increased (p<0.001). A little amount (p<0.001) of intramuscular fat was found in buffalo meat (0.44%) than cattle (3.31%). The marbling score was measured higher (p<0.001) in cattle than buffalo (5.00 and 3.85, respectively). Buffalo meat scored 3 in 5 scale yield grade point where beef gained 3.5 scores and showed a significant (p<0.05) difference. Finally, buffalo meat scored better than beef with the measures of yield grade, marbling score, and fat percentage, though its lower carcass yield and demerits of a reddish color.

C:N:P stoichiometry of leaves and fine roots in typical forest swamps of the Greater Hinggan Mountains, China

Investigating ecological stoichiometry of leaves and fine roots of forest swamps in the Greater Hinggan Mountains will improve our understanding of plant nutrient use and material cycling in ecosystems at high latitudes with high sensitivity to climate change. In this study, we collected leaf and fine root samples from 19 dominant and subordinate vascular plant species and measured their C, N and P concentrations in three typical forest swamps (Larix gmelinii-Carex schmidtii, L. gmelinii-Vaccinium uliginosum-moss and L. gmelinii-Ledum palustre-Sphagnum) of the Greater Hinggan Mountains, China. We compared C:N:P stoichiometry in leaves and fine roots among different forest swamp types, plant growth forms, and mycorrhizal types. Standardized major axis regression was performed to examine the relationships between leaf and fine root stoichiometry. The results showed that interspecific variation accounted for the largest proportion of total variation in C:N:P stoichiometry of leaves (42.5%-84.6%). N:P had the highest, C:N had the intermediate, and C:P had the lowest interspecific variation in both leaves and fine roots. L. gmelinii-C. schmidtii forest swamps, which had higher soil nutrient and water availability, had lower C:N and C:P in leaves and fine roots. N:P of all three forest swamps were lower than 10, indicating N limitation in this ecosystem. Herbaceous plants had significantly lower leaf C:P, fine root C:N, and fine root C:P than woody species. Both ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal plants had higher leaf and fine root C:N and C:P than arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal species, while the C:P of ericoid mycorrhizal plants was significantly higher than that of ectomycorrhizal species. Forest swamp type, plant growth form, and mycorrhizal type all had greater influences on leaf and fine root C:N and C:P rather than N:P. Leaf and fine root C:N, C:P, and N:P were positively correlated, indicating strong coordination between plant above- and below-ground C:N:P stoichiometry.

Cytogenetic analysis reveals existence of swamp buffalo population in Meghalaya

The present study aimed at assessing the status of the Meghalaya buffalo population from North-East India employing cytogenetic studies. So far buffaloes of the northeastern states of India have been studied except for Tripura and Meghalaya and are generally considered to be of swamp type based on their phenotypic resemblance to swamp type buffaloes. A pilot survey was conducted in the Indian State of Meghalaya for collection of morphometric data from adult animals. The Meghalaya buffaloes investigated cytogenetically possessed a somatic chromosome count of 2N=48, identical to that of typical swamp buffalo, 23 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. The distinctive karyotypic feature of swamp buffalo observed was due to the distinct size of the fourth pair of metacentric chromosome. No morphological or chromosomal abnormality was observed in any of the populations. This is the first confirmed documentation of existence of pure swamp type buffaloes in Meghalaya state of India.

Experimental Study of Model in Folded Plate Soft Clay

South Sumatra is a lowland with various types of clay and swamp with a relatively low soil carrying capacity and varies depending on their physical and mechanical properties. The purpose of this research is to know the carrying capacity of foundation folded plate with a various variation of a model on soft clay soil. This research is an experimental research. The experiment of soft soil sampling is done through experimental laboratory procedure done by laboratory test model (mini scale) in test box that is by loading test to plate model. The result of this research is an examination of physical properties which have been done in Soil Mechanics Laboratory of Faculty of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Sriwijaya University that remolded soil is soft clay based on testing of water content, specific gravity, volume weight, filter analysis, hydrometer and limit waterberg. From the research results obtained the value that the type I folded plate with size b: 250 mm and t1 : 10 mm, the maximum foundation bearing capacity of LVDT I is 0,059, type I with size b: 300 mm and t1 : 10 mm type I with size b: 300 mm and t1 : 10 mm 0.059 and type I with size b: 350 mm and t1 : 10 mm 0.067 mm. The table above explains that Type II folded plate with size b: 250 mm and t1: 10 mm, the maximum foundation bearing capacity of LVDT I is 0,072, type I with size b: 250 mm and t1 : 10 mm type I with size b: 300 mm and t1 : 10 mm 0.083 and type I with size b: 350 mm and t1 : 10 mm 0.095 mm. index. The greater the load then the carrying capacity of the foundation the smaller the decrease. This is because in the testing of the Box has been doing the reinforcement of the soil through the installation of the model of plate foundations vary. So that the porous cavities are filled with particles that bind each other causing the soil structure becomes denser and easily compressed. And if the pressure from the loading then the decline of the soil will be less.

Detection of polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-alpha gene of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and its association with disease resistance

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and death, as well as in innate and adaptive immune response. In this study we have sequence characterized upstream regulatory region of TNF-á gene of buffalo. Ten single polymorphic nucleotides (SNPs) -541A/T, -553A/G, -563,C/G, -619A/G, -659A/G, -706C/G, -730G/T, -794A/G, -898G/T, -981A/G) along with one indel at position -783 were identified. Further when analysed, among riverine and swamp types, 16 and 17 transcription factor–binding sites (TFBS) respectively were observed. Riverine and swamp buffaloes differed by PAX-2 transcription factor binding site at position -541 present in riverine and absent in swamp, important in the proliferation of multiple cell lines and development of organs. Comparative analysis of TNF-á upstream region revealed presence of additional NF-k binding site in buffalo and v-Myb binding site in cattle only. Genotyping of SNP -794A/G by tetra-ARMS PCR revealed variable allele frequencies among riverine and swamp buffaloes, however in clinical mastitis affected and non-affected Murrah buffaloes this SNP didn’t show any significant association with mastitis resistance. Overall study reveals the sequence variation in TNF-á promoter, possibly leading to modification of transcriptional regulation in swamp and riverine buffalo.

长白山原始针叶林沼泽湿地生态系统碳储量

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长白山原始针叶林沼泽湿地生态系统碳储量 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201802220375 作者: 作者单位: 东北林业大学生态研究中心,东北林业大学生态研究中心,东北林业大学生态研究中心,东北林业大学生态研究中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31370461）；国家"十三五"重点研发计划项目（2016YFC050021-02） Carbon storage of a primary coniferous forested wetland ecosystem in the temperate Changbai Mountain of China Author: Affiliation: Center for Ecological Research,Northeast Forestry University,Center for Ecological Research,Northeast Forestry University,Center for Ecological Research,Northeast Forestry University,Center for Ecological Research,Northeast Forestry University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:采用年轮分析及相对生长方程法与碳/氮分析仪测定法，测定温带长白山沿湿地过渡带环境梯度依次分布的5种典型原始沼泽类型（草丛沼泽-C、灌丛沼泽-G、落叶松泥炭藓沼泽-LN、落叶松藓类沼泽-LX和落叶松苔草沼泽-LT）生态系统碳储量（植被和土壤）、植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量，定量评价温带森林湿地固碳能力及其长期碳汇作用，并揭示其沿过渡带水分环境梯度的空间分异规律。结果表明：①5种天然沼泽类型的植被碳储量（3.18±1.70）-（112.2±18.3）tC/hm2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上呈递增趋势，针叶林沼泽显著高于C和G 12.2-34.3倍，G高于C 0.6倍，且LX和LT显著高于LN 0.3-0.6倍；②土壤碳储量（296.3±42.2）-（824.50±50.79）tC/hm2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上呈递减趋势，C显著高于G和针叶林沼泽30.8%-178.3%（P < 0.05），G显著高于针叶林沼泽38.7%-112.8%，且LN和LT显著高于LX 32.8%-53.4%；③生态系统碳储量（408.42±57.53）-（827.52±50.96）tC/hm2沿过渡带环境梯度总体上也呈递减趋势，C显著高于G和针叶林沼泽30.2%-102.7%，G显著高于针叶林沼泽21.5%-55.6%，且LN和LT显著高于LX 18.8%-28.0%；④5种沼泽类型的植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量分布在（5.74±0.08）-（10.98±1.67）t hm-2 a-1和（2.44±0.03）-（5.17±0.83）tC hm-2 a-1，其中，LX和LT的植被净初级生产力显著高于C、G和LN 61.2%-91.3%和34.5%-59.6%；而在植被年净固碳量方面，3种针叶林沼泽类型均显著高于C和G 28.7%-111.9%和19.4%-96.6%。故长白山5种天然沼泽类型的植被净初级生产力与年净固碳量沿湿地过渡带环境梯度总体上呈现出阶梯式递增趋势，且仅有LX和LT达到了中国陆地植被及全球陆地植被平均固碳水平。因此，温带长白山沼草丛沼泽和灌丛沼泽长期碳汇作用强于森林沼泽，湿地碳汇管理实践中应重视草丛沼泽和灌丛沼泽的保护与恢复。 Abstract:An annual ring analysis, relative growth equation method, and carbon/nitrogen analysis assay were used to determine the ecosystem carbon stocks (vegetation and soil) of five typical types of primitive swamps (Swamp Swamp-C, Shrub Swamp-G, Larix olgensis-Sphagnum magellanicum swamp-LN, Larix olgensis-moss swamp-LX, and Larix olgensis-Carex schmidtii swamp-LT) in the transitional zone of the wetland in the temperate zone of Changbai Mountain. The results showed that ① The vegetation carbon stocks of the five natural swamp types were(3.18±1.70)-(112.2±18.3) tC/hm2, which increased gradually along the transitional zone. The conifer forest swamps had significantly higher values than did C and G by 12.2 and 34.3 times, respectively, G was higher than C by 0.6 times, and LX and LT were significantly higher than LN by 0.3 and 0.6 times; ② The soil carbon stocks of (296.3±42.2)-(824.50±50.79) tC/hm2 declined along the environmental gradient of the transitional zone, C was significantly higher than that of G and the coniferous forest swamps by 30.8%-178.3%. Coniferous forest swamps were lower by 38.7%-112.8%, and LN and LT were significantly higher than LX 32.8%-53.4%; ③ The ecosystem carbon stocks of (408.42±57.53)-(827.52±50.96) tC/hm2 also showed a decreasing trend along the transitional zone, C was significantly higher than G and coniferous forest swamps by 30.2%-102.7%, and G was significantly higher than that of coniferous forests. Marsh was higher by 21.5%-55.6%, and LN and LT were significantly higher than LX by 18.8%-28.0%; ④ The net primary productivity and annual net carbon sequestration of vegetation in the five swamp types were distributed at (5.74±0.08)-(10.98±1.67) t hm-2 a-1 and (2.44±0.03)-(5.17±0.83) tC hm-2 a-1, of which, the net primary productivity of LX and LT was significantly higher than that of C, G, and LN by 61.2%-91.3% and 34.5%-59.6%. In terms of annual net carbon sequestration of vegetation, the coniferous forest swamp types were significantly higher than those of C and G by 28.7%-111.9% and 19.4%-96.6%. That is why the net primary productivity and annual net carbon fixation of the five natural marsh types in Changbai Mountain show a stepwise increasing trend along the environmental gradient in the transitional zone of wetlands. However, only LX and LT reached the average carbon fixation of land vegetation and global terrestrial vegetation in China. Therefore, the long-term carbon sink effect of the Changbai mountain marsh swamps and shrub swamps is stronger than that of forest swamps. We should protect and restore swamps and shrub swamps in our wetland carbon sink management practices. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

New Insights on Water Buffalo Genomic Diversity and Post-Domestication Migration Routes From Medium Density SNP Chip Data.

The domestic water buffalo is native to the Asian continent but through historical migrations and recent importations, nowadays has a worldwide distribution. The two types of water buffalo, i.e., river and swamp, display distinct morphological and behavioral traits, different karyotypes and also have different purposes and geographical distributions. River buffaloes from Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Mozambique, Brazil and Colombia, and swamp buffaloes from China, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia and Brazil were genotyped with a species-specific medium-density 90K SNP panel. We estimated the levels of molecular diversity and described population structure, which revealed historical relationships between populations and migration events. Three distinct gene pools were identified in pure river as well as in pure swamp buffalo populations. Genomic admixture was seen in the Philippines and in Brazil, resulting from importations of animals for breed improvement. Our results were largely consistent with previous archeological, historical and molecular-based evidence for two independent domestication events for river- and swamp-type buffaloes, which occurred in the Indo-Pakistani region and close to the China/Indochina border, respectively. Based on a geographical analysis of the distribution of diversity, our evidence also indicated that the water buffalo spread out of the domestication centers followed two major divergent migration directions: river buffaloes migrated west from the Indian sub-continent while swamp buffaloes migrated from northern Indochina via an east-south-eastern route. These data suggest that the current distribution of water buffalo diversity has been shaped by the combined effects of multiple migration events occurred at different stages of the post-domestication history of the species.

ПРОЕКТОВАНИЙ МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ГЕОПАРК «ПОЛІССЯ» (УКРАЇНА –ПОЛЬЩА–БІЛОРУСЬ) ЯК ФОРМА ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ГЕОРІЗНОМАНІТНОСТІ І ПОПУЛЯРИЗАЦІЇ ГЕОСПАДЩИНИ ТБР «ЗАХІДНЕ ПОЛІССЯ»

In this article we offered a creation of international geopark «Polesie» (Ukraine-Poland-Belarus) within a Threelateral Biosphere Reserve «West Polesie» and adjoining territories. Future geopark will embrace the biggest lake-marsh Europe massif (polish Lęczna-Włodawa lake group, ukrainian Shatsk lake group and belarusian Brest lake group) with complicated geological structure and interesting combination of different genetic types of relief. Geoheritage of Shatsk lake group consists of the biggest number of natural water-divided lakes of Polesie lake belt (28 lakes; the biggest lakes are Svitiaz, Luky, Liutsymer, Pulymetskie, Somynets and others; lakes that are significant in area, upper part of Pripyat and small fragment of valley of West Bug, aeolian forms (dunes) with different morphology, fluvial and glacial deposits and forms (eskers, kames), glacial deposits (moraine) of Riss glaciation).Geoheritage of Lęczna-Włodawa lake group consists of 17 lakes (the most famous are Ustswiez, Piaseczno, Bzesichno, Lukietek, Charne Goscinieckie; the most used in recreation – Piaseczno, Roguzno, Krasne, Lukcze, Zaglebocze), flat and hilly relief with reminders of terminal moraines (in the areaof lakes Miske and Kleszczow) and a small number of sand dunes, and different types of lowland swamp (Korovyache Boloto, Dubechynske Boloto, Bolota over Chorne swamp and others) and the upper reaches of rivers (Pivoniya, Tysmenytsia and Bobrivka). Geoheritage of Brest lake group consists of: 130 lakes (the biggest 7 of them create Brest lake group: Seliahy (the biggest), Rogoznianske, Bile, Tajne, Chorne, Mednianske, Stradechske), system of artificial basins «Stradoch» (Tovarnyj, Dovgyj, Kutjevo, Rakovo and others), famous water reservoir Orhovo; areas with flat and hilly relief of moraine plain and flat and wavy fluvial and glacial, floodplain and overfloodplain terraces; many sand dunes on the river and lake banks; parts of river plains of West Bug, Stepanivka, Seredova Richka, Kopayivka, many small streams and systems of amelioration channels. We consider that there are all preconditions for creating this geopark: outstanding geodiversity of territory (wide spectrum of geological (rocks, minerals, fossils), geomorphological (relief forms, processes) and soil features); substantive concentration of geoheritage objects; different protection forms of natural, historical and cultural heritage; availability of clear management and strategies of constant development. Newly created geopark will give an allowance for effective management of geoheritage of West Polesie region, implementation of new forms and methods of geoconservation, active development of geoeducation and geotourism.

Dynamic expression of cytokine and transcription factor genes during experimental Fasciola gigantica infection in buffaloes

BackgroundDetermining the mechanisms involved in the immune-pathogenesis of the tropical liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica, is crucial to the development of any effective therapeutic intervention. Here, we examined the differential gene expression of cytokines and transcription factors in the liver of F. gigantica-infected buffaloes, over the course of infection.MethodsWater buffaloes (swamp type) were infected orally with 500 F. gigantica encysted metacercariae. Liver tissue samples were collected 3, 10, 28, 42, 70 and 98 days post-infection (dpi). Levels of gene expression of nine cytokines (IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12B, IL-13 and IL-17A) and four transcription factors (T-bet, GATA-3, Foxp3 and ROR-γτ) were determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We evaluated any correlation between gene expression of these immune-regulatory factors and the severity of liver pathology.ResultsHistopathological examination revealed that cellular infiltration, hemorrhage and fibrosis without calcification in the liver parenchyma of infected buffaloes, increased over the course of infection. This progressive pathology was attributed to dysregulated and excessive inflammatory responses induced by infection. The early infection phase (3–10 dpi) was marked by a generalized immunosuppression and elevated TGF-β expression in order to facilitate parasite colonization. A mixed Th1/Th2 immune response was dominant from 28 to 70 dpi, to promote parasite survival while minimizing host tissue damage. During late infection (98 dpi), the response was biased towards Th1/Treg in order to inhibit the host’s Th2 protective response and promote chronic infection. Both IL-10 and IL-17A and the Th17/Treg balance, played key roles in mediating the inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms in the liver during chronic fasciolosis.ConclusionsOur data showed distinct CD4+ T helper (Th) polarization and cytokine dysregulation in response to F. gigantica infection in water buffaloes over the course of infection. Characterizing the temporal expression profiles for host immune genes during infection should provide important information for defining how F. gigantica adapts and survives in the liver of buffaloes and how host immune responses influence F. gigantica pathogenicity.

Geomorphic controls on fluvial carbon exports and emissions from upland swamps in eastern Australia

Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone (THPSS) are upland wetlands, similar to fens in the Northern Hemisphere and are found at the headwaters of low-order streams on the plateaus of Eastern Australia. They are classified as endangered ecological communities under State and National legislation. Previous works have identified particular geomorphic characteristics that are important to carbon storage in these low energy sediment accumulation zones. Changes in the geomorphic structure of THPSS, such as channelisation, may have profound implications for carbon storage. To assess the effect of channelisation on carbon budgets in these ecosystems it is essential to identify and quantify differences in carbon export, emissions and stocks of carbon of intact swamps and those that have become channelised. We undertook seasonal sampling of the perched swamp aquifers and surface waters of two intact swamps and two channelised fills in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia, to investigate differences in carbon exports and emissions between the two swamp types. We found that channelised fills' mean CO2 emissions were almost four times higher than intact swamps with mean CH4 emissions up to five times higher. Annual fluvial carbon exports for channelised fills were up to 18 times that of intact swamps. Channelised fill exports and emissions can represent up to 2% of the total swamp carbon stocks per annum which is 40 times higher than the intact swamps. This work clearly demonstrates that changes in geomorphic structure brought about by incision and channelisation results in profound changes to the carbon storage function of THPSS.

Exploring polymorphism of prolactin gene and its possible association with repeat breeding in buffaloes

Prolactin (PRL), a polypeptide hormone is important for a number of biological functions. In livestock, genetic polymorphism of PRL has been found to be associated with various production and reproduction traits. Here, we explored genetic variability in regulatory and signal peptide encoding regions of PRL gene and its possible association with fertility trait in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) – a major livestock species of South Asia. Showing low genetic variability overall across the buffalo populations, a total of three SNPs – two in promoter (-C754T and -A516G) and one in exon 2 (C3666T) were identified in 2.2kb long region characterized from a pool of 12 buffalo populations. Importantly, the SNP at C3666T locus in exon 2 region caused a substitution of hydrophilic arginine (Arg, CGC) residue with hydrophobic cysteine (Cys, TGC) of signal peptide, leading to expansion of hydrophobic domain; and predictably found afflicting the cleavage site. Genotyping of two SNPs (-C754T and C3666T) was carried out by PCR-RFLP (BsrI) and tetra primer-ARMS PCR, respectively in 288 animals belonging to eight different riverine and swamp buffalo populations. The frequency of T allele, encoding hydrophobic cysteine in signal peptide at C3666T locus was found to be very high (0.882) in buffaloes, overall. Principle Coordinates Analysis revealed clustering of riverine buffalo populations (except Toda and Chilika), diverging from swamp type. A univariate logistic regression analysis conducted to explore association of buffalo PRL SNPs with fertility trait revealed that the genotypic frequencies for both loci (-C754T and C3666T) were found to have no significant difference between normal (n=25) and repeat (n=36) breeder Murrah buffaloes. Interestingly, a very high frequencies of T allele – responsible for Arg>Cys substitution – at C3666T locus were observed in both repeat (0.972) and normal (0.920) breeder groups. Since, maturation and secretion of the PRL hormone is strongly determined by signal peptide, our study provides an insight on the genetic variability in PRL promoter and signal peptide regions and its possible role in repeat breeding in buffaloes.

Modeling the long-term effects of introduced herbivores on the spread of an invasive tree

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake (hereafter melaleuca) is an invasive tree from Australia that has spread over the freshwater ecosystems of southern Florida, displacing native vegetation, thus threatening native biodiversity. Suppression of melaleuca appears to be progressing through the introduction of insect species, the weevil, Oxiops vitiosa, and the psyllid, Boreioglycaspis melaleucae. To improve understanding of the possible effects of herbivory on the landscape dynamics of melaleuca in native southern Florida plant communities. We projected likely future changes in plant communities using the individual based modeling platform, JABOWA-II, by simulating successional processes occurring in two types of southern Florida habitat, cypress swamp and bay swamp, occupied by native species and melaleuca, with the impact of insect herbivores. Computer simulations show melaleuca invasion leads to decreases in density and basal area of native species, but herbivory would effectively control melaleuca to low levels, resulting in a recovery of native species. When herbivory was modeled on pure melaleuca stands, it was more effective in stands with initially larger-sized melaleuca. Although the simulated herbivory did not eliminate melaleuca, it decreased its presence dramatically in all cases, supporting the long-term effectiveness of herbivory in controlling melaleuca invasion. The results provide three conclusions relevant to management: (1) The introduction of insect herbivory that has been applied to melaleuca appears sufficient to suppress melaleuca over the long term, (2) dominant native species may recover in about 50 years, and (3) regrowth of native species will further suppress melaleuca through competition.

Increasing Growth and Production on Two Rice Varieties of Submersion Stress Condition on Two Lowland Swamp Types

This study aims to determine the best fertilizer treatment at vegetative stage for the growth and yield of rice submergence stress conditions on two types of swampy lowland. The experimental design used in this research was spilt-plot design with three replications. The main plot was fertilization treatment consisting of P1 = base fertilization, P2 = fertilizer before being submerged, P3 = fertilizer after being submerged + PPC Micro, P4 = fertilization before and after being submerged. The subplots are varieties of rice, V1 = Inpara 5, V2 = IR 64. The subplot was rice variety which consisted of V1 = Inpara 5, V2 = IR 64. The results showed fertilization treatment can increase rice production growth and submergence stress conditions, varieties of Inpara 5 added with fertilization before flooded can suppress a decrease in grain yield for 16 % in the shallow-back swamp and 6 % in middle-back swamps or with each production of 2.9 and 5.1 tons per hectare, varieties of Inpara 5 which is giving fertilization before flooded, tends to be a good treatment to be developed in rice submergence cultivation both in the the shallow-back swamp and middle-back swamps.