Sustainable Hydrogen Production Research Articles

Resonance-driven microwave heating for improved methane conversion to hydrogen

Efficient hydrogen production through methane pyrolysis is hindered by high temperature required and frequent catalyst deactivation due to carbon deposition. This study proposes a novel use of variable-frequency microwave heating to enhance the efficiency and stability of methane pyrolysis by leveraging the resonance effects between microwave frequencies and dielectric properties of activated charcoal (AC). A solid-state variable-frequency microwave reactor was employed to modulate microwave frequencies to match the dielectric properties of AC, with a peak tanδ of 0.19 at 4600 MHz. Experimental results showed that at a resonance frequency of 4650 MHz and a microwave power of 100 W, the reaction temperature of AC reached 960 °C within 2 min, achieving a 100% methane conversion rate. However, carbon deposition reduced the conversion rate to 35.1% after 150 min. By cyclically adjusting the microwave frequencies between 4650 MHz and 4640 MHz, the catalyst was successfully reactivated, restoring the conversion rate to 100%. This frequency modulation method enabled continuous methane pyrolysis for 1300 min, highlighting the potential of variable-frequency microwave heating as a novel and efficient approach for a sustainable production of green hydrogen.

Study on the Catalytic Activity and Selectivity of Manganese Dioxide-Modified Nickel–Iron-Based Hydroxide Electrodes for Initiating the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Natural Seawater

Transition metal oxides, particularly NiFe(OH)2, are recognized for their high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and structural stability. However, their performance in natural seawater electrolysis remains insufficiently studied. Manganese dioxide (MnO2), which is known for its multiple crystal phases and high OER selectivity, can be incorporated to enhance the catalytic properties. In this study, the OER catalytic performance of carbon cloth-supported manganese dioxide-modified nickel–iron bimetallic hydroxide (MnO2-NiFe-LDH/CC) electrodes was explored in both alkaline and natural seawater. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the MnO2-NiFe-LDH/CC electrode achieved overpotentials of 284 mV and 363 mV at current densities of 10 mA·cm−2 and 100 mA·cm−2, respectively, with a Tafel slope of 68.6 mV·dec−1 in alkaline seawater. Most importantly, the prepared MnO2-NiFe-LDH/CC electrode maintained stable OER performance over 120 h of testing. In natural seawater, the MnO2-NiFe-LDH/CC electrode outperformed the NiFe-LDH/CC electrode by exhibiting an oxygen evolution selectivity of 61.1%. This study highlights the potential of MnO2-modified nickel–iron-based materials for efficient and stable OER in seawater electrolysis, which offers a promising approach for sustainable hydrogen production in coastal desert regions.

Optimizing wind-solar hydrogen production through collaborative strategy with ALK/PEM multi-electrolyzer arrays

This paper presents an innovative sustainable hydrogen production system integrating solar and wind energy to provide power to alkaline (ALK) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. On this basis, a novel source and load collaborative optimization strategy is proposed to optimize the hydrogen production system, aiming to address the challenges of the intermittent and variable nature of renewable energy sources. The proposed strategy consists of a classification prediction module using the XGBoost algorithm, which analyzes historical energy generation data to predict optimal electrolyzer operation. Furthermore, the proposed collaborative optimization strategy is able to balance the loads between the electrolyzer arrays, aiming to minimize cold-start situations, prolong steady-state hydrogen production time, and reduce operational variations due to maintenance. The proposed strategy is proved to significantly reduce the standard deviation of the electrolyzer runtime, enhancing the overall system stability, and contributing to the reduction of maintenance frequency. Theoretical analyzes and extensive simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in improving hydrogen production efficiency and sustainability. This work contributes to the integration of renewable energy sources for clean energy production, and provides a practical and effective solution for the urgently needed green hydrogen production.

S-scheme NaxCoO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction photo-electrocatalysts for water splitting

Enabling a highly efficient charge separation on hetero-structural photo-electrocatalyst is crucial to achieve a high efficiency of water splitting technology for sustainable green hydrogen production. Herein, novel S-scheme hetero-structural materials, NaxCoO2/g-C3N4 (x = 0.5, 0.6, and 0.74), have been employed as photo-electrocatalysts for water splitting reaction. Their corresponding overpotential values under irradiation condition with the current density of 10 mA cm−2 were about 590 mV (x = 0.74), 555 mV (x = 0.6) and 710 mV (x = 0.5), respectively. Compared to the dark condition, NaxCoO2/g-C3N4 exhibited lower overpotentials. XPS and in-situ KPFM results further confirmed that an interfacial electric field was formed at the interface of NaxCoO2 and g-C3N4. Under the irradiation condition, the electrons from the conduction band of NCO flow toward to the valence band of CN to form S-scheme heterostructure, which could highly accelerate the reducing capability of CN, hence splitting water to produce hydrogen gas.

Architectural Decoration of Bioleached NiFeP Surfaces by Co3O4 Flowers for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation.

In the quest for sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis, the development of high-performance, noble-metal-free catalytic systems is highly desired. Herein, we proposed an innovative strategy for the development of an electrocatalyst by refining the surface characteristics of a NiFeP alloy through microbiological techniques and subsequent enrichment of active sites by tailoring 3D hierarchical flower-like structures with intact and interconnected two-dimensional (2D) Co3O4. The resultant 3D Co3O4@NiFeP-5/24h has a porous structure comprised of intercrossed nanoparticles covering the entirety of the catalytic surface. This design ensures comprehensive electrolyte ion penetration and facilitates the release of gas bubbles while reducing bubble adhesion rates. Remarkably, the Co3O4@NiFeP-5/24h electrode demonstrates superior hydrogen evolution (HER) performance in an alkaline medium, characterized by its high stability, low overpotential (106 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2), and reduced Tafel slope (98 mV dec-1). Besides, the minimized interfacial contact resistance among the phases of electrode and electrolyte emphasizes the high HER performance of the 3D Co3O4@NiFeP-5/24h electrode. The innovative design and fabrication strategy employed herein holds significant potential for advancing the field of water-splitting electrocatalysis, offering a promising path toward the rational design and development of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts.

Alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction catalyzed by atomically dispersed ruthenium on phosphorus-nitrogen co-doped porous carbon

Exploring high-efficiency catalyst toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for sustainable hydrogen production is critical for building a forthcoming hydrogen economy. Atomically dispersed catalysts have shown great promises for catalyzing HER yet further fine-tuning the coordination chemical environment to boost the performance is still challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis and electrocatalytic HER application of Ru single atoms dispersed in P, N co-doped porous carbon (Ru SAs@PNC). Spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (AC-STEM) analysis revealed the formation of atomically dispersed Ru single atoms. The as-prepared Ru SAs@PNC catalyst showed excellent HER activity in 1 M KOH, evidenced by a small overpotential of 21 mV @ 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 31 mV dec−1, both of which are comparable to the Pt/C benchmark catalyst. It also exhibited great durability for long-time operation, as demonstrated by negligible overpotential increase in the 50 h E-t test, and outperformed stability in the accelerated durability test. Such excellent HER performance is mainly attributed to the N, P co-doped chemical coordination environment that differs from most widely reported solely nitrogen-coordinated Ru single atoms.

Preparation of Ir/TiO2 Composite Oxygen Evolution Catalyst and Load Analysis as Anode Catalyst Layer of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer.

Electrochemical water splitting is regarded as an emerging green and sustainable hydrogen production technology because of its zero-carbon process. However, the overall cost of anode materials in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is high due to the use of noble metal Ir. It has been proved that introducing carrier materials to reduce the content of Ir element is a feasible cost-reduction program. Here, the Ir/TiO2 composite material was prepared by the polyol method and used to catalyze the oxygen evolution reaction, which could effectively reduce the load amount of Ir in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In addition, the theoretical load of Ir was obtained by model calculation and the polarization curve test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to discuss the relationship between Ir load in MEA and voltage loss and conductivity. The results show that MEA has lower voltage loss and better conductivity as the Ir load is in the range of 0.204-0.304 mgIr/cm2. Altogether, an effective method to reduce the Ir load of PEMWE anode was proposed under the premise comprehensive consideration of both catalyst design and MEA preparation in this work.

Tuning built-in potential of NiP/NiFe LDH p-n junction towards efficient electrocatalytic water and urea oxidation

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) are critical half-reactions to realize sustainable hydrogen production. However, the sluggish dynamics derived from the multi-electron pathways necessitate the exploration for efficient catalysts. Herein, a p-n junction nanorod array composed of Mo doped NiP nanorod and ultrathin NiFe LDH nanosheets (NiMoP/NiFe LDH) is proposed to regulate charge distribution of interface for triggering decomposition of water and urea. The p-n junction with a powerful built-in potential (EBI) of 1.2 V at the interface facilitates the adsorption and fracture of chemical group in water and urea molecules. Consequently, the heterostructured electrode demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance with ultralow potentials of 1.43 and 1.33 V (vs. RHE) at 10 mA cm−2 for OER and UOR, respectively. The overall urea electrolysis driven by NiMoP/NiFe LDH needs only 1.51 V to deliver 100 mA cm−2. This work demonstrates a promising strategy to regulate the EBI of semiconductor heterostructure for energy conversion and sewage treatment.

Reasonably construct GDY/CeO2/Mn0.2Cd0.8S double S-scheme heterojunction for improvement photocatalytic hydrogen production

Reasonably designing and optimizing the structure of photocatalysts aims to effectively enhance light absorption, accelerate charge separation and transfer, and achieve sustainable photocatalytic hydrogen production. In this study, a simple self-assembly method was used to prepare the GDY/CeO2/Mn0.2Cd0.8S ternary system. The addition of GDY and CeO2 significantly enhances the light absorption range of Mn0.2Cd0.8S, enhancing the separation and transmission of electron hole pairs and provides more active sites for hydrogen production. Moreover, an S-scheme heterojunction was constructed between the three catalysts, maximizing their oxidation–reduction ability. In addition, the built-in electric field formed between the catalysts also provides power for electron transfer, ensuring efficient and orderly reaction. This work provides ideas for the rational construction of heterojunctions, improving charge transfer, and designing high-performance catalysts to solve energy problems.

Promising porous spherical PbI2/poly-2-aminobenzenethiol nanocomposite as a photocathode for hydrogen generation from Red Sea water

A highly efficient porous spherical nanocomposite photocathode, known as PbI2/poly-2-amino benzene thiol (PbI2/P2ABT), is created through a two-step reaction process involving the oxidation of 2-amino benzene thiol with iodine, followed by a double displacement reaction. The resulting nanocomposite displays outstanding morphology, comprising spherical particles with a diameter of 500 nm and featuring nanoscale porosity with pore sizes around 5 nm. Notably, the hydrogen production estimate reaches 9.6 μmole/h·10 cm2, a promising outcome attributed to the environmentally friendly and cost-effective use of natural Red Sea water. The quantification of hydrogen gas is accomplished by assessing the photogenerated carriers using the current density relationship. The calculated Jph value experiences a substantial increase to −0.122 mA.cm−2 compared to a minimal 0.07 mA.cm−2 in the absence of light. Furthermore, the optical assessment reveals exceptional Jph values under 340 nm, reaching 0.121 mA.cm−2, which extends to the visible spectrum with a value of 0.112 mA.cm−2. The remarkable features of this nanocomposite include its cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, and scalability for mass production. These qualities collectively enable the conversion of Red Sea water into hydrogen gas, offering a practical and efficient solution aligned with eco-friendly and economically viable practices. This nanocomposite shows significant potential for advancing clean energy technologies and contributing to sustainable hydrogen production from natural water sources.

Structural Regulation of NiFe LDH under Spontaneous Corrosion to Enhance the Oxygen Evolution Properties.

Electrochemical water splitting holds promise for sustainable hydrogen production but restricted by the sluggish reaction kinetics at the anodic oxygen evolution. Herein, we present a room-temperature spontaneous corrosion strategy to convert inexpensive iron (Fe) on iron foam substrates into highly active and stable self-supporting nickel iron layered hydroxide (NiFe LDH) catalysts. The corrosion evolution mechanisms are elucidated combining ex-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, demonstrating precise control over the concentration of Ni2+ and reaction time to achieve controllable micro-structures of NiFe LDH. Taking advantage of the self-supporting morphology and hierarchical micro-/nano- structure, the NiFe LDH with optimized Ni2+ concentration and reaction time exhibits significant small overpotentials of 160 mV and 200 mV for the OER at current densities of 10 mA cm-2 and 100 mA cm-2 respectively, showcasing excellent OER activities. Furthermore, this catalyst demonstrates superior reaction kinetics, high electrochemical stability, and excellent integral water splitting performance when coupled with a commercial Pt/C cathode. The energy-efficient, cost-effective, and scalable spontaneous corrosion strategy opens new avenues for the development of high-electrochemical-interface catalysts.

Production of syngas at lower temperatures through microwave-enhanced dry reforming of methane

This study presents a novel microwave-assisted dry reforming of methane (MW-DRM) method, significantly enhancing syngas (H2+CO) production at a lower temperature of 400 °C. Compared to conventional heating dry reforming of methane (CH-DRM) processes, MW-DRM achieves higher conversion rates of CH4 (84.6%) and CO2 (85.7%) at a lower temperature of 500 °C, significantly reducing energy consumption. The CsRu/CeO2 catalyst exhibited excellent stability under microwave heating, maintaining high conversion rates and selectivity for 8 h. Detailed characterization using XRD, BET surface analysis, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and CO chemisorption revealed insights into the structural changes of the catalyst, highlighting the selective impact of microwave heating on the catalyst structure. This study provides a promising approach for sustainable and cost-effective syngas and hydrogen production, aligning with greenhouse gas reduction goals.

Regulation of morphology and charge transfer mechanism: Oxygen vacancy-rich Mn0.2Cd0.8S/CoMoO4 S-type heterojunction promoting photocatalytic hydrogen production through hydrothermal in-situ synthesis

The development of efficient photocatalysts is a very interesting topic for sustainable hydrogen production using solar energy. In this paper, Mn0.2Cd0.8S was loaded on CoMoO4 nanorods by in-situ solvothermal method. Through morphological control, two rod-shaped elemental materials were loaded in situ to construct a composite with a ball shaped bouquet structure. The Mn0.2Cd0.8S/CoMoO4 photocatalyst with enriched oxygen vacancies was synthesized by high-temperature annealing. It is worth noting that by constructing an heterojunction, the Mn0.2Cd0.8S/CoMoO4 photocatalyst exhibits high catalytic activity and stability. The optimal H2 production rate of Mn0.2Cd0.8S/CoMoO4 was 7.04 mmol·g−1·h−1. Surprisingly, the hydrogen production rate of the composite was 35.88 times that of CoMoO4. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that Mn0.2Cd0.8S/CoMoO4 has electron attraction ability and strong conductivity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the charge transfer path of the heterojunction between Mn0.2Cd0.8S and CoMoO4, which greatly promoted the spatial charge separation. This work provides a reference for combining heterojunction design with defect engineering to achieve efficient conversion of solar energy to chemical energy.

Spatially engineered local electric field for enhanced water electrolysis

Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) stands as a well-established and promising route for sustainable hydrogen production. However, traditional AWE cells suffer from low performance and bulky size. Here, we introduce the integrated design, a streamlined architecture that maximizes space utilization and enhances inter-component contact. This geometric innovation requires only minor modifications in the manufacturing process to effectively double the gas production capacity without increasing the volume of the device across a wide voltage range. Utilizing Ni foam electrodes, the device achieves a 205 mA cm−3 output at 2.0 V. Through visual inspections and simulations, we compared the new and traditional designs, attributing performance improvements to optimized local electric fields. These findings not only demonstrate the feasibility of spatial engineering, but also illuminate a promising path to advance alkaline water electrolyzer technology.

Energy-saving hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis coupling tip-enhanced electric field promoted electrocatalytic sulfion oxidation

Hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis is significantly hindered by high energy costs and undesirable detrimental chlorine chemistry in seawater. In this work, energy-saving hydrogen production is reported by chlorine-free seawater splitting coupling tip-enhanced electric field promoted electrocatalytic sulfion oxidation reaction. We present a bifunctional needle-like Co3S4 catalyst grown on nickel foam with a unique tip structure that enhances the kinetic rate by improving the current density in the tip region. The assembled hybrid seawater electrolyzer combines thermodynamically favorable sulfion oxidation and cathodic seawater reduction can enable sustainable hydrogen production at a current density of 100 mA cm−2 for up to 504 h. The hybrid seawater electrolyzer has the potential for scale-up industrial implementation of hydrogen production by seawater electrolysis, which is promising to achieve high economic efficiency and environmental remediation.

The impact of mechanical vibration at cathode on hydrogen yields in water electrolysis

This study investigates the utilization of mechanical vibration to enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in electrolysis processes. By varying the force magnitude and frequency of mechanical vibration, significant improvements in HER efficiency were observed. Specifically, the mechanical vibration-assisted electrolysis with a hitting frequency of 3 hits per second and 157.2698 Kg. m−2 hitting force improved the HER current density by 128 % compared to untreated water electrolysis. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) data for the graphite electrode revealed a distinct reduction peak at 1 V, indicating a favorable electrochemical reduction reaction influenced by mechanical vibration. The frequency of mechanical vibration significantly impacted the LSV response, with variations in current values across different conditions. Mechanistically, mechanical vibration disrupted intermolecular forces, facilitating better electrode-bubble interactions and accelerating reaction kinetics. Additionally, changes in pH levels induced by mechanical vibration further enhanced HER efficiency. These results suggest that integrating mechanical vibration into electrolysis systems significantly improves HER performance, contributing to the advancement of more efficient and sustainable hydrogen production technologies, which are crucial for achieving net-zero emission targets.

Sustainable hydrogen production from flare gas and produced water: A United States case study

Gas flaring and produced water (PW) emissions are common environmental challenges with significant impacts on the oil production industry. This study proposes a novel approach to address these concerns by developing energy self-sufficient networks for simultaneous utilization of flare gas (FG) and PW for sustainable hydrogen production. Three distinct scenarios are analyzed: hydrogen production without CO2 capture (Hydra), fossil fuel-based (FF) hydrogen production with CO2 capture and utilization in enhanced oil recovery (HydraCap-FF), and a solar-thermal-assisted HydraCap-FF system (HydraCap-RE). Techno-economic and environmental models are constructed for each scenario's optimal configuration, enabling a comparative analysis of their economic viability and environmental impact. Additionally, the designed systems are examined through a flexibility analysis to evaluate input materials and their influence on the system's viability. Results highlight the promising potential of HydraCap-RE, achieving significant reductions in CO2 emissions and water footprint compared to traditional methods. The HydraCap-RE generates hydrogen with the cost of 2.86 $/kg H2, hydrogen yield of 31.25 kg H2/100 kg FG, specific emission of 0.86 kg CO2/kg H2 and water footprint of 0.185 kg H2O/kg H2. Moreover, the flexibility analysis indicates that an optimal FG/PW ratio of 0.53 yields the highest economic value. The results demonstrate that deploying HydraCap-FF in the Permian, Bakken, and Eagle Ford shale regions can produce 0.807, 0.454, and 0.121 million tons of hydrogen annually, respectively, and reduce CO2 emissions by 6.37, 3.58, and 0.956 million tons, respectively. Furthermore, the HydraCap-RE deployment in these shale fields outperformed, with 17 % higher hydrogen production and 28.42 % lower CO2 emissions. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers seeking to reduce CO2 emissions the oil and gas industries and providing clean and sustainable products for these areas.

Revolutionary Energy Harvesting: Gravity‐Driven Piezocatalysts for Sustainable Hydrogen Production in MoS2@Mo2CTx Systems

AbstractHydrogen (H2) is mainly produced using steam methane reforming, electrolysis, and gasification, which require external energy and special catalysts. A new catalyst by combining MoS2 nanoflowers (NFs) with metal carbide/nitride nanosheets (Mo2CTx MXene) to create a nanosheet bending moment. The MoS2@Mo2CTx heterostructures achieve a production rate of 1164.8 µmol g−1 h−1 under an application of mechanical force, 4.01 and 3.06 times higher than Mo2CTx and MoS2 alone, due to enhanced charge transfer from MoS2's piezoelectricity and Mo2CTx's conductivity. This study introduces a pioneering methodology that harnesses gravitational energy as a continuous mechanical force, simulated using a peristaltic pump, to drive the piezocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), achieving a notable hydrogen production rate of 454.1 µmol g−1 over 24 hours and demonstrating a sustained capability for hydrogen generation. The theoretical calculation results validate the piezoelectric potential in water‐flow‐pressure triggered HER systems. The piezocatalytic HER system, assuming powered by the Hoover Dam, will produce 290.9 kmoles of hydrogen per ton daily, equivalent to utilizing 19 150 kWh of energy in the electrocatalytic system. The simulated gravity‐driven water flow using MoS2@Mo2CTx piezocatalysts for H2 generation demonstrates superior efficiency by eliminating common thermal energy conversion losses, marking a significant breakthrough in sustainable hydrogen production technologies.

Cr-doping promoted surface reconstruction of Ni3N electrocatalysts toward efficient overall water splitting

Understanding and utilizing the dynamic changes of electrocatalysts under working conditions are important for advancing the sustainable hydrogen production. Here, we for the first time report that Cr-doping can promote the in situ reconstruction of a self-supported Ni3N electrocatalyst (Cr-Ni3N/NF) during oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER), and therefore improve the electrocatalytic water splitting performance. As identified by in situ measurements and theoretical calculations, Cr-doping enhances OH– adsorption during OER at anode and thereby boosts the transformation of Ni3N pre-catalysts to defect-rich nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) active species. Meanwhile, it facilitates the generation of Ni3N/Ni(OH)2 at cathodes due to effective H2O activation, leading to the fast HER kinetics on the Ni3N/Ni(OH)2 interfaces. Notably, the optimal Cr-Ni3N/NF displays good OER and HER performance in 1.0 M KOH electrolytes, with low overpotentials of 316 and 188 mV to achieve the current density of ± 100 mA cm−2, respectively. Benefiting from its bi-functionality and self-supporting property, an alkaline electrolyzer equipped with Cr-Ni3N/NF as both anode and cathode affords a small voltage of 1.72 V at 100 mA cm−2, along with 100 h operation stability. Elucidating that Cr-doping can boost in situ reconfiguration and consequently the electrocatalytic activity, this work would shed new light on the rational design and synthesis of electrocatalysts via directional reconstructions.

Enhanced water oxidation stability and activity in MnO2 nanosheet arrays through Ti doping

Efficient and sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis relies on the utilization of highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Birnessite (δ-MnO2), a type of manganese oxide with a local atomic structure similar to the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II, has emerged as a highly promising OER catalyst. Despite considerable efforts have been dedicated to enhancing its activity, the crucial aspect of stability has been often overlooked. Herein, Ti ions have been selectively incorporated into the in-layered lattice of δ-MnO2 nanosheet arrays using a hydrothermal method, aiming to enhance the stability without reducing its activity. The resulting optimal Ti-MnO2 catalyst demonstrates enhanced OER activity in alkaline electrolyte, exhibiting an impressive 85 mV reduction in overpotential at 10 mA cm−2, surpassing the initial MnO2 (495 mV reduced to 410 mV). Remarkably, it shows exceptional durability, with negligible performance decrease observed over the entire 50-hour testing period. It has been demonstrated that the incorporation of Ti serves a dual purpose: it adjusts the electronic structure around Mn, enhancing activity, and simultaneously stabilizes the Mn3+ active sites, resulting in exceptional durability. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide additional confirmation of the optimized electronic structure of MnO2 achieved through Ti doping, leading to a reduction in the free energy of adsorbed intermediates and expediting the kinetics of the OER process. Our findings open a pathway for enhancing OER stability and activity by doping electrocatalytic inert ions into the lattice of MnO2, applicable not only to Mn-based oxides but also other non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts.