Photocatalytic Hydrogen-Future Energy

Abstract

The rapid increase in energy consumption, driven by the rising vehicle population and travel demand, has led to a surge in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This necessitates the development of sustainable and eco-friendly technologies and fuels to mitigate global and local environmental impacts. Four primary justifications support transitioning to alternative fuels and technologies: dwindling oil reserves worldwide, adverse environmental effects of vehicle pollution, escalating oil production costs, and the complex challenges of maintaining energy security in international markets. To address these concerns, there is a growing global demand for hydrogen as a sustainable energy source. Utilizing photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting reactions, particularly with graphene quantum dots-based composites, offers promising avenues for efficient and eco-friendly hydrogen generation. The selection of these systems is based on their unique physical and chemical properties, with graphene providing strong support and efficient electron transport, while components like cadmium sulfide (CdS) and zinc oxide (ZnO) enhance light absorption and charge separation. This integrated approach shows potential for efficient and sustainable hydrogen production, further bolstered by advances in metal-containing photocatalysts and collaborative efforts across energy markets.