Sustainable Water Treatment Research Articles

Ce4+-Substituted Ni-Al mixed oxide: fluoride adsorption performance and reusability.

In this study, Ce4+-doped Ni-Al mixed oxides (NACO) were synthesized and comprehensively characterized for their potential application in fluoride adsorption. NACOs were examined using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), revealing a sheet-like morphology with a nodular appearance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of mixed oxides of cubic crystal structure, with characteristic planes (111), (200), and (220) at 2θ values of 37.63°, 43.61°, and 63.64°, respectively. Further investigations using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) identified the presence of elements such as Ni, Al, Ce, and O with oxidation states +2, +3, +4, and -2, respectively. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis indicated that NACO followed a type IV physisorption isotherm, suggesting favorable surface adsorption characteristics. The adsorption kinetics was studied, and the experimental data exhibited a good suit to both pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, as indicated by high R2 values. Moreover, the Freundlich isotherm model demonstrated a good fit to the experimental data. The result also revealed that NACO has a maximum capacity for adsorption (qmax) of 132 mg g-1. Thermodynamic studies showed that fluoride adsorption onto NACO was feasible and spontaneous. Additionally, NACO exhibited excellent regeneration capabilities, as evidenced by a remarkable 75.71% removal efficiency at the sixth regeneration stage, indicating sustained adsorption capacity even after multiple regeneration cycles. Overall, NACOs displayed promising characteristics for fluoride adsorption, making them potential candidates for efficient and sustainable water treatment technologies.

Effect of copper doping on the photocatalytic performance of Ni2O3@PC membrane composites in norfloxacin degradation.

In this study, copper (Cu) and nickel oxide (Ni2O3) microtubes (MTs) were synthesized using an electroless template deposition technique within porous polycarbonate (PC) track-etched membranes (TeMs) to obtain Cu@PC and Ni2O3@PC composite membranes, respectively. The pristine PC TeMs featured nanochannels with a pore density of 4 × 107 pores per cm2 and an average pore diameter of 400 ± 13 nm. The synthesis of a mixed composite, combining Cu and Ni2O3 within the PC matrix, was achieved through a two-step deposition process using a Ni2O3@PC template. An analysis of the resultant composite structure (Cu/Ni2O3@PC) confirmed the existence of CuNi (97.3%) and CuO (2.7%) crystalline phases. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In photodegradation assessments, the Cu/Ni2O3@PC mixed composite demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity, achieving a substantial 59% degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) under UV light irradiation. This performance surpassed that of both Ni2O3@PC and Cu@PC composites. The optimal pH for maximum NOR removal from the aqueous solution was determined to be pH 5, with a reaction time of 180 min. The degradation of NOR in the presence of these composites adhered to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism and a pseudo-first order kinetic model. The reusability of the catalysts was also investigated for 10 consecutive runs, without any activation or regeneration treatments. The Cu@PC membrane catalyst demonstrated a marked decline in degradation efficiency after the 2nd test cycle, ultimately catalyzing only 10% of NOR after the 10th cycle. In contrast, the Ni2O3@PC based catalyst demonstrated a more stable NOR degradation efficiency throughout all 10 runs, with 27% NOR removal observed during the final test. Remarkably, the catalytic performance of the Cu/Ni2O3@PC mixed composite remained highly active even after being recycled 4 times. The degradation efficiency exhibited a gradual reduction, with a 17% decrease after the 6th run and a cumulative 35% removal of NOR achieved by the 10th cycle. Overall, the findings indicate that Cu/Ni2O3@PC mixed composite membranes may represent an advancement in the quest to mitigate the adverse effects of antibiotic pollution in aquatic environments and hold significant promise for sustainable water treatment practices.

Sustainable bamboo and coconut shell activated carbon for purifying river water on Borneo Island

This research aims to transform agricultural waste abundantly available in Sarawak into activated carbon as a sustainable water treatment source. Seven river water samples from Sarawak River were collected and treated with 2 g, 4 g, 6 g, 8 g, and 10 g of bamboo activated carbon (BAC) and coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC). Parameters investigated include Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), pH, Temperature. The removal of TSS and NH3-N increases with the increment of the BAC and CSAC dosages from 2 g to 10 g. 10 g of BAC is able to remove 83.35 % of TSS and 82.61 % of NH3-N in 750 ml of river water, while 10 g of CSAC is only able to remove 79.18 % of TSS and 83.73 % of NH3-N for 750 ml of river water. Results revealed that BAC is marginally more effective than CSAC in treating river water. DO levels were lowered undesirably after the treatment process. The temperature slightly increases after treatment due to exothermic chemical reactions and adsorption processes. The treatment brings little impact on pH level. The developed BAC and CSAC have proven sustainable, simple, low cost, and environmentally friendly with their excellent porous structure and large specific surface area for river water treatment.

Graphene-Enhanced Methacrylated Alginate Gel Films for Sustainable Dye Removal in Water Purification.

Self-standing nanocomposite films were prepared by three-dimensional UV-induced radical copolymerization of methacrylated alginate (MALG) with acrylic acid (AA) and reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) to improve both mechanical strength and dye adsorption capacity in wastewater decontamination operations. Dynamic mechanical-thermal analysis revealed variations in storage modulus: the higher the GO content, the higher the storage modulus (E') values. Also, the higher the temperature (associated with a lower and lower water content of films), the larger values of E' for the films of the same composition (E'(25 °C) = 676.6-1538.7 MPa; E'(100 °C) = 886.9-2066.6 MPa), providing insights into the compatibility between GO and the MALG/AA matrix, as well as, assessing the improvement in the nanocomposite's final mechanical properties. These crosslinked films in a dry state exhibited rapid water uptake and relatively short drying times (ca. 30 min at room temperature for the MALG/AA/GO composites) resulting from the swelling-drying studies and water contact angle measurements. The efficacy of methylene blue removal from water assessed via UV-VIS spectrometry revealed excellent results, expressed as an adsorption yield of 70-80% and 85-98% after 30 h and 258 h, respectively, of immersion time of films into an MB aqueous solution of 12.5 mg/L (as the contaminated water model). The reusability of the same films was evaluated by consecutive extraction processes of MB from the composite membranes when the content of desorbed dye was also spectrophotometrically monitored and conducted in acidic conditions (HCl aqueous solutions of pH 2). Overall, the introduction of GO in the developed self-standing MALG/AA nanocomposite films exhibited enhanced mechanical properties and increased efficiency for dye removal applications. Their great reutilization potential was highlighted by low drying times and a good ability to release the dye initially adsorbed. Thus, the prepared films could be suitable materials for sustainable and effective water treatment technologies.

Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonia Using Copper Oxide Catalysts

The electrochemical conversion of nitrates to ammonia offers a promising alternative to the energy- and resource-intensive Haber-Bosch process while simultaneously removing nitrates, a common water pollutant. However, this process is hindered by the eight-electron reduction required to convert nitrate to ammonia, as well as competing hydrogen evolution reactions and other nitrate reduction pathways. Efficient catalysts are essential to address these challenges, and recent studies suggest that oxide catalysts with oxygen vacancies can optimize adsorption energies of intermediates and improve catalytic performance. Copper oxides with oxygen vacancy display high ammonia selectivity in nitrate reduction, but the complexity in vacancy enrichment and the inferior hydrogen adsorption on oxides make nitrate reduction an inefficient process.In this study, a CuOx composite electrode was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, and its performance was evaluated for efficient conversion of nitrate to ammonia. The synthesized CuOx nanostructure was characterized using X-ray diffraction to determine phase purity and crystal structure, while surface morphology of prepared samples was examined with high resolution transmission electron microscope. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that there were abundant oxygen vacancies on the surface of the CuOx, which can act as nitrate adsorption sites. The obtained CuOx composite electrode performs at a high ammonia Faradaic efficiency of over 80% and long-term stability due to interfacial coupling effects. These findings highlight the potential of CuOx catalysts for electrochemical nitrate reduction, offering new opportunities for sustainable nitrogen management and water treatment.

A hierarchical 3D hybrid CoAl-layered double hydroxide/TiO2/Ti3C2 MXene S-scheme photocatalyst with 2D/0D/2D contact interfaces for sustainable pollutant degradation

Environmental pollution, particularly that derived from waterborne antibiotics, is a rising concern because of its detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Hence, in this study, we present a hierarchical 3D-structured hybrid photocatalyst comprising a CoAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH), TiO2, and Ti3C2 MXene synthesized using an in situ hydrothermal method. Various characterization techniques revealed that the hybrid CoAl-LDH/TiO2/Ti3C2 photocatalyst exhibited improved optical absorption, and the tailored 2D/0D/2D contact interfaces among the constituents enhanced charge migration and minimized electron-hole recombination. The results of electron paramagnetic resonance and in situ-irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the hybrid photocatalyst follows an S-scheme mechanism that not only promotes the separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs but also preserves their robust redox capability. The amalgamation of the three components resulted in synergistic advantages. Consequently, the optimized CoAl-LDH/TiO2/Ti3C2 photocatalyst exhibited remarkable performance in degrading and mineralizing the antibiotic diclofenac sodium (DFS) and the dyes rhodamine B and indigo carmine, surpassing its constituents and previously reported photocatalysts. Furthermore, the hybrid retained high efficiency across multiple cycles, underscoring its potential reusability. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of the developed hybrid photocatalyst for sustainable water treatment, thereby fostering cleaner aqueous environments.

Urban Slums Morbidity Spectrum: A Cross Sectional Study on Korogocho Slum, Kenya

Community health outreach is part of community-based health care, an extension of facility-based primary care services used to reach the underserved. Slums population in sub-Sahara Africa has been growing by 9 million persons per year making slum occupancy to form more than 56% of urban settlements. A slum is characterized by inadequate access to safe water, inadequate access to sanitation and infrastructure, poor structural quality of housing, overcrowding, and insecure residential status. People in slums due to their environment are more vulnerable to communicable diseases, respiratory diseases, malnutrition and accidents. The main objective was to identify the 10 top most prevalent diseases in Korogocho slums. A cross-sectional study design was applied. Study period was between January 2021 and December 2021. Data was collected through a series of 12 Community health outreach sessions at Korogocho slums in Nairobi, Kenya. Secondary data was extracted and analyzed using SPSS version 25.A total of 3699 individuals were treated, there were more females (67.96%) than males (32.01%) and at least 1 person was identified as a transgender. Age group of 0 to 59 months (472 patients) had more males than females while 19 to 59 years old (1413 patients) females formed majority of Community health outreach attendants. Modal age group was 19 to 59 years among females and 0 to 59 months among males representing 45.28% of the total patients. An average of 308 patients was seen per session. Respiratory tract infections (44.8%), skin diseases (13.8%), abdominal diseases (13.2%), musculoskeletal disorder (7.86%), eye conditions (4.75%), genitourinary diseases (4.18%), ENT diseases (3.9%), hypertension (3.36%), dental problems (2.1%) and wounds and injuries (2.05%) respectively formed the 10 most prevalent diseases in Korogocho slums. Public health intervention of wearing of medical face mask to prevent allergens and airborne infections is highly recommended, prompt and timely treatment of respiratory diseases will help in reducing respiratory related complications. Cost effective and sustainable water treatment options should be availed to the locals to help in improving water quality so as to reduce infective abdominal-diseases.

Optimizing Operational Conditions of Pilot-Scale Membrane Capacitive Deionization System

In this study, we developed a pilot-scale membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) system for treating mildly brackish water and examined various operational parameters, including module arrangements, adsorption/desorption times, and flow rates. As we aimed to optimize these parameters to increase total dissolved solids (TDS) removal efficiency, the results revealed that the dual-series mode module arrangement and an adsorption time of 120 s with a flow rate of 10 L/min achieved the highest TDS removal efficiency of 99%. Energy consumption analysis showed that lower flow rates were associated with higher TDS removal efficiencies, highlighting the balance between energy consumption and water quality. This study provides insights into optimizing a pilot-scale MCDI for efficient water supply solutions, offering promise for sustainable and eco-friendly water treatment.

Sustainable Water Treatment: Utilizing Banana Peel Extract as a Natural Coagulant

Sustainable Water Treatment: Utilizing Banana Peel Extract as a Natural Coagulant

Navigating Produced Water Sustainability in the Oil and Gas Sector: A Critical Review of Reuse Challenges, Treatment Technologies, and Prospects Ahead

The petroleum industry produces a large amount of wastewater, known as produced water (PW), during oil production and processing. This PW contains hazardous organic and inorganic components that can harm the environment. Conventional treatment methods have been used to purify PW, but they do not meet environmental regulations, especially when the goal is to reuse the water. Therefore, further research is needed to find an effective technology for managing PW. This review focuses on the characteristics and management of PW originating from oil and gas fields. Firstly, we provide a detailed overview of PW production scenarios worldwide and in the US with detailed quantities and chemical compositions of organic, inorganic, and physicochemical characteristics. Secondly, challenges and environmental concerns associated with treating PW are discussed. Thirdly, all relevant treatment technologies for PW are systematically explored. In addition, this review highlights the management of PW and suggests treatment options and best practices for the industry, and finally, future research needs and opportunities for sustainable water treatment and effective reuse technologies are addressed. Because PW contains a variety of severe contaminants, single methods have not been effective in converting it to a reusable form or fulfilling disposal criteria. As a result, integrated technologies may provide a potential approach that not only meets regulatory standards but also provides chances to employ PW as a non-conventional water supply. Advances in PW management are critical and demand a defined framework and risk-based approach to determine and build the most efficient plan.

Economical-effective purification of brackish water through an integrated capacitive desalination & boron adsorption system

The escalating scarcity of high-quality water for potable, industrial, and agricultural use necessitates innovative methods to augment freshwater supply from unconventional sources. This study primarily aims to lower boron (B) and chloride (Cl−) levels in brackish water to meet water quality standards of B < 0.5 mg/L and Cl− < 250 mg/L. To meet this goal, an innovative adsorbent, OQAS-AC@NGO, was used for boron removal. It combines organosilicon quaternary ammonium chloride (OQAS) modified activated carbon (AC) within a self-assembled nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (NGO) structure. Before boron removal, a capacitive deionization (CDI) system was used, employing OQAS-AC as the anode and COOH-modified AC as the cathode for chloride ion electrosorption. Through this cooperation procedure, the treated water meets the required quality standards while significantly reducing chemical costs by approximately 13.5 times when compared to conventional ion exchange resin methods for adsorbent regeneration. Moreover, the OQAS-AC@NGO adsorbent sustains its efficiency through multiple cycles, outperforming non-assembled N-GO in terms of yield, performance, and water flux. This underscores the cost-effective adsorbent preparation and enhanced water productivity. Economic analysis endorses the integrated CDI & B adsorption approach, advancing both sustainable water treatment processes and practical industrial applications.

Application of Green Technology in Clean Water Treatment Installation: A Case Study of Batuah Village

Access to clean water is a fundamental human right, critical to life and health, especially in many rural regions such as Batuah Village. However, several obstacles, including the geographic layout, absence of natural rivers or surface water, and lack of a comprehensive public water supply network, have made the provision of clean water to these communities exceedingly challenging. This study, titled "The Application of Green Technology in Clean Water Treatment Installation: A Case Study of Batuah Village," is concentrated on employing environmentally-friendly technology in water purification. The objective is to ascertain its impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of water treatment processes. Through the deployment of sustainable water treatment systems, the research aspires to evaluate the performance of such technologies in enhancing water quality, accessibility, and sustainability. This research delves into the strengths and weaknesses of the existing system, proposes potential improvements, and assesses the implications of adopting these green technologies on the socio-economic fabric of the village. The insights derived could be beneficial for other similar contexts striving to ensure clean water availability in challenging environments. This research applied a collaborative strategic planning method, involving Batuah Village Government, Samarinda State Polytechnic, and the community in planning the Pamsimas program. The Pamsimas Water Treatment Installation (IPA Pamsimas) Karya Makmur, a community-managed system guided by government, educational institutions, and BSSR, demonstrated this synergistic approach. The study aimed to implement, sustain, and assess the clean water program's effectiveness using observations, interviews, and tests in the Batuah village area.

Implementation of fungal-based desalination through capacitive deionization for urban water provision: a conceptual framework

The increasing demand for clean water in urban areas calls for innovative and sustainable water treatment solutions. Capacitive deionization (CDI), using fungal-based materials for desalination, offers potential benefits such as sustainability, low cost, and scalability, for urban water provision. However, few studies have explored the practical application of fungal-based CDI technology. This research assesses the feasibility of implementing fungal-based CDI technology in urban water provision systems, drawing on the key study from Chen et al.’s 2022 research, examining the preparation and performance of fungal-based CDI electrodes derived from Aspergillus niger. To create a reliable and up-to-date conceptual model, additional literature from indexed journals, focusing on CDI in desalination facilities from the past decade, is also reviewed. A conceptual framework was developed to demonstrate the potential integration of fungal-based CDI technology into urban water treatment systems, and taking into account factors such as capital and operational costs, scalability, and sustainability. The outcome of this study is a conceptual model that promotes further development of urban water provision through desalination, broadening the perspective on the application of emerging biotechnology, using fungal-based materials for water provision.

Boosting clean water evaporation and sustainable water treatment by photothermally induced artificial system

Boosting clean water evaporation and sustainable water treatment by photothermally induced artificial system

Effect of light wavelengths on algal-bacterial symbiotic particles (ABSP): Nitrogen removal, physicochemical properties, community structure

The accumulation of nitrogenous waste, such as ammonia, and its biological nitrification products, namely nitrite and nitrate, poses one of the primary challenges in the water treatment process for Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS). This study proposed the incorporation of light and algal-bacterial symbiotic particles (ABSP)into RAS as a viable solution to address these challenges. The findings indicated that ABSP achieved the RAS water quality standards (ammonia nitrogen <0.5 mg/L, nitrite nitrogen <0.1 mg/L) by the 14th day of operation, while red light achieved and maintained these standards from as early as the 9th day. Further analysis of chemical stoichiometry and functional genes revealed that microalgae (32.7%, 15.6%, 0%) and bacteria (47.7%, 55.8%, 48.4%) were responsible for the assimilation and removal of most organic and nutrient substances under red light, white light, and dark conditions, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that the presence of algae and bacteria in ABSP was significantly influenced by the wavelength of light. Under red light, an optimal distribution of functional species for both microalgae (Characium, Microcoleus, and Uronema) and bacteria (Nakamurella and Micropruina) was achieved, which is crucial for the self-sustaining synergistic reaction and stability of ABSP. This study may offer a promising engineering alternative with enormous potential to achieve energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable RAS water treatment.

Potential of Laccase as a Tool for Biodegradation of Wastewater Micropollutants

In the 21st century, humans are facing a high risk of exposure to emerging pollutants. Water contamination has become a major threat due to its devastating impacts on the entire ecosystem. Relatively great danger for aquatic microorganisms is posed by organic micropollutants, which are a consequence of progressing urbanization and industrialization. This review focuses on laccase of mainly fungal and bacterial origin, which provides an eco-friendly strategy for the transformation of these harmful pollutants to less or non-toxic compounds, as it acts oxidatively on the aromatic ring of a wide range of compounds, releasing water as the only by-product. Laccase alone or with the use of mediators has been used successfully to remove micropollutants from wastewater, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, biocides, endocrine disrupting agents, steroid hormones, and microplastics. Even though the potential of an LMS (laccase–mediator system) is tremendous, the selection of an appropriate mediator and the persistent monitoring of toxicity after treatment are critical and should be performed routinely. Hence, further research is still needed for the optimization of degradation processes to improve our understanding of the different interactions of laccase with the substrate and to develop sustainable advanced water treatment systems.

Utilizing Bentonite as a Natural Material to Enhance the Quality of Community Water Resources in the Urban Area

In this study, the researchers investigated the state of water sources and the potential of bentonite as a water treatment agent. The study encompassed measurements of key water quality parameters for river and well water sources, including pH, TDS, conductivity, and salinity. The findings revealed that while pH levels were generally within the clean water standards, TDS values exceeded the threshold, particularly in river water samples. This suggests contamination due to urban activities and rising sea levels. Furthermore, the study explored using both activated and non-activated bentonite as an adsorption agent to remove contaminants from water sources. The results indicated that bentonite effectively increased pH levels, especially in well water samples, and significantly reduced TDS, conductivity, and salinity values, with non-activated bentonite being a preferred option for river water treatment and activated bentonite for well water treatment. These findings emphasize the potential of bentonite as a valuable water treatment solution. The specific characteristics of the water source should guide the choice between activated and non-activated bentonite. This tailored approach can lead to more effective and sustainable water treatment, contributing to improved water quality and availability for the community in the coastal region.

A combined experimental and modeling approach to elucidate the adsorption mechanism for sustainable water treatment via In2S3-anchored chitosan

A novel Chitosan/Indium sulfide (CS/In2S3) nanocomposite was created by co-precipitating Chitosan and InCl3 in solution, resulting in In2S3 agglomeration on the Chitosan matrix with a remarkable pore diameter of 170.384 Å, and characterized it for the physical and chemical properties. Under optimal conditions (pH = 7, time = 60 min, catalyst dosage = 0.24 g L−1, and dye concentration = 100 mg L-1), the synthesized nanocomposite demonstrated remarkable adsorption capabilities for Victoria Blue (VB), attaining a removal efficiency of 90.81%. The Sips adsorption isotherm best matched the adsorption process, which followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. With a rate constant of 6.357 × 10–3 g mg−1 min−1, the highest adsorption capacity (qm) was found to be 683.34 mg g−1. Statistical physics modeling (SPM) of the adsorption process revealed multi-interaction and multi-molecular adsorption of VB on the CS/In2S3 surface. The nanocomposite demonstrated improved stability and recyclability, indicating the possibility for low-cost, reusable wastewater dye removal adsorbents. These results have the potential to have practical applications in environmental remediation.

Exploring the viability of a floating photocatalyst in a continuous stirred tank reactor system for continuous water treatment.

The use of photocatalysts in continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) systems allows for efficient and continuous water treatment, thus meeting the demand for scalable technology and comparative data in large-scale implementations. Hence, this study aims to explore the feasibility of a floating photocatalyst within a CSTR system for continuous water treatment. An expanded polystyrene (EPS)-TiO2 composite was synthesized following established methodologies, and their efficacy in removing the water pollutant methylene blue (MB) was compared for both batch and CSTR systems. A nonlinear first-order model was identified as the most suitable approach to accurately simulate MB degradation under experimental conditions, and the calculated pseudo-first-order degradation rate constant (k') for the CSTR system (0.0126-0.0172/min) was found to be superior to that observed for the batch system (0.0113/min). In addition, an increase in the flow rate reduced the retention time, leading to lower MB removal efficiency for the CSTR system. In addition, the EPS-TiO2/UV system with a CSTR configuration was found to efficiently use light and energy based on the calculated quantum yield (Φ = 2.86 × 10-4) and electrical energy per order (EEO = 857.46 kWh/m3/order). The findings of this study contribute to the development of sustainable and efficient water treatment strategies, offering valuable insight into the implementation of practical water treatment processes.

Advances in Polyoxometalates as Electron Mediators for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation.

The increasing concerns over the environment and the growing demand for sustainable water treatment technologies have sparked substantial interest in the field of photocatalytic dye removal. Polyoxometalates (POMs), known for their intricate metal-oxygen anion clusters, have received considerable attention due to their versatile structures, compositions, and efficient facilitation of photo-induced electron transfers. This paper provides an overview of the ongoing research progress in the realm of photocatalytic dye degradation utilizing POMs and their derivatives. The details encompass the compositions of catalysts, catalytic efficacy, and light absorption propensities, and the photocatalytic mechanisms inherent to POM-based materials for dye degradation are exhaustively expounded upon. This review not only contributes to a better understanding of the potential of POM-based materials in photocatalytic dye degradation, but also presents the advancements and future prospects in this domain of environmental remediation.