Survey Information Research Articles

A framework for risk assessment of groundwater contamination integrating hydrochemical, hydrogeological, and electrical resistivity tomography method.

Groundwater contamination have been widely concerned. To reliably conduct risk assessment, it is essential to accurately delineate the contaminant distribution and hydrogeological condition. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has become a powerful tool because of its high sensitivity to hydrochemical parameters, as well as its advantages of non-invasiveness, spatial continuity, and cost-effectiveness. However, it is still difficult to integrate hydrochemical, hydrogeological, and ERT datasets for risk assessment. In this study, we develop a general framework for risk assessment by sequentially jointing hydrochemical, hydrogeological, and ERT surveys, while establishing petrophysical relationships among these data. This framework can be used in groundwater-contaminated site and help to delineate the distribution of contaminants. In this study, it was applied to a nitrogen-contaminated site where field ERT survey and borehole information provided valuable measurement data for validating the consistency of contamination and hydrogeological condition. Risk assessment was conducted based on the refined results by the establishment of relationship between conductivity and contaminants concentration with . The contamination source was identified and the transport direction was predicted with the good agreement of = 0.965 between simulated and observed groundwater head, which can help to propose measures for anti-seepage and monitoring. This study thus enhances the reliability of risk assessment and prediction through a thought-provoking innovation in the realm of groundwater environmental assessment.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder among Paediatricians During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has put healthcare professionals at risk of developing mental health issues. Primarily, because of their increased chances of being affected and fulfilling their job commitments despite insufficient knowledge about the new disease and its management. Hence, it is essential to assess the burden of such mental health issues amongst healthcare providers. Objective: To determine the frequency and severity of generalized anxiety disorder among paediatricians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study conducted in Department of Paediatrics (unit 1), King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital Lahore, duration of 03 months. After IRB approval, an online survey form was developed based on GAD-7 Scale as an assessment tool for assessing anxiety among paediatricians. A survey form was dispersed using social media to pediatricians of different ages and working statuses. The responses were recorded and assessed using SPPSS. Quantitative variables (age, GAD-score) were summarised as mean and standard deviation. Qualitative variables (gender, place of work, individual GAD- component score) were summarised as frequency and percentages. Results: A total of 147 responses were received, out of which 13 were excluded. The remaining 134 were analysed through SPSS 26. Out of these, 106 (79.1%) turned out to be suffering from new-onset anxiety. Amongst these 106 paediatricians, 69 (65.1%) were females, and 37(35.9%) were males (p-value 0.013). The severity of anxiety was mild, moderate and severe in 62 (46.3%), 37 (27.6%) and 7 (5.2%) of paediatricians, respectively. Conclusion: More than three-fourths of paediatricians had higher GAD 7 scores during the COVID-19 pandemic suggesting generalized anxiety disorder.

Opinions and approaches of pediatric surgery specialists and residents about neonatal resuscitation program-nrp: survey study

Aims: The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) is a course for healthcare professionals who can be called "those who touch the baby at the time of birth". The knowledge and skills obtained through this training program can be used in infant resuscitation at the time of birth and neonatal period resuscitation, which includes the first 30 days of life. It is aimed to evaluate the approaches of pediatric surgeons and research assistants in terms of their opinions and practices regarding NRP, as there are publications in the literature about the NRP experiences of other healthcare professionals. Methods: After receiving the approval of the Ethics Committee,the survey was published as a descriptive and cross-sectional study via the Google Docs system, and the participation of pediatric surgeons and research assistants was requested. Our research was conducted between October 2023 and March 2024 by asking the participants survey form questions via communication tools such as e-mail, telephone, social media, Internet. Data were sent to participants in the form of electronically prepared survey forms via e-mail addresses and social media platforms. It was collected electronically within the date ranges determined for the research. Results: Thirty-seven participants were male, and 40 participants were female. The average age of 77 pediatric surgeons who participated in the survey was determined to be 43.8 years old. Seventeen of the participants are research assistants; 24 of them are specialist physicians; 10 of them are Dr. Lecturers; 12 of them are associate professors; 14 of them were professors. It was determined that 48 of 77 physicians took the NRP course. It has been determined that those who took the NRP course can contribute more to resuscitation practices. Conclusion: It has been stated that pediatric surgeons are familiar with NRP applications and that as clinical experience increases, even among those who have not taken the course, interventions by NRP can be performed. It is seen that pediatric surgeons can effectively participate in NRP courses.

Effects of Land Fires on Peat Soil Characteristics in Landasan Ulin District, Banjarbaru City

Peat is a type of soil that has a dry condition, which causes it to burn easily. When the peat is burned, the spread of fire will occur very quickly until it reaches the ground, because peat soil does not contain solid soil, but branches, grass, and tree debris. Even though the fire on the surface has been extinguished, the fire that is in the inner layer is not necessarily extinguished. This study aims to determine the effect of land fires on the characteristics of peat soil in Landasan Ulin District, Banjarbaru City, including the physical and chemical properties of the peat soil. This research uses quantitative methods with a descriptive approach. Primary data in this study include: texture, color, bulk density (BD), soil structure, pH, and nutrients. Primary data collection was in the form of field surveys by looking at peatlands and the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil with 14 samples taken at 7 sample points. The results showed that on peatlands that had been burned, there was an increase in the value of BD, pH, and soluble Fe so that the potential for absorbing and distributing water was low, and plant roots were difficult to absorb nutrients. Organic C content also decreased, causing soil fertility to decrease.

Theory of environmentally responsible behavior (TERB) to predict waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists: a case of Bangladesh

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop the theory of environmentally responsible behavior by extending the theory of planned behavior to empirically examine waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachThrough review of literature, in-depth interviews and survey, the study is conducted. Initial survey collects 355 data, which is used for exploratory factor analysis to develop constructs and its measurement items. After preparing the formal survey questionnaires, another survey is conducted and collected 403 usable responses. The subsequent valid responses are used for confirmatory factor analysis through structural equation modeling, using Smart PLS 3.3.3.FindingsThe results of this study reveal that waste reduction behavior is significantly affected by waste reduction intention, and then subsequently waste reduction intention is significantly affected by environmental concern, climate change concern and healthy environmental norms of young coastal tourists in Bangladesh.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study will benefit industry operators and policymakers by understanding the factors that are crucial for influencing young costal tourists’ environmentally responsible behaviors (i.e. waste reduction behaviors). Eventually, the findings may assist industry operators and policymakers to develop strategies to attract more young tourists to the coastal tourist destinations in Bangladesh.Originality/valueThe importance of environmentally responsible behavior has received a significant attention in present decade. Consistent with this phenomenon, this study uniquely develops the theory of environmentally responsible behavior and establishes the link between environmental concern, climate change concern, healthy environmental norms, waste reduction intention and waste reduction behavior in coastal tourism domain in Bangladesh.

Influence of experiencing SARS-CoV-2 infection on anxiety levels in Chinese patients undergoing third molar surgery.

In China, most of the citizens experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection since the end of 2022. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected people's physical health and also had a significant impact on mental well-being. The present study aims to discover if the experience of SARS-CoV-2 infection influences patients' anxiety toward third molar surgery in the Chinese population. The present study took the form of a questionnaire survey. From January 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023, patients who went to the Stomatology Center of China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Beijing, China) for the third molar extraction were included according to the inclusion criteria. The information on COVID-19 infection and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) was collected. The software SPSS 22.0 was used for the statistical analyses. A total of 574 survey results were harvested in the present study. The infection rate of COVID-19 was 86.6% (p > 0.05). The Average MDAS scores between patients who had been infected with COVID-19 and patients who were never infected were not significantly different (11.65 ± 4.41 vs. 11.42 ± 4.41, p > 0.05). The subgroup analysis was conducted according to the length of time after the recovery of COVID-19 (Model 1), and the highest temperature during the infection (Model 2). In Model 1 and Model 2, the one-way ANOVA test did not find statistical significance between the groups (Model 1 p = 0.114; Model 2 p = 0.481). The MDAS scores in female patients were significantly higher than in male patients (12.29 ± 4.53 vs. 9.91 ± 3.80, p < 0.001). Patients who extracted double teeth got significantly higher MDAS scores than those who extracted single teeth before the surgery (12.03 ± 4.74 vs. 11.24 ± 4.18, p = 0.037). The present study did not establish a significant impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the anxiety levels associated with third molar surgery among Chinese patients. The potential long-term biopsychological effects of the virus warrant further investigation.

Technical note: A universal worksheet for failure mode and effects analysis-A project of the Japanese College of Medical Physics.

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), which is an effective tool for error prevention, has garnered considerable attention in radiotherapy. FMEA can be performed individually, by a group or committee, and online. To meet the needs of FMEA for various purposes and improve its accessibility, we developed a simple, self-contained, and versatile web-based FMEA risk analysis worksheet. We developed an FMEA worksheet using Google products, such as Google Sheets, Google Forms, and Google Apps Script. The main sheet was created in Google Sheets and contained elements necessary for performing FMEA by a single person. Automated tasks were implemented using Apps Script to facilitate multiperson FMEA; these functions were built into buttons located on the main sheet. The usability of the FMEA worksheet was tested in several situations. The worksheet was feasible for individual, multiperson, seminar, meeting, and online purposes. Simultaneous online editing, automated survey form creation, automatic analysis, and the ability to respond to the form from multiple devices, including mobile phones, were particularly useful for online and multiperson FMEA. Automation enabled through Google Apps Script reduced the FMEA workload. The FMEA worksheet is versatile and has a seamless workflow that promotes collaborative work for safety.

An investigation to identify the factors that cause failure in English essay, precis, and composition papers in CSS exams

&lt;p&gt;The research study aims to examine why candidates in Pakistan failed the English Essay, Precis, and Composition sections of the Central Superior Services (CSS) tests. Those candidates chosen for various civil service positions take the prestigious and difficult CSS exam. The study aims to discover candidates’ difficulties in these particular CSS exam sections and investigate methods for enhancing their English language ability. A mixed-methods strategy is used in the research process to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Participants in the CSS exam who once took the English Essay, Precis, and Composition papers and got fail in it received a survey form to respond according to their experience. Other than this, we also conducted semi-structured interviews with CSS test winners currently working as officials, such as Deputy Commissioners, Assistant Commissioners, Assistant Superintendents of Police, and Deputy Superintendents of Police. Insights into the causes of failure and the experiences of successful candidates are sought after from both data sources. The research findings highlighted several key factors contributing to failure in English Essays, Precis, and Composition papers. These factors include lack of comprehension and understanding, grammatical errors, inadequate organization, poor handwriting, insufficient practice, lack of originality, difficulty in adapting to essay prompts and precis passages, poor organization, failure to understand and address the purpose, insufficient development of ideas, failure to reach the required word count, grammatical mistakes, neglecting proofreading and revision, poor writing expression, and weak induction and conclusion in essays, tough paper pattern old formatted curriculum. Participants reported struggling to express their ideas coherently, having limited language skills, facing challenges in managing time effectively, lacking proper precis structure understanding, inadequate expertise in the subject, lack of training and resources, lack of analytical and critical thinking abilities, inadequate exam preparation, time management issues, poor grammar abilities, exam phobia, and limited vocabulary as potential factors contributing to failure.&lt;/p&gt;

Assesment of Patients' Basic Knowledge and Concerns About Anesthesia: A survey study

Background/Aim: This survey study aimed to investigate the knowledge and concerns of patients about anesthesia in the preoperative period. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients scheduled for elective surgery, aged 18 to 65, with ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification 1-2, were included in the study. Patients who come to the anesthesia outpatient clinic in the preoperative period were asked to complete survey forms. Results: It was observed that 47% of patients aged 60 and older had previous experiences with anesthesia (p=0.01). When the responses to the question "Do you know why you came to the anesthesia outpatient clinic?" were examined by age groups, it was found that 70% of patients aged 18-30, 70% of patients aged 31-60, and 29% of patients aged 60 and older did not know why they came to the anesthesia outpatient clinic (p=0.004). It was determined that as the level of education increased, the knowledge level about anesthesia increased and the level of concern decreased. Furthermore, it was found that as the socioeconomic status increased, the knowledge level about anesthesia increased. Conclusion: It was determined that the level of education and socioeconomic status were factors affecting the level of anesthesia knowledge. Furthermore, it was found that the level of concern related to anesthesia was also associated with the level of education.

Proposed Sustainable Voluntourism Guidelines for Bantayan Island, Cebu, Philippines

The study conducted on Bantayan Island, Cebu, Philippines, aimed to assess the impact of voluntourism on socio-cultural, environmental, and economic aspects. The researcher used a descriptive survey form, collecting data from 347 purposively chosen respondents. Here are the key findings from the study: 1) Before Typhoon Yolanda, many tourists went to Bantayan Island, and the local people benefited from them; however, after the typhoon, fewer tourists went to the Island, which directly affected the life of the local people; 2) All the respondents perceived that voluntourism helped the socio-cultural, economics and environment of the local people in Bantayan Island; 3) There is no significant difference in the perceptions of the respondents on the impact of voluntourism to the socio-cultural and economics dimensions in Bantayan Island; however, there is a significant difference in their perceptions towards the impact of voluntourism to the environment; 4) The tourists and the local people have a different perception about the impact of voluntourism to the environment with a p-value .003 which is significant; 5) There is a significant. The study concludes that voluntourism significantly contributes to the socio-economic, economic, and environmental well-being of Bantayan Island. However, its sustainability hinges on addressing all relevant elements and recognizing their interconnectedness. Collaboration Among Stakeholders: All tourism stakeholders in Bantayan Island should unite as a team, sharing a common vision and strategies. Capacity Building: The public and private sectors of Bantayan Island’s tourism industry should organize seminars and training programs. Local Ordinances: Bantayan Island’s local government units should craft and approve local ordinances. These regulations will safeguard the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental aspects, guiding the activities of both foreign and local tourists. Community Involvement: The local people of Bantayan Island should actively participate in the planning and development of voluntourism programs. Regular Evaluation: Continuous assessment of the voluntourism program by all stakeholders is essential to ensure its long-term sustainability. Reference for Future Research: Future researchers can utilize the findings of this study as a valuable reference to gain an in-depth understanding of the topic.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Minat Pengguna Platform Digital dalam Membayar ZIS pada Masyarakat (Studi pada Muzaki Kabupaten Sragen)

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the interest of Sragen Regency muzaki in paying ZIS through digital platform. In this study using a quantitative approach method, the type of data used is primary data obtained from respondents’ answers to questionnaires in the form of paper suveys and online surveys, while the data analysis techniques used in supporting this research use the IBM SPSS 26 programme. Respondents in this study were muzaki who had made transactions using digital platform in paying ZIS. The findings in this study indicate that partially literacy, religiosity, and convenience factors have a significant effect, while partially trust and security factors do not have a significant effect. However, simultaneously the factors of literacy, religiosity, trust, convenience and security togerther have an influence on the interest of Sragen Regency muzaki in paying ZIS through digital platform. The implication of this research in the development of science is to contribute literature regarding the factors that influence the interest of Sragen Regency muzaki in channeling ZIS through digital platform. In addition, the results of this study can be used as a reference for web creators who have digital platform to channel ZIS so that their security is further enhance so that users trust and want to channel their funds online.

Assessment of quality of life in patients after surgery for pancreatic and periampullary malignancies. Systematic review

Aim. To analyze the current methods of life quality assessment in patients undergoing surgical treatment for pancreatic and periampullary cancer, to study the influence of surgical treatment and postoperative complications on the quality of life. Materials and methods. The study involves a systematic review of the literature available in MEDLINE, Embase and e-Library electronic databases for 2015–2022. The methodology of the systematic review is reflected in the study protocol, designed according to PRISMA guidelines. Results. The systematic review embraces 26 studies including 4937 patients met the inclusion criteria. The present study examines design and objectives, survey forms, methods of surgical interventions and drug treatment, survey frequency and data collection methodology, risk of systematic error, etc. Conclusion. When choosing a survey form, most authors favored EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-PAN26. Even the most complex surgeries such as pancreaticoduodenal resection and pancreatectomy can provide a satisfactory quality of life. Many current studies appear methodologically-challenged thereby increasing the risk of systematic error and reducing the reliability of the data. The quality of life of patients in this category is to be further investigated, the optimal principles and methodology of such studies are to be standardized, in particular, in Russian healthcare system.

Pengaruh Pelatihan dan Pemberian Insentif terhadap Kinerja Kader Kesehatan melalui Motivasi Kerja sebagai Variabel Intervening

This research aims to determine the effect of training and providing incentives on the performance of health cadres through work motivation as an intervening variable in the Rembang I Community Health Center Work Area, Rembang Regency. The type of research is quantitative with a descriptive survey form. Research design with a causal pattern. The population in this study was 510 Health Cadres in the Rembang I Community Health Center Working Area using a purposive sampling technique. The sample size was 200 respondents. Data collection methods and using questionnaires. The data analysis used is descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results and implications of this research theoretically are that training and incentives have a significant positive effect on motivation. Training, incentives and motivation have a significant positive effect on cadre performance. Motivation can significantly act as an intervening link between training and the performance of health cadres. Motivation has not been able to significantly act as an intervening link between providing incentives and the performance of health cadres.

Reading, Discussing, and Sharing: Creation of a Vibrant Transnational Online Learning Community through the International Book Club

The present paper reports on the findings from the first four years of an ongoing, longitudinal study which examines the experiences and perceptions of Polish college participants in the International Book Club, an extension of a campus common read program at an American university. More specifically, the paper examines participants’ experiences with the book, both inside and outside the classroom, and examines their opinions about the issues discussed in each year’s book selection, their attitudes toward that issue and whether or not their attitude toward the issue was changed through this experience, their attitudes toward public discussions and whether or not their attitude toward public discussions was changed through this experience, and whether or not reading the book and participating in the club helped to improve their English-speaking abilities. Quantitative data, in the form of a nine-statement survey, and qualitative data, in the form of a nine-question open-ended questionnaire, were collected and analyzed. While a great deal of the literature on common read programs has explored the experiences of participants within the North American context, there is a dearth of research outside of that context, including the Polish context. The present study attempts to ameliorate this situation. The main findings from the study show that, overall, participants enjoyed the experience of reading the book and that participation in the program has been beneficial for them, including getting them to read more, to engage in discussions more, to think more deeply about more diverse topics and issues, and perhaps most importantly, to im­prove their English language abilities.

KAJIAN PUNCA PENINGKATAN GOLONGAN B40 AKIBAT COVID-19 DAN INISIATIF BANTUAN KERAJAAN

This study was specifically conducted to identify the cause of the increase in the B40 group among the community due to the COVID-19 epidemic that hit the country in 2019 until 2021. The main cause that can be identified which is the cause of the increase in the B40 group among the community in this country is due to the occurrence of high cost of living, loss of source of income, limited number of job opportunities and low salary offers. This study was conducted by taking primary data from the open DOSM website as well as several local online newspapers such as Astro Awani, Berita Harian, Sinar Harian and Harian Metro. We also collect secondary data by distributing a survey form that has received a total of 57 respondents who are made up of different groups of people from different ages and levels. In this study, the method of data analysis that we have done is to use the frequency percentage of the information given by the respondents themselves. Data analysis was done after getting the data that had been collected from the 57 respondents. All data is edited and converted into numbers so that it is easier to understand and easy to analyze, for example the data obtained in this study will be categorized according to frequency and written in the form of percentages, mean, graphs, and charts. Through this study it was found that more than half of the respondents agreed that the reason for the increase in the B40 group among the people in this country is due to the reasons that have been stated.

Sociodemographic Correlates of Postpartum Depression: A Survey-Based Study.

Objective: Post-partum depression (PPD) has been reported in about one-seventh to one-tenth of women. The aim of this study is to identify the demographic, obstetrics, social, and psychological risk factors of PPD among the eastern region of the United Arab Emirates. Method : A community-based cross-sectional study was performed on 200 women who had a recent singleton pregnancy and delivered newborn within past six months via convenience sampling and email snowballing. Several demographics, obstetrics, social, and psychological factors of the respondents were assessed using a survey form. The Edinburgh depression rating scale (EDRS) was used for the identification of women with possible PPD. Descriptive statistics were utilized for the representation of demographic variables, whereas Chi-square test was employed to assess categorical variables. Also, logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association of investigated variables and PPD. Results: The median EDRS score amongst the study participants was found to be 11 (0-26). The prevalence of PPD was found to be 57% in the studied population. Significant differences were observed in the adverse life events, emotional supports, marital conflicts and history of depression of the participants with and without PPD (P < 0.01). The risk factors significantly associated with PPD were age of the newborn (OR = 6.50, 95%CI: 1.17-19.91), marital relationship (OR = 4.15, 95%CI: 1.31-15.22), maternal educational level (OR = 5.10, 95%CI: 4.30-16.58), adverse life events (OR = 9.32, 95%CI: 1.33-35.32), and history of depression (OR = 5.24, 95%CI: 3.14-11.96). Conclusion: Given the findings, there is an urgent need for policy initiatives to address the identified risk factors, such as improving access to education, strengthening supportive marital relationships, and providing comprehensive mental health services for pregnant women.

Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Satisfaction Level with their Clinical Learning Experiences in Multan, Pakistan

Abstract: Background: Clinical experience is an integral part of nursing education. Obtaining quality clinical experiences in a supportive and pedagogically calibrated clinical learning environment is a significant concern for nursing institutions. The quality of clinical learning reveals the quality of the curriculum structure. Therefore, it is important to investigate students’ clinical learning experiences to produce competent future nurses. Objective: This study aimed to measure the undergraduate nursing students’ satisfaction level with their clinical learning experiences in government and private college of Nursing in Multan, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A quantitative approach, with analytical cross-sectional design, was used. A sample of 191 undergraduate nursing students participated in the study. Data was collected using the CLES+T evaluation scale. Online Google survey forms were used to collect data, due to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Result: The study findings revealed that students were satisfied with their clinical learning experiences. Students’ overall mean satisfaction score was 3.54 + 0.93 and significant (p&lt;0.05) difference was found in the satisfaction score between the government and private undergraduate nursing students. Attending pre and post-conferences, faculty visit to students’ clinical placement, electronic communication between students and clinical faculty, and environment of clinical placement were the associated factors found with students’ satisfaction. The findings revealed that a meaningful clinical learning environment motivates students to continue nursing as their career choice. Conclusion: This study concluded that, overall, students were satisfied with their clinical learning experiences, however, satisfaction varied according to the type of college and year of study.

Evaluating Machine Learning Stability in Predicting Depression and Anxiety Amidst Subjective Response Errors.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) pose significant burdens on individuals and society, necessitating accurate prediction methods. Machine learning (ML) algorithms utilizing electronic health records and survey data offer promising tools for forecasting these conditions. However, potential bias and inaccuracies inherent in subjective survey responses can undermine the precision of such predictions. This research investigates the reliability of five prominent ML algorithms-a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Random Forest, XGBoost, Logistic Regression, and Naive Bayes-in predicting MDD and GAD. A dataset rich in biomedical, demographic, and self-reported survey information is used to assess the algorithms' performance under different levels of subjective response inaccuracies. These inaccuracies simulate scenarios with potential memory recall bias and subjective interpretations. While all algorithms demonstrate commendable accuracy with high-quality survey data, their performance diverges significantly when encountering erroneous or biased responses. Notably, the CNN exhibits superior resilience in this context, maintaining performance and even achieving enhanced accuracy, Cohen's kappa score, and positive precision for both MDD and GAD. This highlights the CNN's superior ability to handle data unreliability, making it a potentially advantageous choice for predicting mental health conditions based on self-reported data. These findings underscore the critical importance of algorithmic resilience in mental health prediction, particularly when relying on subjective data. They emphasize the need for careful algorithm selection in such contexts, with the CNN emerging as a promising candidate due to its robustness and improved performance under data uncertainties.

Development of the assessment standards of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Geriatric Core Set through a modified Delphi method

BackgroundThere is currently a lack of functional assessment tools based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) theoretical framework that are specific for older adults.ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to develop Chinese assessment standards of the ICF Geriatric Core Set for functional evaluation of older adults.MethodsA two-stage study process was conducted to develop the assessment standards of the ICF Geriatric Core Set: establishment of candidate assessment standards, and a modified Delphi consensus process including a pilot survey and two-round formal expert survey. Thirty participants in the field of ICF and geriatric rehabilitation were recruited. The suitability of the assessment standards in the questionnaires was rated using a Likert 5-level scoring method. The arithmetic mean, the full mark ratio and the coefficient of variation (CV) were used as screening indicators for the assessment standards, and modification was made for several standards, in line with the Delphi results and the expert panel discussion.ResultsThirty-three candidate assessment standards belonging to 17 categories were generated. A total of 26 and 24 experts in the field of ICF and geriatric rehabilitation participated in the two-round survey, respectively. Five standards belonging to four categories entered into the second-round survey directly, five standards belonged to five categories entered with minor modification, and nine standards belonging to seven categories were redesigned based on the literature and discussion of the expert panel. In the second-round survey,15 assessment standards belonging to 15 categories met the screening requirements and four assessment standards belonged to the two remaining categories that needed a criterion and which the expert panel discussed for the final decision.ConclusionsUsing the modified Delphi method, the assessment standards of the ICF Geriatric Core Set have been developed.Future work should focus on the reliability and validity of the the assessment standards and their application to the health management of older adults.

Prior Information and Consumer Search: Evidence from Eye Tracking

Do consumers search the brands they know more or less frequently than the brands with which they are unfamiliar? In this paper, we attempt to answer this question using data from an experiment with two novel features: (i) survey information on consumers’ prior brand ownership, familiarity with each brand, and prior experience using different product features and (ii) eye-tracking data capturing search behavior at a very granular level. We find that consumers are generally more likely to search and buy brands they own and with which they are familiar, highlighting the importance of accounting for prior information. For this reason, we develop a search model in which both the information obtained during the search process and the information possessed by consumers prior to search are allowed to influence search and purchase decisions. Our model contributes to prior work by modeling search at the brand and attribute levels within a Bayesian learning framework. Using this model, we then quantify the impact of prior information on consumer choices as well as document the estimation bias arising when prior information is absent from the model. Finally, through a series of counterfactuals, we explore the managerial value of prior information data. This paper was accepted by Matt Shum, marketing. Funding: Q. Wang acknowledges financial support from the National Science Foundation of China [Grant 72072145] and the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province [Grant 2020JQ-226]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.00611 .