Surface Temperature Parameters Research Articles

Identification of potential areas for upwelling based on characteristics of eddies event in the Bone gulf

The Bone Gulf is one of the waters with massive potential for catching pelagic fish. The potential for catching fish is associated with oceanographic events in the waters. This study aims to see the potential for upwelling in the eddy occurrence areas. The spatial analysis method will be used to see the potential for upwelling in the area of the eddy occurrence and will be associated with sea surface temperature parameters and chlorophyll-a as a fertility variable. The results of this study indicate that eddy events occur every month in the Bone Gulf waters. In addition, it can be proven that every eddy occurrence is not a guarantee for the emergence of upwelling areas simultaneously. However, several eddy events with high current velocities were seen to cause a decrease in temperature in the middle of the eddy and increase the chlorophyll-a concentration in that area. In addition, the suitability of this event is also shown from the time of upwelling, which occurs several months before the peak month of fishing in the Bone Gulf. This research is expected to be the basis for the sustainable development of fisheries.

Determination of Waste Management Workers’ Physical and Psychological Load: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Biometric Data

Waste management workers experience high stress and physical strain in their work environment, but very little empirical evidence supports effective health management practices for waste management workers. Hence, this study investigated the effects of worker characteristics and biometric indices on workers' physical and psychological loads during waste-handling operations. A biometric measurement system was installed in an industrial waste management facility in Japan to understand the actual working conditions of 29 workers in the facility. It comprised sensing wear for data collection and biometric sensors to measure heart rate (HR) and physical activity (PA) based on electrocardiogram signals. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate significant relationships between the parameters. Although stress level is indicated by the ratio of low frequency (LF) to high frequency (HF) or high LF power in HR, the results showed that compared with workers who did not handle waste, those who did had lower PA and body surface temperature, higher stress, and lower HR variability parameters associated with higher psychological load. There were no significant differences in HR, heart rate interval (RRI), and workload. The psychological load of workers dealing directly with waste was high, regardless of their PA, whereas others had a low psychological load even with high PA. These findings suggest the need to promote sustainable work relationships and a quantitative understanding of harsh working conditions to improve work quality and reduce health hazards.

Minimization of Surface Roughness and Temperature during Turning of Aluminum 6061 Using Response Surface Methodology and Desirability Function Analysis.

Aluminum alloy is the second most abundant metal on Earth, known for its wide range of utilization in commercial goods due to its heat capacity and tensile strength. This study examines the effect of nose radius on the turning process. Further, it explores the implications of cutting parameters such as the cutting speed, the rate of feed, the cutting depth, and the nose radius of the tool. The trials were carried out with an Al 6061 workpiece and an Al2O3-coated carbide tool as the cutter, utilizing the response surface methodology. A mathematical model was developed to investigate the performance characteristics of the turning operation using the analysis of variance method. The multi-response desirability function analysis combines individual desirability values to create a composite desirability value. The ideal parameter levels were determined using the composite desirability value, and the significant influence of parameters was assessed. The obtained optimum surface roughness and temperature parameters are at a cutting speed of 116.37 m/min, a rate of feed of 0.408 mm/rev, a cutting depth of 0.538 mm, and a tool nose radius of 0.20 mm. The related ideal surface roughness and temperature values are 0.374 µm and 27.439 °C. The optimal overall desirability value is 0.829, close to the target response.

Changes in near-surface permafrost temperature and active layer thickness in Northeast China in 1961–2020 based on GIPL model

Characteristics of active layer processes depend on the conditions of the ground surface, coupled water-heat balance, soil hydrology, and soil properties under frozen and thawed states at shallow depths. Mean annual temperature at the bottom of the active layer (MATBAL) and active layer thickness (ALT) are important metrics in studying the features of active layer processes and the thermal stability of permafrost. Affected by the changing climate, permafrost regions in Northeast China have undergone remarkable changes in the past 30 years, many of which are still ongoing. In Northeast China, however, model studies on examining hydrothermal dynamics and on changes in frozen ground have faced serious challenges, including a complex ecological environment and rugged terrains. In this study, the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Lab (GIPL) model was used to map temporal and spatial variations in MATBAL and ALT in Northeast China, where discontinuous, island, and sporadic permafrost coexists with seasonal frost. Using the parameters of ground surface temperature (GST) and soil properties as input, we applied the GIPL model to analyze the distributive characteristics of near-surface permafrost in Northeast China. The results indicate a sharply shrinking permafrost area from 5.49 × 105 to 2.29 × 105 km2 but rapidly rising rates of 0.17–0.83 °C/decade in MATBAL in Northeast China during the period from 1961 to 2020. Under a persistently warming climate, accelerating permafrost degradation will inevitably affect the hydrological environment, boreal ecosystem, soil biology, and engineering infrastructure. This work fills a gap in the distribution of MATBAL and ALT in Northeast China.

Free convection cooling of a real-scale IRS device with a louvered cylindrical funnel: A three dimensional numerical study

The present investigation is carried out on the free convection cooling of an IRS device with a louvered cylindrical funnel used in naval and marine ships for infrared suppression. The conjugate heat transfer with surface radiation is considered in this study. The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are obtained, and results are compared with a funnel without louvers. The lumped system analysis is used for calculation of cooling time. The governing equations (three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation, energy equation, radiative transfer equation, and turbulence equation (k − ϵ equation)) are solved to obtain the buoyancy-induced flow and temperature distribution. The input parameters like Rayleigh number (1.2 × 1010 ≤ Ra ≤ 2.4 × 1012), surface temperature (400 K - 700 K), surface emissivity (0 to 1), and geometrical parameters like number of holes in each row (6 to 14), number of rows of louvers (2 to 8), and shapes of holes are also varied. The Nusselt number and mass suction ratio increase with the number of rows of holes and the number of holes in each row. The Nusselt number is highest for the funnel with circular holes, whereas the lowest is for triangular holes. Moreover, results show that the surface radiation contribution is significant even at low emissivity.

The use of environmental DNA to monitor impacted coastal estuaries

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is increasingly being used to assess community composition in coastal ecosystems. In this study, we chose to examine temporal and spatial changes in the aquatic community of Manly Lagoon – one of the most heavily developed and polluted estuaries in eastern Australia. Based on metabarcoding of the 16S mitochondrial gene (for fish) and the 18S nuclear gene (for macroinvertebrates), we identified seasonal differences in fish and macroinvertebrate community composition as well as species richness, which correlated, in some cases, with the environmental parameters of sea surface temperature and freshwater input. Moreover, given the greater taxonomic resolution of fish versus macroinvertebrate assignments, we identified several known migratory fish species of management importance that contributed significantly to the overall patterns observed. Overall, our data support the use of eDNA metabarcoding to track fish assemblages shifting in response to environmental drivers in polluted estuaries with increased sampling and consultation with historical data.

Heterogeneous environmental seascape across a biogeographic break influences the thermal physiology and tolerances to ocean acidification in an ecosystem engineer

AbstractAimUnderstanding how spatio‐temporal environmental variability influences stress tolerance, local adaptation and phenotypic variation among populations is a key challenge for evolutionary ecology and climate change biology. Coastal biogeographic breaks are natural laboratories to explore this fundamental research question due to the contrasting environmental conditions experienced by natural populations across these regions.LocationIn the South East Pacific (SEP) coast, a major break (30º‐32ºS) is characterized by extreme natural variability in sea surface temperature (SST) and carbonate chemistry parameters related to temporal and spatial dynamics in upwelling events. Calcifying organisms inhibiting this zone are exposed to marked fluctuations and clines in SST that together with naturally acidified waters can impact their metabolism, calcification and fitness, making them particularly prone to the effects of climate change (e.g. ocean acidification, OA). We investigated to what extent the spatial and temporal environmental variability (in SST and seawater carbonate conditions) that characterizes the biogeographic break in the SEP influences intra‐specific differences in the thermal ecology and the tolerances to OA of the limpet Scurria araucana.MethodsDuring two years, we conducted field surveys of limpet populations at sites across the SEP break (27ºS, 30ºS and 32ºS). We collected individuals from each population to test for geographic differences in morphometric (e.g. total buoyancy weight, shell length) and physiological (e.g. oxygen consumption rate, cardiac activity and thermal performance curves; TPC) responses to local environmental conditions (Tº and pH/pCO2) and to simulated OA scenarios.ResultsPopulations of S. Araucana exhibit high tolerance to OA with no signal of geographic influence on this attribute. However, inter‐population differences in thermal physiology (metabolic rates and performances) were found across the biogeographic break in the SEP coast. Limpets from the central part of the break (30ºS) exhibit higher thermal performance compared to limpets from populations at both sides of the break.Main conclusionsVariation in SST has a greater effect shaping inter‐population differences in thermal physiology of the limpet S. araucana. These physiological differences are aligned the thermal heterogenous seascape along the biogeographic break in the SEP. Contrarily, temporal and spatial variation in seawater carbonate conditions does not influence inter‐population differences in phenotypic response populations, but an overall high tolerance to OA.

Comparative study of statistical and machine learning techniques for fish production forecasting in Andhra Pradesh under climate change scenario

The present study emphasizes the forecast of Andhra Pradesh's total marine fish production and the catch of commercially important fishes, viz., Indian Mackerel, Oil Sardine, Horse Mackerel, and Lesser Sardines for the next 5 years by different statistical and machine learning approaches under climate change scenario. Forecasting is done with and without the inclusion of climatic and environmental parameters in different models. Exogenous variables, i.e., climatic parameters such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST), wind speed, and environmental parameters such as Chlorophyll-a, diffusion attenuation coefficient, and Photo-synthetically Active Radiation (PAR), were used in the model. The following models like Non-linear Autoregressive (NAR) Artificial Neural Network (ANN) (NNAR-ANN), Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Empirical Mode Decomposition based Artificial Neural Network (EMD-ANN), are used to predict the fish catch data using time series quarterly catch data of commercially important fishes and total fish catch without the inclusion of climatic and environmental variables. Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average method with inclusion of exogenous variables (ARIMAX) and Non-Linear Auto Regression with exogenous variables (NARX) models were used to forecast along with quarterly average data of environmental and climatic variables. The model developed predicts the total fish catch and also the catch of commercially important fish for the next 20 quarters. The developed model forecasts are compared based on the error measure, i.e., MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error), and the results showed that the NARX model outperformed other models like ARIMAX, ARIMA, NNAR-ANN, and EMD-ANN. Implementation of management strategies considering the impact of climate change on fisheries will enhance sustainable fisheries and pave a pathway for the mitigation of climate change.

Protocolo metodológico para obtenção dos valores de radiância, emissividade e temperatura de superfície de imagens Landsat 8 utilizando LEGAL

Considerando-se a importância do sensoriamento remoto térmico, pesquisadores vêm atuando no desenvolvimento de diversos algoritmos que contribuam na determinação da temperatura de superfície com a utilização de dados orbitais. Tais algoritmos podem ser utilizados em estudos que objetivam avaliar o fenômeno de ilha de calor urbana, em estudos de microclimas habitacionais, no entendimento térmico do fluxo de energia em paisagens urbanas e para a compreensão da interação da temperatura superficial com diferentes alvos de superfície terrestre. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste artigo é o de divulgar um protocolo metodológico para obtenção dos valores reais de temperatura de superfície de imagens Landsat 8, a partir da criação de algoritmos em LEGAL e, dessa forma, possibilitar a replicação e execução de outras pesquisas que visem à obtenção desses dados através do SPRING, um software brasileiro gratuito e de livre acesso. A elaboração deste protocolo é justificada pela quase completa ausência de trabalhos que descrevam a obtenção da temperatura de superfície e outros parâmetros físicos (radiância, reflectância, emissividade) ou ecológicos (NDVI, SAVI, IAF) através do SIG mencionado. Trata-se de um protocolo inédito, que poderá constituir base de referência para pesquisadores, estudantes e gestores não familiarizados com o desenvolvimento de algoritmos, mas que visem à obtenção correta e adequada de dados de sensoriamento remoto térmico. Também fica evidenciado que é extremamente viável a utilização de ambientes livres para trabalhos com álgebras de mapas, ambientes estes que podem demonstrar robustez de processamento igual a versões de softwares pagos.Palavras-chave: radiância, reflectância, índices de vegetação, emissividade de superfície, SPRING. Methodological protocol for obtaining radiance, emissivity, and surface temperature values from Landsat 8 images using LEGAL A B S T R A C TGiven the importance of thermal remote sensing, researchers have been working on the development of algorithms that contribute to the determination of surface temperature using orbital data. Such algorithms can be used in studies that evaluate the urban heat island phenomenon, in microclimate studies, in the thermal understanding of energy flow in urban landscapes, and the understanding of the interaction of surface temperature with different targets on the earth's surface. Thus, the current article proposes a methodological protocol to obtain the real values of the surface temperature of Landsat 8 images through algorithms in LEGAL and, in this way, to enable the replication and execution of other studies that obtain these data through the SPRING, free and open-access software. The elaboration of this protocol is justified by the absence of works describing the attainment of surface temperature and other physical parameters (radiance, reflectance, emissivity) or ecological parameters (NDVI, SAVI, LAI) through the mentioned GIS. This is an unprecedented protocol, which can be a reference for researchers, students, and managers unfamiliar with the development of algorithms, but who want to obtain correct and adequate maps of thermal remote sensing. It is also evident that it is extremely viable to use free environments to work with map algebra, environments that can demonstrate processing robustness equal to paid versions of software.Keywords: radiance, reflectance, vegetation indices, surface emissivity, SPRING.

Classification of Desertification on the North Bank of Qinghai Lake

In this paper, RS, GIS and GPS technologies are used to interpret the remote sensing images of the north shore of Qinghai Lake from 1987 to 2014 according to the inversion results of vegetation coverage (FVC), albedo, land surface temperature (LST), soil moisture (WET) and other major parameters after image preprocessing, such as radiometric correction, geometric correction and atmospheric correction. On this basis, the decision tree classification method based on landsat8 remote sensing image is used to classify the desertification land in this area, and the development and change of desertification in this period are analyzed. The results show that the fluctuation of desertification land area in this area increased during the study period, but from 2003 to 2014, the land area of mild desertification, moderate desertification and severe desertification land were respectively decreased 0.92, 145.89 and 29.39 km2, while the area of serious desertification land still has a slow increasing trend. Whether the driving force of desertification change trend in this area is caused by human factors or global change needs to be further studied.

Multi-objective optimization of acetone droplet impingement on phase change material in direct-contact discharge method

Improving the discharge process of phase change materials (PCMs) is of great importance and can be effective for thermal energy storage (TES) systems. In this research, the direct-contact method for acetone droplet on molten paraffin is optimized to enhance the efficiency of the discharge process of PCMs and TES systems working with intermediate boiling fluid (IBF). In order to improve the storage rate and increase the freezing rate in the system, the NSGA-II algorithm is used. When the acetone droplet hits, owing to its low boiling point relative to the temperature of molten paraffin, the acetone evaporates, causing the creation of solidified paraffin area. The main goal of the current investigation is to maximize the solid volume, which depends on two parameters: the Weber acetone droplet and the temperature of the molten paraffin. Furthermore, maximizing this volume is equivalent to increasing the freezing rate and decreasing the melting rate. For better discernibility, the relative sensitivities of solidified paraffin area and maximum crater depth to the variations in the dimensionless parameters of paraffin surface temperature and Weber number are obtained. In this regard, the experimental results are fitted by exponential functions. Two-objective optimization with the solidified paraffin area and maximum crater depth as cost functions are performed to be maximized. Moreover, uncertainties and tolerances are considered through performing a robust triple optimization. By using final decision makings (FDMs), the results are achieved from Pareto front through two methods, LINMAP (We = 1699.428, θ = 1.188) and TOPSIS (We = 1699.325, θ = 1.202). Based on the results, the solidified paraffin areas obtained by LINMAP and TOPSIS methods are 168.616 mm2 and 155.101 mm2, respectively.

Numerical simulation to evaluate the influence of geometric parameters on the physical behavior of heat exchangers

In the present investigation, a methodology was developed by means of numerical simulation for the evaluation of the influence of the geometric parameters of the heat exchangers used in thermoelectric generation devices. The validation of the proposed methodology was carried out through experimental tests on a diesel engine test bench under four load conditions (2 Nm, 4 Nm, 6 Nm, and 8 Nm) and a constant speed of 3600 rpm. The results obtained show that the methodology proposed by means of the numerical simulation presents a high concordance with the behavior described experimentally. The deviation between the simulation predictions and the experimental results was less than 4%. Additionally, it was evidenced that the change in the geometry of the heat exchanger has a considerable impact on the parameters of heat flow and surface temperature. It was shown that a 50% reduction in fin distance causes an increase of 2% and 2.4% in the previous parameters. Through geometric modifications, the electrical power generated increased by 7.9%. In general, the methodology developed through numerical simulation allows the analysis of the physical, thermal, and hydraulic phenomena present in heat exchangers focused on use in thermoelectric devices.

Understanding the synergistic relation between land surface temperature and different biophysical parameters in Haldia industrial city of India

Understanding the synergistic relation between land surface temperature and different biophysical parameters in Haldia industrial city of India

Numerical Simulation and Process Optimization of a 3D Thin-Walled Polymeric Part Using Injection Compression Molding

Abstract Injection compression molding (ICM) is a hybrid injection molding process for manufacturing polymer products with high precision and surface accuracy. In this study, a 3D flow simulation was employed for ICM and injection molding (IM) processes. Initially, the process parameters of IM and ICM were discussed based on the numerical simulations. The IM and ICM processes were compared via numerical simulation by using CAE tools of Moldflow software. The effect of process parameters of mold surface temperature, melting temperature, compression force and injection time on clamping force and pressure at the injection location of molded 3D BJ998MO Polypropylene (MFI 100) part was investigated by Taguchi analysis. In conclusion, it was found that the ICM has a relatively lower filling pressure than ICM, which results in reduced clamping force for producing a 3D thin-walled polymeric part.

Studi Pendahuluan Variasi Suhu Permukaan Laut dan Sebaran Aerosol di Laut Sawu

Research related to aerosols in Indonesia is still very minimal compared to sea surface temperature parameters and other oceanographic parameters. This study is a preliminary study that aims to determine the variation in aerosol distribution and its influence by variations in sea surface temperatures in the areas crossed by Arlindo, especially the savu sea. Savu sea surrounded by Flores islands (Sumba Regency, Kupang Regency, and Manggarai Regency) has a variation of SPL from 22 - 30 °C, where in the wetar strait, ombai strait, and sumba strait in the northwest part of sawu often occur low temperatures. While the value of aerosol spread is ranging from 0 - 0.3. Thus, a numerical model is needed that can help in analyzing the results that currently exist.

Non-obstructive monitoring of muscle fatigue for low intensity dynamic exercise with infrared thermography technique.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been widely used in evaluating muscle fatigue among athletes where electrodes are attached on the skin during the activity. Recently, infrared thermography technique (IRT) has gain popularity and shown to be another preferred method in monitoring and predicting muscle fatigue non-obstructively. This paper investigates the correlation between surface temperature and muscle activation parameters obtained using both IRT and sEMG methods simultaneously. Twenty healthy subjects were required to perform a repetitive calf raise exercise with various loads attached around their ankle for 3 min to induce fatigue on the targeted gastrocnemius muscles. Average temperature and temperature difference information were extracted from thermal images, while root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF) were extracted from sEMG signals. Spearman statistical analysis performed shows that there is a significant correlation between average temperature with RMS and between temperature difference with MF values at p<0.05. While ANOVA test conducted shows that there is significant impact of loads on RMS and MF where F=12.61 and 3.59, respectively, at p< 0.05. This study suggested that skin surface temperature can be utilized in monitoring and predicting muscle fatigue in low intensity dynamic exercise and can be extended to other dynamic exercises.

Infrared thermography: A new approach for the characterization and management of activated carbons applied in water treatment

A new non-invasive methodology based on infrared thermography (IRT) to evaluate the exhaustion level of granular activated carbon (GAC) at different depths of a target industrial water treatment filter is studied. IRT results are discussed in terms of adsorption capacity and correlated with dedicated analytical methods: N2 gas adsorption, TGA, TD-GC/MS and NMR. Findings revealed that the surface temperature and surface thermal density parameters are contingent with the exhaustion level as well as the surface area and pore volumes of the GAC samples. Surface temperature decreased with 80% and the surface thermal density with 35% comparing exhausted Top-GAC and virgin GAC. Linear correlation was found between IRT parameters and the exhaustion profile of 98%. During GAC exploitation the surface area was reduced to 85% and the total volume of pore to 80%. The IRT method demonstrated to be simple and accurate and suitable for GAC management of water treatment.

Spatial and temporal variation of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a on the mackerel fish (Scomberomorus commerson) distribution using aqua modis satellite in naukerjerai district, merauke regency

Remote sensing is a technique that can be applied for observing oceanographic paramaters such as content of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a. The study aims to analyze the parameters of Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-a by using Aqua Modis Satellite to see the spatial and temporal distribution of the two paramaters on the distribution of CPUE of Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson).Conducted for 2 months from May-June 2019 this study was held in the waters area of Naukenjerai District, Merauke Regency. The results showed the concentration of sea surface temperature in May was warmer in the range of 26.56 – 28.42 °C compared to June, where the temperature was cooler in the range of 25.43 – 26.94 °C. Meanwhile the concentration of chlorophyll-a in May was seen to be low around 0.3-1.73 mg/m3 which compared to June the concentration was relatively high around 1.45-2.36 mg/m3. The highest distribution of CPUE of Mackerel was found in June, which was 89 kg and the lowest CPUE Mackerel in May was around 22 kg. Therefore in June there is a great potential for capturing Mackerel.

Early diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy based on infrared thermal imaging technology.

The purpose of this study was to detect and compare the surface temperature of plantar vessels in mild diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) patients and healthy controls, to explore a simple, convenient and reliable method for early diagnosis of DPN, and to explore the influence of sex and age on vascular surface temperature. In this study, 60 mild DPN patients (30 males and 30 females) and 60 healthy volunteers were randomly recruited according to their age and sex. Intra-class correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the repeatability of skin temperature measurement in the vascular area. A general linear model was used to analyse the difference of skin temperature between mild DPN patients and healthy controls. The infrared detection results of skin temperature corresponding to blood vessels showed excellent test-retest reliability. There was no significant difference in skin temperature between sex and age. But there were significant differences in skin temperature between mild DPN patients and healthy controls, except for the posterior tibial artery. For mild DNP patients, in case of no obvious abnormality in the infrared detection of lower extremity arterial surface temperature, the small vessels have shown early abnormal body surface temperature, that is, the surface temperature of related vessels increased. The research conclusions of this article not only enable us to better understand the correlation between body surface temperature and hemodynamic parameters, but also provide an in vivo, non-invasive, and convenient way of thinking and methods for early diagnosis of DPN.

Wet Chemical Cleaning of Organosilane Monolayers

Thin organic self-assembled monolayer films are used to promote adhesion and seal the pores of metal oxides as well as direct the deposition of layers on patterned surfaces. Defects occur as the self-assembled monolayer forms, and the number and type of defects depend on surface preparation, deposition solvent, temperature, time and other parameters. Particles commonly deposit during organosilane self-assembly on metal oxide surfaces. The particles are defects because they are prone to react in subsequent processing, which may not be desirable if the organosilane serves as a pore sealant or passivation layer. Cleaning the organosilane by solvent extraction to remove non-polar agglomerates followed by an aqueous mixture of ammonium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, which is Standard Clean 1, a common particle removal step for silicon surfaces, produced monolayers with few agglomerates based on atomic force microscopy without etching the layer. The combined cleaning sequence contained fewer particles than separate cleaning steps, showing that the cleans removed particles with different compositions. The thickness and contact angle of cleaned monolayers was comparable to those made using a costlier solvent.