Surface Roughness Tester Research Articles

Influence of Heat Treatment on Microhardness and Surface Roughness of Electroless Ni-YSZ Composite Coating

The application of heat treatment was introduced in Ni-YSZ composite coating as the incorporation of ceramic YSZ in electroless nickel deposition is new and worth investigating. In this paper, the influence of heat treatment by varying the heating temperature and time on the electroless Ni-YSZ composite coating is investigated. The Ni-YSZ composite is deposited onto a high-speed steel substrate via electroless nickel co-deposition. YSZ powder of mixed sizes of micro- and nano-sized of the ratio of 1:1 is incorporated in the electroless deposits. The electroless Ni-YSZ composites coating was heated up to 400oC for a maximum of 2 hours. The microhardness measurements were carried out using a Vickers microhardness tester (Shimadzu) according to ISO 6507-4. The surface roughness of the coating was measured using Mitutoyo surface roughness tester SJ-301. The surface characterisation was analysed using Cambridge Stereoscan 90 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). The crystallographic structure of materials was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Bruker D8 Advance instrument. The microhardness and surface roughness of the coating both increase with time. The microhardness is directly proportional to the heating temperature and time and these observations are supported by the XRD analysis. The surface roughness observation is explained by the SEM micrographs.

Concrete-concrete shear friction behavior under cyclic loading: Laboratory test, mathematical modeling, and code provisions

An experimental program was executed to investigate the concrete-concrete dry friction behavior considering different surface roughness conditions, test rates, and normal stresses. Based on this, we present the mathematical modeling of the friction hysteresis behavior and assess the accuracy of reinforced concrete design codes. The mathematical friction models include the LuGre and Dahl models. The parameters of each model were identified using a hybrid global optimization algorithm (particle swarm optimization) and a local optimizer. All model parameters were calibrated and related to testing variables, such as average roughness, test rate, and additional normal stress. Design codes considered in the present paper include AASHTO LRFD, ACI 318, and Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1). Comparing the test results and mathematical models showed that both the Dahl and LuGre models could replicate the shear friction hysteretic behavior. However, the LuGre model was superior in capturing more realistic features, such as the breakaway and velocity effects. The test results and code provisions showed that the AASHTO LRFD and ACI 318 predictions are conservative for smooth surfaces and less conservative for rough surfaces. EN 1992-1-1, on the other hand, was less conservative for all surface roughness types.

The Effects of Polishing Techniques on Surface Roughness of De-flex Denture Base

Background: Materials are being developed to meet the needs of patients, such as flexible injectable thermoplastic resins that improve the esthetics of patients wearing removable partial dentures. Aim: To compare the surface roughness of thermoplastic resin materials before and after polishing with different surface treatments. Materials and methods: A total of 40 circle specimens of De-flex thermoplastic resin with dimensions (30 mm X 2 mm) were divided into four groups according to the surface’s polishing treatment. Each group of material has (10) specimens, the first group was polished with pumice, the second group was polished with pumice and then glazed, the third group was polished with investment (Phosphate bonded investments) and then glaze, and the fourth group was glazed. A digital surface roughness tester meter (TR: 220) device was used to indicate the values of the roughness of specimens before and after surface polishing treatment. Results: The result of surface roughness using t-test analysis revealed that a significant difference was reported among all the study groups (P < 0.05), the highest mean values were achieved in the group treated by Glaze only (2.6800 0.8439 µm), while the lowest mean values were obtained in the group treated pumice control group (2.4266± 0.5532µm). Conclusion: It was concluded that surface roughness was decreased in the control group of De-flex material when polished with pumice, while it was increased in the experimental groups after polished with Glaze material. The polishing material (Light Cure Glaze) is significantly rougher than pumice and burning investment materials.

The effects of resin infiltration on demineralized root surface: an experimental study.

The objective of this experimental invitro study was to investigate the effects of resin infiltration (RI) on surface roughness, microhardness, color and surface characteristics of artificially demineralized root surfaces. Forty-two root specimens prepared from freshly extracted intact human upper incisors were subjected to surface roughness, microhardness, and color tests. Profilometer was used to measure surface roughness and Vicker's Hardness tester was used to measure the changes in microhardness. The color measurements were performed by a spectrophotometer using the CIELAB parameters. Following measurements, specimens were divided into 3 groups (n=14): G1: intact root surfaces, G2: demineralized root surfaces and G3: Resin infiltrated root surfaces (Icon, DMG) following demineralization. Surface roughness, microhardness and color measurements were repeated in G2 and G3 after demineralization and RI. One specimen from each group was examined by SEM. Data were analyzed statistically (p<0.05). Application of RI to artificially demineralized root surfaces significantly decreased the surface roughness (p<0.001) and increased the microhardness (p=0.023). RI also affected the color of demineralized root surfaces. SEM examinations revealed that the porosities on demineralized root surfaces seemed to be sealed after RI. RI affected the surface roughness, microhardness, color and surface appearance of artificially demineralized root surfaces.

To predict the surface roughness of Black ABS component with variable parameters by applying the Taguchi method

The objective of this research is to find the best combination factor values for minimizing surface roughness in test materials using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), specifically targeting Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). However, the research community has given less attention to the surface quality with adequate process parameters as a result. This research aims to close that gap. The Design of Experiment (DOE) method is utilized in this study to evaluate how particular characteristics such as orientation, infill density, and nozzle diameter impact the surface roughness of Ultimaker 2 + produced products. Taguchi Orthogonal array was used to produce the specimens to restrict the number of experiments and give different combinations of these three elements and their levels at each experiment. The outcomes were based on both practical and ANOVA data. The surface roughness tester of the contact type used in this experiment was Mitutoyo Surface SJ-210. And minimum surface roughness was achieved using less infill percentage, nozzle diameter, and horizontal orientation of test specimen.

Biomimetic Enamel Remineralization: A Comparative in vitro Study of Self-Assembling Peptide, Fluoride Varnish, and their Combination at Different Times by Surface Roughness Test

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of self-assembling peptide, fluoride varnish, and their combination to remineralize the artificial carious lesion in vitro. Materials and methods: Sixty extracted sound premolars were randomly divided into four groups. The artificial carious lesion was created by immersion the specimens in the demineralizing solution. The enamel surface was treated with: Group1: (n=15) artificial saliva alone, group2: (n=15) fluoride varnish, group3: (n=15) self-assembling peptide, group4: (n=15) self-assembling peptide + fluoride varnish. The enamel surface was assessed by a profilometer at the baseline, after demineralization, 1-week, and 4-weeks after remineralization. Results: all four groups exhibited high statistically significant differences between the different times of test periods, In 1 and 4 weeks after remineralization, the least surface roughness mean value was seen in the self-assembling peptide + fluoride varnish group followed by self-assembling peptide group then fluoride varnish group while the artificial saliva showed the greatest surface roughness mean value with a highly statistically significant difference between groups. Conclusions: self-assembling peptide superior to fluoride varnish in remineralization ability and this potential is boosted when they combined together.

Mechanical properties and microstructure of cold-rolled Scalmalloy® (Al-4.5Mg-0.6Sc-0.3Zr alloy) at a low reduction in thickness

A selective laser melted Al-4.5Mg-0.6Sc-0.3Zr alloy, also known as Scalmalloy®, was cold-rolled at two different reductions in thickness to observe the effect on microstructure and mechanical properties. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing with digital image correlation, surface roughness testing and microhardness testing was used to examine samples. Hardness increased significantly in the 30% cold-rolled condition – 20.2% in the horizontal plane, 12.5% in the transverse plane, and 18.2% in the longitudinal plane. Surface roughness was reduced to as low as 1.2μm for cold-rolled conditions compared to >15μm for as-built conditions. Yield strengths were less for cold-rolled conditions compared to as-built and ultimate tensile strengths were similar for as-built and 10% cold rolled conditions. However, 30% cold-rolled condition saw a 10.8% increase compared to as built. Strain distribution among samples was uniform for as-built conditions but concentrated in certain areas for cold-rolled conditions. SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces showed some very ductile fractures evident from dimpling. The microstructure was heavily deformed for all cold-rolled conditions in all build directions showing flattened, elongated grains and grain refinement in both the coarse grain and fine grain regions present in Scalmalloy, especially for the 30% cold-rolled condition.

Investigation and Fabrication of the Printed Microstrip Meander-Line Slow-Wave Structures for D-Band Traveling Wave Tubes

Two typical topology shapes of the microstrip meander line (MML) including round U-shaped and V-shaped slow-wave structure (SWS) for <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band traveling wave tubes (TWTs) are comparatively investigated, fabricated, and tested in this article. As a critical factor applied in millimeter-wave frequency, the high-frequency losses of the MML SWS are emphatically discussed. The two types of golden SWSs are both fabricated with the thin-film circuit technology on quartz substrates. After the surface roughness test and the cavity fabrication, the SWS samples are assembled and tested. According to the experimental test results, the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${S}_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> parameters of the U-shaped and V-shaped transmission models are below −13.5 dB versus −15 dB, and the “cold” <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${S}_{21}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> parameters are over −6.4 dB versus −4.9 dB, which are approached to the simulation results with the consideration of the silver conductive paste (SCP). At 140 GHz, the tested transmission losses for the U-shaped SWS and V-shaped SWS are about 0.35 and 0.29 dB/mm, respectively. Although particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations for the two SWSs both predict more than 100-W output power, the V-shaped MML TWT shows better bandwidth and loss performances than the U-shaped MML TWT.

Development of SiC–TiO2-Graphene neem extracted antimicrobial nano membrane for enhancement of multiphysical properties and future prospect in dental implant applications

This paper presents the coating technology on Nano membrane using SiC–TiO2-Graphene with varying percentages of Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract with an objective to develop new coating materials. The nanomembranes have been synthesized by electrospinning machine over aluminum foil paper using the raw materials PVA grain, SiC, TiO2, Graphene, and neem. The nanomembranes have been characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, Surface Roughness, antibacterial, and Cytotoxicity test. FTIR analysis established the presence of PVA and neem indicating the formation of different organic compounds. It also confirmed that no chemical reaction occurred during the synthesis process. The membrane's roughness analysis obtained average roughness values from 1.15 to 3.84. The formation of homogeneous and smooth membranes with the formation of micropores was confirmed by SEM analysis. Miller Indices identified different types of crystal structures in XRD analysis. Antibacterial activity increased with the increase of the percentage of neem confirmed by the antibacterial test. No toxic effects were observed from the membrane during the cytotoxicity test. The obtained data confirmed that the synthesized nanomembrane could be used in different biomedical applications.

Effect of particle size on surface roughness and morphology of heat-treated electroless Ni-YSZ coating

The paper discusses the surface characterisation of electroless nickel-yttria-stabilised zirconia (Ni-YSZ) coating with varying YSZ particle sizes and undergoes heat treatment at a temperature between 300-400°C for 1-2 hours for wear resistance purposes. This finding will be helpful to the application of Ni-YSZ as an alternative coating for cutting tools. The surface characterisation was analysed using JOEL Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) JSM 7800F. The crystallographic structure of materials was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Bruker D8 Advance instrument. The Ni-YSZ coating was deposited using electroless nickel co-deposition of 8YSZ ceramic particles with a nano, mixed and microparticle sizes onto a high-speed steel (HSS) substrate. The coatings were heat treated at temperature 300-400°C and time 1-2 hours. The surface roughness was measured using Mitutoyo surface roughness tester SJ-301. The electroless Ni-YSZ coating deposited has an average thickness of 30 µm. It is found that the coating morphology electroless coating without YSZ particle incorporation (EN) and Ni-YSZ nano (N) is smoother compared to the Ni-YSZ mixed (NM) and Ni-YSZ micro (M). The EDS composition analysis shows the YSZ content in the electroless Ni-YSZ coating for N samples is the lowest, whereas NM samples are the highest. This resulted in the surface roughness behaviour where the mixed-size YSZ particle gives the highest roughness at all temperatures. The XRD analysis shows that heating temperatures above 300°C caused the precipitation of Ni3P crystalline. Previous studies in the surface characterisation of electroless nickel composite are scarce; thus, the study has limitations in finding supporting data. The surface characterisation especially related to the surface roughness of the electroless nickel, either the Ni-P or composites or alloys are rarely reported. Thus, this study enlightened the effect of particle size on surface roughness and morphology of heat-treated coatings.

The Effect of Horn Beetle Nano Chitosan (&lt;i&gt;Xylotrupes gideon&lt;/i&gt;) on the Surface Roughness of Glass-Ionomer Cement

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding horn beetle nano chitosan (NCH) to Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) liquid on surface roughness. The evaluation was done before and after the addition of NCH and from the length of time soaking in artificial saliva. The disc sample with a diameter of 6 mm and a height of 3 mm of total 40 samples were divided into four groups: the GIC control group, GIC modified NCH 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. Each sample was immersed for 24 hours and seven days in artificial saliva. Surface roughness before and after immersion was measured using the Surtronic S-100 Series Surface Roughness Tester. Data analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA test to determine the effect of adding horn beetle NCH and paired t-test to determine the effect of immersion time on the surface roughness of GIC. Although the highest surface roughness values were found in sample GIC modified NCH 1% (2.51±0.86 for 24 hours) and in sample GIC modified NCH 2% (2.64±0.84 for 7 days), there was no significant differences for both the surface roughness with the addition of NCH (p &gt; 0.05) and the length of immersed time (p &gt; 0.05). As the conclusion, there is no effect of horn beetle nano chitosan to GIC surface roughness. However, the addition of horn beetle NCH presented rougher surfaces after immersion. These experiments can help predict the performance of these materials under clinical conditions.

Comparison of Conventional Pressure-packed and Injection Molding Processing Methods for an Acrylic Resin Denture based on Microhardness, Surface Roughness, and Water Sorption.

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a widely used material in prosthetics and is used to fabricate denture bases. The main disadvantage of this material is its polymerization shrinkage which causes clinical problems during use. The present study aimed to investigate and compare the microhardness, surface roughness, and water sorption of a commercial acrylic resin denture, which were processed by two different methods including conventional and pressure-packed injection molding techniques. A total of 60 polymethyl methacrylate samples were prepared in two groups: conventional acrylic resin (vertex) for the compression molding method and injection acrylic resin (vertex) for the injection molding method (10 samples of each material per test). The microhardness test was performed using a Vickers microhardness test device, the surface roughness test was performed by using a profilometer, and the water sorption test was performed using a digital scale. Data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17. The significant level was considered to be 0.05. According to the results, there was a significant difference between microhardness, surface roughness, and water sorption of the samples in the two groups. The results of the independent t-test showed that the microhardness of injection vertex acrylic resin samples was significantly higher than that of conventional pressure-packed vertex acrylic resin samples (P value<0.05). Also, the surface roughness and water sorption of injection vertex acrylic resin samples were significantly lower than those of conventional pressure-packed vertex acrylic resin samples (P value <0.05). According to the obtained results, denture fabrication by the injection molding method can improve the quality and durability of dentures due to the increased microhardness, the decreased surface roughness, and the decreased water absorption of the denture base compared with the conventional method.

PA-12-Zirconia-Alumina-Cenospheres 3D Printed Composites: Accelerated Ageing and Role of the Sterilisation Process for Physicochemical Properties.

The aim of this study was to conduct artificial ageing tests on polymer-ceramic composites prepared from polyamide PA-12 polymer matrix for medical applications and three different variants of ceramic fillers: zirconia, alumina and cenospheres. Before ageing, the samples were subjected to ethyl oxide sterilization. The composite variants were prepared for 3D printing using the fused deposition modeling method. The control group consisted of unsterilized samples. Samples were subjected to artificial ageing in a high-pressure autoclave. Ageing conditions were calculated from the modified Hammerlich Arrhenius kinetic equation. Ageing was carried out in artificial saliva. After ageing the composites were subjected to mechanical (tensile strength, hardness, surface roughness) testing, chemical and structural (MS, FTIR) analysis, electron microscopy observations (SEM/EDS) and absorbability measurements.

Characterization of physical vapor deposited coating on acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene and polycarbonate substrates

AbstractIn this study, acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene and polycarbonate substrates plastics were coated with aluminum by physical vapor deposition method in order to determine which one is a better choice for outdoor reflector technology. This investigation has been done by applying the coating on a reflector that is already been used in the lighting industry. Scraping test, caustic soda and caustic potash test, reflection efficiency performance test and surface roughness test methods were used to determine the selection. Coatings on acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene and polycarbonate plastic materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x‐ray spectrometry. Although acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene plastic material is easier for injection molding and cheaper than polycarbonate material, the results showed that polycarbonate plastic material is more efficient than acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene plastic material, especially in terms of surface roughness and reflection efficiency.

Analysis of three-layer gasket performance affected by flange surface

Gaskets are components that play a very important role in piping connections to prevent leakage. Several factors affect the performance of the gasket, one of which is the contact surface of the flange. The quality of the contact surfaces in the connection also influences the leakage rate of each connection, therefore the gasket sealing performance is assessed by the rate of leakage that occurs. As a result, the surface roughness of the flange has an effect on sealing. This study examines the capability of a three-layer corrugated metal gasket to prevent leakage when the outside layer thickness and flange roughness are adjusted. The feature of three-layer corrugated metal gasket was elucidated using the finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental method. The leak rate was tested using a helium leak quantity test experimentally. The gasket was constructed with oxygen-free copper (C1020) as the outside layer and SUS304 as the base layer, and it was structured in a three-layer pattern with no bonding. A mold press was used to make the gasket. The simulation method applies finite element analysis software to investigate the correlation between contact stress, contact width, surface thickness and surface roughness. The projected results matched the experiment results fairly well. A three-layer corrugated metal gasket shows improvement capability to prevent leakage than a single gasket (standard). The gasket three-layer shows sealing performance improvement that leakage did not occur in low axial force 40 kN for all surface roughness test. In terms of sealing, a three-layer gasket with a low thickness ratio works well. Surface roughness of the flange has no influence on the three-layer gasket

Prediction of surface roughness and cutting force induced during rotary ultrasonic bone drilling via statistical and machine learning algorithms

The ultrasonic-assisted drilling of bone is gaining significant attention in orthopedic research and clinical applications due to the advantage of reducing thermal necrosis, cutting force, and microcracks. Mechanical and surface morphological damage due to cutting force and surface roughness rise during bone drilling may result in implant failure during osteosynthesis. It is difficult to predict and measure cutting force and surface irregularities during real-time medical orthopedic surgery. Therefore, the present work uses the application of different machine learning models to predict cutting force and surface roughness induced during bone drilling. The predictive results of machine learning models were compared with statistical analysis. During the study, rotary ultrasonic drilling is performed on the pig femur bone. The surface roughness and cutting forces are monitored using a surface roughness tester and a dynamometer respectively. Predictive models were developed by drilling parameters such as spindle rotational speed, abrasive girt size, and feed rate. Various machine learning algorithms such as ridge regression, lasso regression, support vector regression, multi-linear regression, and artificial neural networks were leveraged and compared at different error metrics to provide a robust predictive model. It was observed that ridge regression has the least error metrics compared to other machine learning algorithms during surface roughness prediction. Moreover, the most accurate model for predicting cutting force was support vector regression. The error metrics for statistical analysis were comparatively higher than the machine learning algorithms. Therefore, machine-learning algorithms are preferable for adequate prediction of surface roughness and cutting force induced during bone drilling compared to statistical analysis.

Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of three different restorative materials in primary teeth: an in vitro study

Physical and mechanical properties of three different (Ketac Molar Easymix, Dyract XP, Cention N (CN)) restoratives with different ingredients were evaluated. Four groups were obtained; Group 1: CN LightCure, Group 2: CN SelfCure, Group 3: Ketac Molar Easymix and Group 4: Dyract XP. Disk-shaped samples (n = 10) were prepared and evaluated for the surface roughness test using a profilometer. For the flexure strength test, 2 × 2 × 25mm bar-shaped samples (n = 10) were prepared, and a three-point bending test was applied to the samples. After preparing cavities for microleakage tests, teeth were restored with restoratives, immersed in dye, and microleakage was assessed. For the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test, ten sticks were obtained for each group and were stressed under tension. According to surface roughness tests, CN SelfCure showed the lowest value (0.13μm), while Ketac Molar Easymix showed the highest value (0.28μm), and significant differences were found between the groups. In flexural strength tests, the highest values were seen in CN SelfCure (82.94MPa), with statistically significant differences between the groups. When CN SelfCure was applied with an adhesive, the teeth showed statistically decreased leakage than other groups on the gingival side. Higher leakage values were seen on the gingival side than the occlusal side in most groups, and the SelfCure groups showed decreased leakage than the LightCure groups. According to µTBS tests, the highest value was obtained in CN SelfCure-Adhesive group, while the lowest was in CN LightCure-Non-adhesive group. When µTBS was evaluated regardless of adhesive use, the SelfCure groups showed higher µTBS values than the LightCure groups. As a result of the µTBS and microleakage test, the difference between the use of CN with and without adhesive, regardless of the polymerization type, was found to be significant (p < 0.05). Cention N showed better properties in SelfCure mode, compared to the rest materials tested, but further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to investigate the effect of different polymerization modes and the oral environmental conditions.

MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAWDUST-REINFORCED EPOXY RESIN COMPOSITES

Sawdust is one of the beneficial by-products of wood production, along with a number of others. In the construction of structures, sawdust, considered a waste material, is successfully used to create sawdust concrete. In the present study, a new analysis of the mechanical and physical properties of sawdust-reinforced epoxy resin composites (SRER) was presented. This mixing composite was fabricated using the compression molding techniques to produce three eco-friendly ratios between natural and synthetic materials: 75% of sawdust and 25% of epoxy (75S25E), 80% of sawdust and 20% of epoxy (80S20E), and 85% of sawdust and 15% of epoxy (85S15E). The images of the sawdust material were captured using Nikon SMZ 745T microscope, and their mechanical properties were analyzed using tensile, impact, and surface roughness tests. The collected data were analyzed using statistical analysis. Numerical computations and graphical demonstrations were carried out to observe the mechanical and physical properties of the SRER composite according to the three ratios. Their mechanical and physical properties will affect the different ratios of SRER composite. The outcomes demonstrated that due to the synergistic effect of reinforcements, the composite with 80% of sawdust had better mechanical properties than the other eco-friendly ratios composites. Furthermore, the mechanically tested samples were subjected to a surface roughness test to investigate the impact of the speed parameters of the CNC router machine spindle. The results show the significance of the CNC router machine spindle speed parameters for the eco-friendly ratios of SRER composite.

STUDY OF ELECTROLESS NICKEL PLATING ON RAPID PROTOTYPING MODEL USING ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE

Electroless plating on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a metallization process that involves a reduction and oxidation reaction between the nickel source and the substrate material. The purpose of this research is to determine the ability of nickel deposition in the nickel electroless plating process with a specific etching time variation. This nickel electroless procedure begins with a chromic acid etching process that can last anywhere from 15 to 55 minutes and is useful for increasing roughness and creating submicroscopic cavities. After the etching process is finished, the surface roughness test is performed with a Mitutoyo SJ-210. Additionally, the activation step is carried out for 5 minutes in order for the polymer to become a conductor, allowing the plating process to proceed. The electroless plating process was then carried out for 55 and 75 minutes, with the goal of depositing nickel metal on the ABS surface. The coating results were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy IRSpirit/ATR-S serial No. A224158/Shimadzu to determine the functional groups formed both before and after the coating process, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the character of the crystal structure, and phase analysis of a solid material using PANalytical type E'xpert Pro, To determine the surface morphology, the Zeiss EVO MA 10 was used to perform scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) at 1000x magnification. The test findings demonstrate that, based on a range of investigations, etching variations of 15,25,35,45, and 55 minutes etching time 55 minutes are the best nickel deposited substrates, as evidenced by EDS data, where this treatment has the largest weight fraction of nickel. As a result, the longer the etching period, the rougher the surface becomes, affecting the capacity of nickel deposition to increase. Furthermore, it can be demonstrated in this investigation that the nickel deposited is in an amorphous form.

PENGARUH MINUMAN ISOTONIK TERHADAP KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN EMAIL GIGI

Introduction : One of the extrinsic factors that can cause surface enamel tooth damage occurs during consuming isotonic drinks excessively. This can lead to a demineralization process if the pH in the oral cavity reached 5,5. This study proposed to determine the effect of isotonic drinks on tooth enamel surface roughness. Method : Samples objects are 8 premolar teeth that are divided into 2 groups consisting of the treatment group and the control group. Treatment group samples were immersed in an isotonic drink and the control group was aquades of 20 ml for 5 minutes, repetition was done every 6 hours per day for a week. All samples were measured using the surface roughness tester. Results : There was an increase in the significant surface roughness of the tooth enamel after being soaked in isotonic drinks (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion : There is an effect of isotonic drinks on the surface roughness of the tooth enamel.