Sustainable Preservation Research Articles

Implementing an adaptive reuse on industrial buildings: a proposal for transforming Erbil’s Silo in Kurdistan-Iraq into a hotel

Industrial buildings, serving as markers of cultural heritage, connect our cultural identity from the past through the present and into the future. Unfortunately, many of these buildings lose their identity when they are converted into another function. Through the case study analysis (the Silo of Erbil City), a qualitative method is employed to examine design strategies and spatial transformations in recent adaptive reuse projects of existing structures. Through the literature review, this research investigates the importance of adaptive reuse and heritage buildings, underscoring their historical and theoretical underpinnings, and subsequently examines contemporary approaches to architectural criteria towards habitation for existing structures in the public, creative, and cultural domains. The study findings identify common fundamental elements of industrial heritage adaptive reuse and innovative design strategies applied in recent adaptive reuse projects, highlighting the potential to transform neglected or vacant abandoned buildings into urban open spaces. The study uses a comprehensive methodology involving case study analyses and diverse data collection techniques. The case study properties are the structural systems, natural lighting, and the surrounding open spaces. As a result, a hotel with a multipurpose hall, and a museum dedicated to the history of the Silo have been proposed, aiming at conserving the valuable heritage in this industrial area as well as providing an alternative perspective for the adaptive reuse of industrial structures in Erbil city. Finally, the implications of the research for the economic and social dimensions of urban development lie in understanding and promoting sustainable preservation strategies. This work is considered the first step for future research in Iraq, specifically in Kurdistan Region. The research concludes that the Silo of Erbil is one of the successful examples of the process of reusing buildings. It also concludes that less intervention in reusing a building can protect the building identity.

Reclaiming and Unlocking Ancient Heritage Knowledge from Ethiopia’s Ancient Cultural Heritages

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to reclaim and unlock heritage knowledge related to the secular value of time and labor from a sample Ethiopian ancient Ge’ez parchment manuscript. We claim that Ethiopia’s ancient Ge’ez parchment manuscripts could be a source of heritage knowledge if systematically studied. We conducted an extensive and intensive survey to identify and select relevant ancient Ge’ez parchment manuscripts from ancient churches and monasteries in Tigray, Ethiopia. We selected one Ge’ez parchment manuscript for content analysis related to secular value time and another Ge’ez parchment manuscript for the secular value of labor and work ethics. Content analysis and interpretation including language translation from Ge’ez to Tigrinya and English was used as a method of heritage knowledge extraction, as were unlocking approaches from the selected sample Ge’ez parchment manuscripts. Digital content was also produced in order to have access to the digital content, which facilitates further content analysis. A critical evaluation of the physical condition of the sample manuscripts including their palaeography, folios, marginalia, and provenance was made in order to establish their relative age and credibility. From our content analysis, we extract and unlock valuable information and heritage knowledge domains related to the secular value of time and labor. The striking aspect in this study is that the sources of such heritage knowledge are the ancient Ge’ez manuscripts preserved for centuries in religious institutions like ancient churches and monasteries. These sources of heritage knowledge could be easily accepted by Christian farmers to address and solve their earthly problems. We, therefore, assert that the analysis of manuscripts democratizes access to knowledge, making historical collections accessible to a broader audience. Therefore, this current research paper extends the scope of previous studies from merely identifying preservation challenges and making ancient manuscripts accessible through digitization to conducting content analysis, unlocking relevant heritage knowledge domains, and disseminating the knowledge as well as preventing the loss of valuable heritage knowledge. Finally, we suggest making a paradigm shift from preserving heritage for its own sake to focusing on heritage knowledge transfer and education. This is mainly because we currently stand at a crossroads, facing a dilemma between valuing and utilizing heritage on one hand and ensuring its sustainable preservation on the other.

Assessing Tourism Resources: Inputs for Municipal Tourism Development Plan in Libona, Bukidnon

The COVID-19 pandemic presented a challenge to global tourism, prompting a shift towards local tourism. It presented an opportunity in Libona, Bukidnon as means for economic recovery. This study aims to establish a comprehensive tourism profile for the municipality of Libona, Bukidnon, to support sustainable tourism development planning. Utilizing a combination of primary and secondary data, including interviews, field visits, and stakeholder consultations, the study assesses the current state of tourism enterprises, infrastructure, market profile, and human resources in the region. Key areas for development and strategic interventions are identified through a SWOT analysis. The findings emphasize the need for accurate tourism data and informed planning to balance economic growth with the preservation of socio-cultural values and environmental sustainability. The study provides actionable recommendations to enhance the local tourism sector, ensuring long-term benefits for the community and stakeholders.

Harnessing the Link between Climate Change and Traditional Food Preservation Methods: Implications for Global Food Security and Public Health

Climate change is a global issue, which impacts the different geographical zones in different levels. It is also linked to numerous human health issues, which are a concern to human health. The impact of climate change on traditional methods of food preservation in Nigeria and the consequences for food security and health are examined in this research. Information from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) show that average temperatures are increasing and rainfall is decreasing, which are effects of climate change that affect agriculture, water resources, and traditional food preservation methods that are detrimental to public health.Traditional food preservation methods are critical for understanding the link between climate change and food security.This paper uses a case study of Nigeria to examine the effects of climate change on traditional food preservation practices and public health. The research focuses on the shifts in the conventional preservation techniques, the impact of these shifts on nutrition, and policy interventions for enhancing sustainable preservation of food. Climate change indicators such as temperature and rainfall were used as surrogates for climate change, food insecurity such as undernourishment rates were used for food security and nutritional health outcomes such as child stunting and micronutrient malnutrition. The study shows that climate change has a negative effect on food security since it reduces crop yields and enhances post-harvest losses. Sun-drying and smoking are the common preservation techniques that are now less efficient because of high humidity and unpredictable weather. As such, people are experiencing increased incidences of food wastage, nutritional imbalance, and food borne diseases especially with those people in rural regions. Furthermore, the study confirms the relationship between climate change and food insecurity, which has a negative impact on the health of pregnant women and children, especially under five years, and high under-five mortality despite a decrease in child mortality in the last decade.The results provide important regional information relevant to the entire Sub-Saharan Africa and useful to the international community in matters of climate change, food security and health. This study calls for the use of innovation that combines the conventional and contemporary methods of food preservation in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change on food security systems. Furthermore, it underlines the need for the policy interventions that may prevent food borne illness and other diseases. These insights are in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) 2, 3, and 13, namely; Zero Hunger, Good Health and Well-being, and Climate Action, respectively.This research addresses a significant gap in the literature by linking climate change effects with food preservation practices and offering recommendations for improving food system vulnerability to climate change. It provides a clear picture of the prospects and constraints of mitigating climate change impacts on food insecurity and enhancing food security and health in the world.

Legal Aspects of Integrated Conservation and Utilization of Cultural Heritage in Bogor City Based on Eco-Tourism

The cultural heritage sites in Bogor hold significant historical value and present challenges for their preservation and sustainable utilization to enhance community welfare. Bogor is a popular tourist destination for people in the surrounding areas, which necessitates careful anticipation and regulation to ensure the sustainable preservation and utilization of these cultural heritage sites. Besides their tangible aspects, the role of traditional knowledge as intangible culture is crucial in the sustainable preservation and utilization of these sites. Therefore, a legal model that can accommodate these variables is essential. Using a qualitative method complemented by triangulation as a technique to verify the accuracy of the obtained data or information, this research aims to identify and inventory the tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Bogor; analyze the interconnection between tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Bogor for the development of eco-tourism; and then discuss more comprehensively the legal aspects of the preservation and utilization of cultural heritage in Bogor City based on eco-tourism.

Preserving refrigeration and shelf life quality of hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) with alginate oligosaccharides preharvest application.

Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is a bioactive carbohydrate known for its preservation properties. However, the efficacy of preharvest AOS treatment in maintaining the postharvest quality of hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) has not been previously reported. This study explores the effects of preharvest AOS treatment (80mg L-1) on A. arguta fruit, assessing visual quality, physiological attributes, aroma, and antioxidant capacity during refrigeration and shelf life. Results showed that AOS treatment maintained higher lightness, chroma, firmness, and antioxidant levels (total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and glutathione), along with antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase). Specifically, AOS-treated fruit had 9% higher chroma and double the firmness after 60 days of refrigeration. AOS treatment reduced ripening and senescence, with 25% lower soluble solids content, 22% lower respiration rate, 30% lower ethylene production, and 35% lower malondialdehyde content. Electronic nose analysis indicated that AOS treatment suppressed changes in fruit aroma and off-odor development, maintaining significantly higher quality during the shelf life period. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of AOS as a sustainable method to extend shelf life and preserve the quality of A. arguta fruit, enhancing its market value and consumer appeal. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The research on using alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) for preharvest treatment of hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) has practical applications in the food industry. By extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of the fruit during storage, this method can help reduce postharvest losses and improve the market value and consumer appeal of A. arguta fruit. This sustainable preservation technique offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods, enhancing the freshness and nutritional quality of the fruit available to consumers.

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Change management is an important component of the activity of any enterprise, especially in the conditions of an unstable economic environment. Businesses in the agri-food sector face numerous challenges caused by both internal and external factors, which makes change management a key aspect of their development. Change management includes adaptation to changes in the environment, introduction of new technologies, reorganization of processes and strategic planning, which contributes to the preservation of competitiveness and sustainability of the enterprise. The main essence of change management is the ability of the enterprise to adapt to external and internal changes, which ensures its continued existence and development. Changes can be different in scale - from small operational to global strategic ones, which change the structure, areas of activity or even the market in which the company operates. A key factor in the successful implementation of changes is the flexibility of the enterprise and its ability to respond to new challenges while maintaining internal stability. Modern approaches to change management also actively use technological innovations that allow automating management processes, improving control and communication within the organization. Such tools as business analytics allow managers to quickly respond to market changes and make informed decisions. Enterprises in the agri-food sector deal with numerous external and internal factors that determine their efficiency and competitiveness. The successful functioning of such enterprises requires adaptability, innovative approaches to production, flexibility in management and a clear understanding of market trends and government policy. Innovations in the agri-food sector are becoming a driver of development, as they provide increased productivity, improved product quality and reduced environmental impact. The use of the latest technologies, such as precision agriculture, biotechnology, production automation and artificial intelligence, contributes to the optimization of resources and increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. Innovative approaches also make it possible to adapt to climate change and new regulatory requirements, which are becoming important factors of activity in this area.

Augmented Reality- and Geographic Information System-Based Inspection of Brick Details in Heritage Warehouses

Brick warehouses represent interdisciplinary heritage sites developed by social, cultural, and economic impacts. This study aimed to connect warehouse details and GIS maps in augmented reality (AR) based on the former Camphor Refinery Workshop Warehouse. AR was applied as an innovation interface to communicate the differences between construction details, providing a feasible on-site solution for articulating historical brick engineering technology. A complex warehouse cluster was georeferenced by the AR models of brick details. The map was assisted by a smartphone-based comparison of the details of adjacent warehouses. Sixty AR models of warehouse details exemplified the active and sustainable preservation of the historical artifacts. The side-by-side allocation of warehouse details in AR facilitated cross-comparisons of construction differences. We found that a second reconstructed result integrated AR and reality in a novel manner based on the use of a smartphone AR. GIS and AR facilitated a management effort using webpages and cloud access from a remote site. The vocabulary of building details can be enriched and better presented in AR.

Green architecture in tourism sustainable development a case study at Laweyan, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The degradation of local culture is often a consequence of tourist kampung development. However, Laweyan stands out as an example where a tourist village was developed while successfully preserving both the environment and local culture. The research aims to formulate a strategy that promotes a green environment by exploring the potential characteristics of local cultural heritage and emphasizing sustainable preservation. By utilizing an exploratory descriptive method and analyzing the potential and characteristics of the area, the study identified several strategies for developing cultural heritage areas in tourism kampung. These strategies include promoting green communities, establishing green open spaces and infrastructure, implementing green waste management, adopting green transportation, prioritizing green water practices, incorporating green building techniques, and utilizing green energy sources. The implementation of green architecture is one of the key factors for success in sustainable village development. The concept of green architecture involves integrating building design and the environment with the aim of maintaining a balance between quality development and environmental preservation. The successful implementation of these strategies relies on a collaborative social approach that raises awareness and encourages active participation from both the community and the government in preserving the authenticity of the local culture.

Preservation of Biodiversity and Sustainability of Ecosystem

Sustainable agriculture and biodiversity have a significant impact on human well-being, ecological resilience, and food security. They are closely related aspects of the future of our planet.It promotes the stability and functioning of ecosystems, providing numerous ecosystem services vital for agriculture, including pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, and genetic resources for crop breeding. Biodiversity provides ecosystem services strengthening agricultural productivity and resilience. For instance, pollinators like bees and butterflies facilitate the reproduction of many crops, while natural predators help control pest populations, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Sustainable agriculture, on the other hand, seeks to meet current food needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same. However, modern agricultural practices have often led to the degradation of ecosystems, loss of biodiversity, and the erosion of genetic diversity in crops and livestock. These problems have been exacerbated by deforestation, overuse of agrochemicals, and monocropping. In the long term these practices harm the environment and endanger food security by reducing the system's ability to adapt to changing conditions. Sustainable agricultural practices, by enhancing farming methods such as crop rotation, agroforestry, and organic farming, can support and enhance biodiversity by preserving habitat diversity. Conservation of native species, implementation of agro-ecological practices, and support for small-scale farmers are important steps towards achieving a harmonious coexistence between agriculture and biodiversity. There is a need of collaboration across all sections of society from intergovernmental agreements down to local community action for tackling the biodiversity catastrophe. People may learn more about local ecosystems and develop a greater regard and appreciation for them by reestablishing a connection with nature and inspiring others to do the same. UNDP sustainable development goal-15 aims to protect the biodiversity by sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystem.

Plant-based traditional foods of Mogoditshane, Mmopane and Metsimotlhabe villages, Botswana: nutritional and bioactive compounds potential, processing, values, and challenges

Documentation of resources used in the indigenous diets are important for preservation of cultural heritage, biodiversity conservation, sustainability, and food systems resilience. In view of this, edible plants list, processing, values, and challenges associated to indigenous foods/dishes, and beverages of Mogoditshane, Mmopane and Metsimotlhabe villages, Botswana were investigated through face-to-face interview and focus group discussion (FGD). Fifty-four (54) wild edible plants, most available after rains were documented. Fruits, roots, tubers, nuts, and leaves of wild edible plants are used in different forms some as diet recipes, snacks, herbal tea, substrates, and as an inoculum source for fermented products. For some, medicinal value was reported. Among the domesticated crops, beans, maize, sorghum, watermelon, cooking melons, sweet reed, ditloo, letlhodi, makgomane, groundnuts, morogo and millets were mentioned. Among indigenous beverages, bojalwa ja setswana (traditional sorghum beer) and khadi were widely mentioned. To some products, food safety and taboos challenge indicated. Because of high temperature and low rainfall, availability of some edible plants was indicated scarce. To some products mould spoilage from inadequately dried products, presence of insects/pests and soil impurities were challenging. Some beans and cereal grains were taking long time to cook leading to consumption of energy. In Mogoditshane village, because of conurbation to Gaborone city, limited land for farming, crop production was low resulting into life-style changes toward western culture diets. Reluctance to collect wild foods from bush was challenging for young generation. Most indigenous diets consumed are low in sugar and fat, but are wholesome like (whole grains, with dietary fibers, vitamins, and minerals) with high potential for diet diversifications. Even though, most indigenous foods/beverages are still consumed, there are worries that young generation has limited knowledge and skills to process. The communities have indicated that unlike old days relying on indigenous foods, these days they buy imported processed foods and beverages from supermarkets.

Ethical Bioprospecting: Harnessing Traditional Wisdom for Sustainable Insect-derived Therapeutics

This review article brings out the traditional medicinal knowledge of insects. Insects have been used in various forms of tribal medicine in different cultures around the world. It’s important to note that the specific practices and beliefs related to tribal medicine and insect usage can vary significantly among different tribes and regions. Additionally, we should give importance to that tribal medicine is rooted in cultural traditions and beliefs, and its effectiveness differs among people. It’s essential to approach these practices with respect and sensitivity, as they are part of indigenous knowledge systems and should not be exploited. Therefore, we should document the indigenous knowledge of the therapeutic use of insects and develop strategies for more sustainable preservation and development of a wealth of knowledge helpful for humans. Beyond the pharmacological aspects, exploring the cultural and traditional significance of these practices can provide valuable insights into their usage and potential benefits.

Modified SiO2@cinnamaldehyde/nanocellulose coating film for loquat preservation

Although cinnamaldehyde (CA) is an excellent antimicrobial agent, its application in the food industry was limited by its volatility and lack of antimicrobial persistence. Herein, aminated hollow mesoporous silica (NH2-HMSN) was prepared by selective etching and amino-modified. Subsequently, long-acting antibacterials with regulated release (NH2-HMSN@CA) were obtained by using NH2-HMSN as cinnamaldehyde carrier. NH2-HMSN@CA can effectively regulate the release of CA, and has 100 % inhibition effect on the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and C. acutatum. In addition, nanocellulose/NH2-HMSN@CA (CHA) coating film was prepared for postharvest preservation of loquat. The coating film effectively improved the storage quality and shelf life of loquat, and delayed the postharvest decay of loquat. The prepared coating film active packaging for long-term preservation is expected to provide a scheme for promoting sustainable preservation of postharvest loquat.

Distribution and Habitat Selection of Indian Flying Fox, Pteropus medius (Temminck, 1825) in Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study examines the distribution and habitat selection of Indian flying fox, Pteropus medius in Uttar Pradesh, India. A through field work conducted across six districts revealed 22 roosting locations with a total population of approximately 12,023 bats. These sites were located at rural (12), semi-urban (2), urban (1), agricultural (5), and industrial (2) areas, and a majority of roost sites observed close to human habitations. Pteropus medius preferred to roost on 20 species of trees which indicate wide-ranging habitat preferences. Although there were considerable differences in tree attributes across different species, such as tree height (ranging from 9.54 to 26.03 meters), canopy width (varying from 8.59 to 25.09 meters), crown height (ranging from 1.19 to 18.90 meters), circumference (ranging from 0.54 to 3.65 meters), and DBH (ranging from 0.17 to 3.73 meters), and there was no notable variation in bat occupancy per roost tree. The results of the regression analysis emphasized the significance of canopy width as a predictor of colony size, indicating its importance in identifying suitable roosting habitats for P. medius. ANOVA analysis indicated differences in tree characteristics across species, highlighting the necessity for through habitat evaluations. Subsequent post-hoc examination clarified distinct clusters of tree species with significant variations in roosting site features. These results underscore the intricate relationship between tree attributes and bat populations, emphasizing the significance of well-informed conservation approaches for the sustainable preservation of P. medius and the overall ecosystem well-being.

Sustainable operation of on-street parking within Hilla City by Simulation Model (VISSIM) with Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM)

Abstract The preservation of sustainability poses an ongoing and persistent problem. To attain sustainability, it is imperative to prioritize the preservation of road traffic safety, the prevention of crashes, the utilization of pollution-free vehicles, and the secure transportation of commodities. The research approach employed in this study involves collecting data about many factors, including air pollution, noise levels, incident frequency, and traffic volumes. The study focuses on 20 links with on-street parking facilities in Hilla City, Iraq. This study uses the VISSIM microsimulation model SSAM software. This study used PTV VISSIM (Thesis) 2024 (SP 02). This license(Thesis) of PTV VISSIM software enables one to conduct the research unlimitedly, which is good for obtaining accurate results. The simulation time used in this study is 3600 seconds. PTV ViSSIM software enables the emulation of traffic movements on selected streets that contain on-street parking. Six streets in Hilla City are divided into 20 links. The streets were monitored using video recordings to collect real traffic data, which was then used to estimate delay and emissions. Additionally, trajectory files were created for future analysis. The SSAM program can be used to determine the conflicts in each link. The simulation models were effectively calibrated and validated using actual data. This study assesses the sustainable, social, economic, and environmental aspects of roadways, including on-street parking spaces. This project intends to construct a sustainable composite index utilizing existing data collection methods. Existing data on urban transportation sustainability considers economic factors like delay, social factors like safety, and environmental factors like noise and air pollution. The composite sustainability index incorporates economic, social, and environmental data, effectively tackling the difficulties related to normalization, weighting, and aggregation. This study aims to evaluate the long-term viability of transportation in Hilla’s central business area (CBD) by considering the incorporation of on-street parking. The Composite Sustainability Transportation Index (ICST) results for links with on-street parking in Hilla City indicate that the sustainability operation is evaluated at different levels: low (8 links), moderate (7 links), and high (5 links).

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF BUNDELKHAND REGION CONSERVATION, VISUALIZATION, USING G.I.S TECHNOLOGIES

This research paper investigates the conservation, visualization, and study of Bundelkhand's historical and cultural heritage using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies. Located in central India, Bundelkhand is renowned for its rich historical sites, including ancient temples, forts, and palaces. These sites face significant preservation challenges due to environmental degradation, neglect, and socio-economic constraints. This study explores the application of GIS technologies in documenting, analyzing, and visualizing Bundelkhand's heritage. GIS offers powerful tools for creating detailed inventories, assessing the physical condition of structures, monitoring changes, and enhancing public engagement through immersive visualizations. The paper highlights the transformative potential of GIS in heritage conservation through case studies of the Khajuraho temples and the Orchha Fort Complex, demonstrating how GIS facilitates comprehensive documentation, condition assessment, and informed conservation strategies. While GIS technologies present numerous benefits, such as enhanced data integration and improved spatial analysis, challenges related to data accuracy, technical expertise, and resource constraints must be addressed. The study underscores the need for a balanced approach that combines traditional conservation methods with advanced GIS technologies to ensure the sustainable preservation of Bundelkhand's cultural legacy. By leveraging GIS, conservationists, researchers, and policymakers can safeguard Bundelkhand's heritage, promote sustainable tourism, and foster a deeper appreciation for the region's rich cultural history. This research contributes to the broader discourse on digital transformation in heritage conservation, emphasizing the critical role of GIS in preserving and promoting cultural heritage in the digital age.

Artificial wetlands in the conservation of water resources: An ecocentrism perspective

Background: Water pollution is a kind of environmental damage. Water pollution occurs in developing countries and developed countries. The government has made efforts to preserve water resources. However, it has only reached some levels of society because there are still many facilities that are more important than transportation, food security, and the security system. This research sees ecocentrism given the artificial marsh technique as the conservation of water resources as well as highlights equality of the purpose of the artificial marsh technique with the principle proposed ecocentrism about morality against the universe, so the proposed environmental ethics principles that have to be met in the implementation of the artificial marsh technique on sustainable preservation of water resources planning. Method: This research is library research. The research analysis is an analysis of the approach to a concept; the first phase is the interpretation and categorization, the second phase is data classification, the third phase is the analysis of synthesis, and the fourth phase is a critical evaluation by using element methodical as description, verstehen, interpretation, hermeneutic, inductive, and heuristic. Findings: The result shows that human beings have a duty to manage and preserve nature, and man is forbidden to exploit nature. Views ecocentrism is seen in the preservation of water resources as an effort to protect and preserve nature. Conclusion: Human beings are a part of the universe and are obliged to manage and preserve the guard, so the artificial marsh technique can be used in planning to preserve sustainable water resources. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research could lead to a new model for engaging communities in water conservation projects emphasizing the ethical relationship between humans and nature. This model could include educational programs and practical activities that help communities understand and apply the principles of ecocentrism in their daily lives.

The King’s Decree: Integration of Customary Law and Islamic Law in the Clove Lease Agreement

This study examines the impact of the king’s decree on creation of legal products in Iha Village, Maluku. In Iha, legal products are primarily in the form of village regulations that serve as the foundation for government activities within each village. However, Iha distinguishes itself by utilising the king’s decree. This research employs an empirical juridical approach with a socio-legal perspective, which involves examining the legal realities within society and comparing them with applicable positive law. The study finds that the community views the king’s decree as customary decision that must be adhered to, thereby granting the king absolute, as in a case of authority in the execution of the clove lease agreements. Unlike the other village, Iha follows a different procedure for conduction clove lease agreements, as determined by the king’s decree. In addition, the king’s order is also used as a guiding principle for the preservation of local culture and environmental sustainability through the application of local laws in social cultural, and environment contexts. This research can assist the government in formulating draft laws and regulations pertaining to customary law.

Essential oil-nanoemulsion based edible coating: Innovative sustainable preservation method for fresh/fresh-cut fruits and vegetables

Utilizing plant-based sources for the preservation of fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables offers a natural and chemical-free method. However, the inherent instability of plant bioactive compounds underscores the necessity for encapsulation techniques. Essential oil-based nanoemulsions (EO-NEs) stand out among food additives due to their distinctive antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This review delves into recent advancements in the application of EO-NEs as edible coatings for fresh and fresh-cut produce. It examines the efficacy of EO-NEs in enhancing the preservation of fruits and vegetables by harnessing their bioactive compounds for antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Additionally, the review accentuates the efficacy of EO-NEs in inhibiting biofilm formation on fruits and vegetables. It reveals that coatings derived from plant-source nanoemulsions exhibit exceptional mechanical, optical, and microstructural qualities, as well as superior water barrier properties. In contrast to conventional emulsions, nanocoatings facilitate the gradual and controlled release of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds during food storage. This feature enhances bioactivity, extends shelf life, and enhances the nutritional profile of products. By preserving and protecting shelf stability, EO-NEs contribute to the maintenance of vegetable freshness. Nonetheless, ensuring their commercial viability necessitates additional research into the toxicity of EO-based nanoemulsions.

Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Indigenous Knowledge Sustainability in Northern Nigeria: The Role of Private Libraries

Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Indigenous Knowledge Sustainability in Northern Nigeria: The Role of Private Libraries