Surface Renewal Theory Research Articles

Modeling selective absorption of H2S from a gas mixture containing CO2 within rotating packed bed based on surface renewal theory

Compared to conventional packed beds (PBs), the rotating packed beds (RPBs) demonstrate superior selectivity for H2S. RPBs can selectively absorbing more than 99 % of H2S in CO2-rich gas mixtures, while the co-absorption rate of CO2 in RPBs is only 1/9 of that in PB columns. Therefore, RPBs have been well applied in the gas purification for natural gas, blast furnace gas, and refinery gas. While, modeling the selective reaction process in RPBs under conditions of rapid liquid film renewal remains challenging. Here, a diffusion–reaction mass transfer model based on surface renewal theory is established. The model elucidates the mechanism behind the selective absorption of H2S, and also demonstrate how RPBs enhance liquid film absorption. Experimental data collected from an RPB operating under actual conditions were used to validate the model. The model demonstrates high precision in predicting the removal efficiency of H2S and CO2.

Mathematical modeling of the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste in membrane bioreactor considering transport phenomena

Enzymatic hydrolysis is a crucial step in processing lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and other valuable products in biorefineries. Applying a membrane reactor to realize this process allows for continuous separation of inhibitory end-products, thus improving process efficiency. Developed so far models have generally been dedicated to describing the reaction kinetics without considering transport phenomena and flux decline prediction. In the present paper, a new mathematical model simulating the hydrolysis process course in membrane bioreactor was established. Compared to previous reports, our study presents a novel approach to modeling the process accounting for the reaction course and permeate flux decline depending on reaction hydrodynamics. A surface renewal theory and empirical reaction kinetic model were implemented to simulate the influences of the operating parameters on the permeate flux and the monosaccharide concentration in the permeate. A procedure to determine the model parameters with experimental data was also presented. The proposed model simulated experimental data with good accuracy (R2>0.97). The total mass of glucose and xylose produced during 10 h of the hydrolysis performed under mixing conditions equaled 2.37 g and 2.39 g for the pressure of 0.4 and 0.6 bar, respectively. They correspond to the high hydrolysis yield, equaled in average to 99.1 %.

Investigations on transport behaviours of rotating packed bed for CO2 capture by chemical absorption using CFD simulation

A rotating packed bed (RPB) has been proposed to overcome the limitations of high operating and capital costs involved in conventional columns which are used for chemical absorption-based carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. The design of large-scale RPBs depends on their transport characteristics. Owing to the difficulties in predicting the transport characteristics of RPBs experimentally, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation has been implemented. In this study, a two-dimensional (2D) volume of fluid (VOF) simulation is conducted to predict transport characteristics of RPB including, hydrodynamics, and physical and reactive mass transfers. To predict hydrodynamics of RPBs accurately, the liquid holdup by CFD simulation is compared against experimental prediction, showing a strong agreement between simulation and experimentation. Various liquid phase flow patterns within RPB are observed and these are cross-referenced with findings in the existing literature. Additionally, the impacts of rotational motion and flow rate are further assessed in the study. For the mass transfer performance, the prediction of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kLae of the air-water system from CFD simulation is studied. Two different mass transfer theories such as surface renewal theory and penetration theory are studied to predict kLae. It is observed that the kLae from the penetration theory closely follows the trend of the experimental data. Finally, a 2D simulation of the reactive absorption of CO2 by diethylenetriamine (DETA) in RPB is developed and compared with the existing available data in the literature. The present model underpredicts CO2 capture efficiency in RPB, which needs further improvement in reaction kinetics. In general, the present CFD model has the capability of predicting the transport characteristics of RPB.

Turbulent Fluxes and Evaporation/Sublimation Rates on Earth, Mars, Titan, and Exoplanets

AbstractTurbulent fluxes of heat, momentum, and humidity in the atmospheric boundary layer are pivotal to the evolution of geology, weather and climate, and the possibility of life. Here we extend recent advances in calculating these near‐surface turbulent fluxes in the Earth's atmospheric boundary layer to any terrestrial planetary body with an atmosphere. These improvements include: (a) incorporating Monin‐Obukhov similarity functions that encompass the entire range of atmospheric stability expected on terrestrial planetary bodies, (b) accounting for the additional shear associated with buoyant plumes under unstable conditions, (c) using surface renewal theory to calculate transfer rates within the interfacial layer adjacent to the surface, and (d) explicitly accounting for key humidity effects that become especially important when a volatile is more buoyant than the ambient gas (e.g., on Mars where H2O is lighter than CO2). We tested and validated our model using in situ data collected on Earth, Mars, and Titan under a wide range of atmospheric stability, pressure, and surface roughness conditions. The model shows up to 71% better agreement with measurements compared to methods commonly used on Mars for evaporation/sublimation. Compared to previous estimates for H2O ice on Mars, our model predicts up to 1.5–190x lower latent heat fluxes under stable atmospheric conditions (depending on the wind speed) and 1.78x higher latent heat fluxes under unstable conditions. Our results provide improved constraints on the stability of ice on Mars and will help determine whether ice can melt under present‐day conditions.

Rainfall as a driver for near-surface turbulence and air-water gas exchange in freshwater aquatic systems.

Gas fluxes from aquatic ecosystems are a significant component of the carbon cycle. Gas exchange across the air-water interface is regulated by near-surface turbulence and can be controlled by different atmospheric forcing conditions, with wind speed and surface buoyancy flux being the most recognized drivers in empirical studies and modeling approaches. The effect of rainfall on near-surface turbulence has rarely been studied and a consistent relationship between rain rate and near-surface turbulence has not yet been established. In this study, we addressed some limitations still present in the quantitative understanding of the effect of rain rate on near-surface turbulence and on the resulting gas transfer velocity in freshwater. We performed controlled laboratory experiments over a wide range of rain rates (7 to 90 mm h-1) and estimated gas transfer velocities from high-resolution measurements of O2 concentration, while rain-induced turbulence was characterized based on particle image velocimetry. We found that the rain-induced dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy declined with depth following a consistent power-law relationship. Both energy dissipation rates and gas transfer velocity increased systematically with the rain rate. The results confirm a causal relationship between rainfall, turbulence, and gas exchange. We propose a power-law relationship between near-surface turbulent dissipation rates and rain rate. In combination with surface renewal theory, we derived a direct relationship between gas transfer velocity and rain rate, which can be used to assess the importance of short-term drivers, such as rain events, on gas dynamics and biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems.

Predicting Gaseous Solute Diffusion in Viscous Multivalent Ionic Liquid Solvents.

Calculating solute diffusion in dense, viscous solvents can be particularly challenging in molecular dynamics simulations due to the long time scales involved. Here, a new scaling approach is developed for predicting solute diffusion based on analyses of CO2 and SO2 diffusion in two different multivalent ionic liquid solvents. Various scaling approaches are initially evaluated, including single and separate thermostats for the solute and solvent, as well as the application of the Arrhenius relationship and the Speedy-Angell power law. A very strong logarithmic correlation is established between the solvent-accessible surface area and solute diffusion. This relationship, reflecting Danckwerts' surface renewal theory and the Vrentas-Duda free volume model, presents a valuable method for estimating diffusion behavior from short simulation trajectories at elevated temperatures. The approach may be beneficial for enhancing predictive modeling in similar challenging systems and should be more broadly evaluated.

Integrated high-gravity process for HCl removal and CO2 capture using carbide slag slurry in a rotor-stator reactor: Experimental and modeling studies

The treatment of flue gas containing HCl and CO2 has garnered significant attention. This study proposes an integrated high-gravity process based on a rotor-stator reactor (RSR) for HCl removal and CO2 capture through mineralization using carbide slag slurry (CSS), an industrial waste. Experimental and modeling studies were conducted to investigate the absorption performance and mass-transfer mechanism. Considering the properties of CSS, Ca(OH)2 slurry was used to simulate CSS for HCl and CO2 absorption in the RSR. The influences of solid content, rotational speed, gas flow rate, and liquid flow rate were investigated, resulting in HCl and CO2 absorption efficiencies of 87.3%–98.9% and 33.8%–65.7%, respectively. Two mechanistic mass-transfer models were established based on surface renewal theory and penetration theory, respectively, to depict the process. The predicted values aligned well with the experimental results, with deviations generally less than 25%. The study further explored the absorption of HCl and CO2 using an actual CSS operated in recycle in the RSR and investigated the characteristics of the solids in fresh and carbonated CSS using XRD, TGA, and SEM. The results indicated that the actual CSS had excellent absorption performance, generally consistent with Ca(OH)2 slurry, and that Ca(OH)2 in CSS was almost completely converted to CaCO3 (calcite).

Evaluation of Two Surface Renewal Methods for Calculating the Sensible Heat Flux over a Tea Field Ecosystem in Hilly Terrain

Seasonal drought happens frequently in the lower slope hilly areas of China, which leads to a huge economic loss to China’s famous tea production. An accurate determination of the evapotranspiration (ET) value of different seasons can provide a crucial decision parameter for irrigation management. The surface renewal (SR) method is an accurate and inexpensive method compared with the eddy covariance (EC) method, which is widely used to calculate the sensible heat flux (H). The latent heat flux (LE) evapotranspiration can be estimated indirectly when combined with the energy–balance equation. This research investigated the traditional and improved calculation methods of H (SRsnyder and SRchen), based on the surface renewal theory, over a tea field for one year. The calculation accuracy was obtained from the statistical analysis between the SR and EC methods. Different months’ applicability was evaluated to determine the best calculation method for the tea field. The traditional calculation method (SRsnyder) is based on the van slope model using the second, third, and fifth structure function. The improved SR model (SRchen) introduces a third order temperature function and friction velocity for calculation. The results indicate that SRchen shows a good calculation accuracy of H in the spring seasons (February to April), summer (May to July), and autumn (August to October). The determination coefficients of regression analysis (R2) ranges were [0.66, 0.88] with most values greater than 0.8. The root mean square error (RMSE) ranges were [34.15, 69.22] W/m2. However, during this period, SRsnyder had a poor calculation accuracy of H, and the range of R2 was [0.45, 0.74] with the RMSE ranges of [32.28, 63.25] W/m2. In the winter (November to January), the calculation accuracy of both models was relatively low with R2 almost 30% lower than that of other seasons. Therefore, this study suggests the use of the SRchen method to estimate the H of a tea field ecosystem in the low slope hilly area of the Yangtze River region in the spring, summer, and autumn. While in the winter, the SRsnyder method is recommended.

Process Intensification in Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer by Modification of Reactor Design: A Review

Process intensification is one way of developing new efficient production pathways for the chemical industry to overcome the increasing global energy demand and solve global energy and environmental problems. Process intensification plays an important role in the gas–liquid mass transfer processes. Herein, an overview of the development in gas–liquid mass transfer enhancement is provided. Classical mass transfer models such as two‐film theory, penetration theory, and surface renewal theory are analyzed. Major enhancement methods, namely, mechanical modification of reactor, are summarized and discussed here. The most recent accomplishments in gas–liquid mass transfer engineering are also provided. This review is expected to inspire new research on gas–liquid mass transfer engineering to enhance the future development and potential applications of gas–liquid mass transfer in scientific and industrial fields. Suggestions for the enhancement of gas–liquid mass transfer are also provided.

Mass transfer modeling for viscous fluids in a disk-distributor rotating packed bed

Rotating packed beds (RPBs) achieved notable application progress in high-viscosity processes. Mass transfer modeling for viscous fluids, laying the foundation for application research, was a significant and urgent challenge in RPBs. In our previous works, a disk-distributor RPB (DRPB) for facilitating high-viscosity processes was put forward by replacing the conventional nozzle distributor with a disk distributor. The basic flow parameters of viscous fluids in the DRPB have been obtained, involving liquid holdup, wetting efficiency, flow patterns, and liquid element characteristics. In the present study, a liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient model for viscous fluids (143–15259 mPa·s) was further developed based on penetration and surface renewal theories. Via comprehensive analyses of the abovementioned flow characteristics, key model parameters were determined, including the specific area of liquid and the volume fraction of different flow patterns in packing. The experiments of devolatilization from viscous solutions were implemented to examine the mass transfer model. The deviation between the model-predicted and experimental acetone removal efficiencies was within + 15 % and −10 %, proving the reasonability of the mass transfer model.

Predicting reverse flow characteristics in equal-height-difference passive heat removal system for ocean nuclear power

The equal-height-difference passive heat removal system (EHDPHRS) via natural circulation driving and utilizes ocean as infinite heat sink for heat dissipation, showing broad application prospect in ocean nuclear power field; but the heat removal pipe normally encounters the reverse flow of cool seawater into the pipe, leading to operation instability and even condensation-induced water hammer. In this study, the integration of volume of fluid model and condensation model based on surface renewal theory is used to simulate the reverse flow characteristics in the heat removal pipe under single-and two-phase natural circulation conditions. The interfacial heat and mass transfer are calculated by user-defined functions (UDF). The numerical results reveal that the buoyancy force (Fb) and condensation driving force (FΔP) both accelerate the reverse flow, while the inertial force (Fi) restrains the reverse flow; the reverse flow length presents monotonous decrease with increasing the flow velocity under single-phase conditions and parabolic-like trend for two-phase flow. A prediction correlation for the reverse flow length is developed using dimensionless Reynolds number, Grashof number and vapor volume fraction, covering single- and two-phase conditions. The predicted reverse flow length by the correlation agrees with 94% of the results within deviations of ±15%.

Efficient treatment of aged landfill leachate containing high ammonia nitrogen concentration using dynamic wave stripping: Insights into influencing factors and kinetic mechanism

Aged landfill leachate is challenging to treat owing to its extremely high ammonia concentration and poor biodegradability. We constructed pilot-scale dynamic wave stripping equipment to separate ammonia from landfill leachate and achieved excellent results. To further expand the usage of pilot-scale equipment in actual water treatment process and implement it in a sewage plant, we established the mass transfer kinetic physics and mathematical model of the dynamic wave stripping process based on the surface renewal theory and the traditional stripping method. The surface renewal theory and the traditional stripping method are employed to analyze the mechanism of various experimental parameters affecting the stripping process, predict the stripping effect of the equipment under different conditions, and verify the calculation results of the model using the kinetic fitting results of the experimental data. These calculation results of the model indicate that the mass transfer kinetic coefficients of ammonia stripping at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C are 85.62 min, 75.34 min, and 65.88 min, respectively, when the gas–liquid ratio is 129. When the gas–liquid ratios are 62, 129, and 163 at 25 °C, the mass transfer kinetic coefficients of ammonia stripping are 102.61 min, 75.34 min, and 61.43 min, respectively. With increasing temperature and gas–liquid ratio, the particle size and number of bubbles in the wave tube of the stripping equipment gradually decrease and the mass transfer efficiency of free ammonia between the gas and liquid phases improves, enhancing the stripping efficiency of ammonia nitrogen.

Numerical investigation on direct contact condensation-induced water hammer in passive natural circulation system for offshore applications

For the passive natural circulation systems (PNCSs) in offshore floating nuclear plants, the ocean environment is usually regarded as the final heat sink. Condensation-induced water hammer (CIWH) may occur as the saturated steam released into the ocean by natural circulation. This study aims to develop a CFD model to analysis the CIWH phenomenon induced by direct contact condensation (DCC) in the PNCSs. In the model framework, the two-phase interface is tracked explicitly by the volume of fluid method; the interface heat transfer is acquired by the hybrid Heat Transfer Coefficient model based on the Surface Renewal Theory; the condensation heat and mass transfer rate are obtained by user-defined functions (UDF). The condensation model is firstly validated with the PMK-2 experimental data, showing consistency with the measured temperature evolutions. Then, the model is applied to investigate the CIWH events in the horizontal pipe geometry of the passive natural circulation systems. The simulation results indicate that the reverse flow of subcooled water triggers the formation of the CIWH events, by increasing the condensation rate and forming the entrapped bubble. The reverse flow periodically occurs afterwards, inducing multiple CIWHs. The increase of inlet stream velocity lengthens the reverse flow period and the distance, thus strengthening the interfacial condensation and the pressure impulse of CIWH.

High-gravity deoxygenation of jet fuels using rotating packed bed

It has been proven that dissolved oxygen has fatal effect on thermal oxidation stability of jet fuels, although it is present in extremely low levels (70 ppm). In this paper, high-gravity deoxygenation method of jet fuels via rotating packed bed (RPB) was proposed to intensify gas–liquid mass transfer process. The deoxygenation efficiency of jet fuels was up to 99% (less than 1 ppm), and the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLae) is 0.01 ∼ 0.06 s−1. The effects of operation parameters on deoxygenation efficiency and liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLae) were studied systematically, including gas–liquid ratio, rotating speed, liquid flow rate and packing structure. This method showed remarkable advantages in many aspects, such as superior mass transfer performance, extremely high deoxygenation efficiency, small device volume, very high process speed, low gas consumption and high operation stability. In addition, the mass-transfer model of high-gravity deoxygenation of jet fuel was established basing on the surface renewal theory, which considered the influences of gas flow and other operation parameters. The model is in good agreement with the experimental results, and the deviation is within ± 15%. This research is of great significance for the development of innovative deoxygenation technology of jet fuels.

Hydraulic and biological controls of biofilm nitrogen uptake in gravel‐bed streams

AbstractEpibenthic biofilms are important in regulating nitrogen (N) fluxes in stream ecosystems. The efficiency of the regulation is controlled by hydraulic and biological processes and their interactions. However, knowledge on the underlying physical and biological processes, their controlling parameters, and interactions in stream ecosystems is still limited. To analyze the relative importance of hydraulic and biological controls on biofilm N uptake, we measured turbulence, biofilm N uptake using a stable isotope tracer, and biofilm biomass in two gravel‐bed streams with contrasting nutrient concentrations for two seasons. We found high within‐stream variability in biofilm areal N uptake and uptake velocity, which exceeded variability between streams and seasons by 60% and 30%, respectively. Sixty‐four percent of the within‐stream variability in uptake velocity was explained by hydraulic mass transfer and biofilm characteristics, which were described in terms of the turbulent dissipation rate and the biofilm biomass, respectively. We show that surface renewal theory based on scales of the smallest turbulent eddies can be used to estimate transfer velocities at the sediment–water interface and can be extrapolated to larger scales by spatial averaging. Our results improved the mechanistic understanding of the processes regulating biofilm N uptake at small scale which contributes to the understanding of ecosystem functioning in low‐order streams and supports upscaling to larger spatiotemporal scales along stream networks.

A one – source model to estimate sensible heat flux in agricultural landscapes

A one-source model type that combines surface renewal (SR) and similarity theories to estimate the sensible heat flux (H) involving the land surface temperature (LST) and low-frequency measurements, HSR-LST, was tested over agricultural surfaces with fractions of ground canopy cover that ranged from 39% up to 97% and canopy heights ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 m. The performance was tested under clear sky conditions and for stable and unstable cases during the day. The sensible heat flux was estimated using in situ LST measurements over a homogenous canopy (wheat) under stable conditions. Unstable conditions were met for two growing crops (rain-fed soybean and corn) where HSR-LST was tested using LST retrieved from Landsat 5 to 7. The sensible heat flux taken as a reference for soybean and corn was determined using the eddy covariance (EC) method and for wheat it was determined using the residual method (the evapotranspiration was measured using a large weighing lysimeter). For wheat HSR-LST performed slightly better than a calibrated one-source model. For soybean and corn, it performed similarly to one-source and two-source model types. The one-source models included two types, one requiring calibration and the other one self-calibrating, using ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ spots in the surroundings. Further testing for sparse canopies is suggested prior to the development of a two-source model in the framework of SR-LST because HSR-LST performed similarly to the other models. For corn, HSR-LST had the closest performance to HEC and for soybean the two-source model (the best) was slightly closer to HEC than HSR-LST. The root mean square differences (RMSD) comparing HSR-LST against the reference were in the range 26 (corn) – 46 (wheat) Wm−2. Therefore, HSR-LST is an alternative to consider for estimating H because it was competitive and simpler to apply than other thermal remote sensing-based methods.

Dynamic modelling based on surface renewal theory, model validation and process analysis of rotating packed bed absorber for carbon capture

Rotating packed beds can reduce the equipment size and costs in solvent-based carbon capture. However, difficulties are encountered when modelling rotating packed beds due to turbulent fluid flows inside rotating packed beds and the cross-sectional area of mass transfer unit that changes with radius. This study aims to develop a validated dynamic model of a rotating packed bed absorber and to carry out process analysis through steady state and dynamic simulations. Innovatively, the dynamic model was developed based on surface renewal theory for mass transfer. The model can calculate distributed mass transfer coefficients and other key variables related with absorption performance. Experiments were carried out and new experimental data for the rotating packed bed absorber under realistic operating conditions were obtained for model validation. Process analysis about the effects of key operational variables such as rotating speed, liquid-gas ratio and solvent concentration on absorption performance was performed with benchmark MEA solvent. It was found that the optimal MEA concentration is around 70 wt%. Dynamic simulation results reveal that the RPB absorber has fast responses for process changes. This new distributed dynamic model and the insights obtained through process simulation will promote rotating packed bed technology towards its industrial deployment in large scale carbon capture processes.

Dynamic modeling and solubility studies of sour gases during sweetening process of natural gas

Sour gas components (mostly H2S and CO2) are to be removed from natural gas in a sweetening process. Analysis of sweetening of natural gas has been carried out by formulating steady state and transient rate-based models which have been developed based on film theory and surface renewal theory for the two phases (gas and liquid) in the industrial absorber considering vapor liquid equilibria. The analytical equations representing the model were simulated and the profiles of sour components were compared with industrial data for validation. The model considers kinetics of reaction between solvent methyl-di-ethanolamine (MDEA) which enters the column from top and feed sour gas from bottom containing H2S and CO2. The concentration profiles of acid gas components are obtained for both the phases. Transient model representing temperature dynamics has been validated using industrial data with a mean square error of 0.4475. The removal efficiency for sour-gas is 95%. A quadratic regression model based on statistical data has also been formulated to predict thermodynamic properties concerning solubility of sour gas components in the solvent under different temperatures and pressures. Optimization of model reveals that separation of H2S is favoured at T = 318.46 K, P = 707.12 kPa and concentration = 4.42 mol/lit while optimal operating points for CO2 are T = 338.23 K, P = 3535.69 kPa and concentration = 4.43 mol/lit. It can be observed that compared to H2S dynamics, CO2 dynamics is sluggish. The comprehensive form of the rate-based model can be used for formulating control strategies.

Physically Based Scaling Models to Predict Gas Transfer Velocity in Streams and Rivers

AbstractAir‐water gas transfer influences fundamental processes of aquatic systems such as photosynthesis, respiration, and greenhouse gas emission. Previous predictive models for gas transfer velocity (KL) often only apply to a small range of streams and rivers. Two “universal” scalings, KL ∼ 1/4 power of turbulent dissipation rate (ε1/4) and KL ∼ shear velocity (U*), deduced from classic thin‐film theory and surface renewal theory, have been reported for lake and marine systems, but have not been adequately tested for streams or rivers. To test the two scalings and understand how KL varies across systems, we compiled 588 field measurements of KL, and used inverse modeling based on long‐term high‐frequency dissolved oxygen time series to estimate KL of 35 streams and rivers capturing a wide range of discharge (0–221 m3/s). We found that the two scalings held for both the KL estimated by inverse modeling and the KL from measurements and outperformed 23 previous models in predicting KL. Furthermore, the main driver of KL variation shifts from bottom friction to other factors with increasing stream/river size. In most streams and a few rivers, correlation between U* and KL is high, and discharge‐KL relationships are strongly positive, indicating that turbulence generated by bottom friction dominates near‐surface turbulence, a fundamental control of KL, thus, the two scaling models are applicable to these systems. However, most rivers (mean discharge >10 m3/s) show low correlations between U* and KL, suggesting biochemical factors and winds likely override bottom friction in driving near‐surface turbulence and KL.

Simulation of interfacial mass transfer process accompanied by Rayleigh convection in NaCl solution

Rayleigh convection caused by dissolved CO2 is critical for CO2 capture and storage technology in saline aquifers. However, the poor experimental measurements of theoretical model parameters limit a further analysis of the interfacial mass transfer process after the convection occurring. In this study, a two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) including electrostatic and volume forces is used to simulate Rayleigh convection for CO2 in a NaCl solution at 293.15 K, 1.00 atm. Through calculating the key parameter of the simulated onset time, it indicates that the CO2 interfacial concentration is only 15–20% of the saturated concentration at the true gas–liquid mass transfer interface. Besides, the simulated convective onset time would be delayed by increasing the salt concentration. The average instantaneous mass transfer factor is also decreased with the increased concentration and when the concentration of the NaCl solution is less than 3 mol L−1 (M), the mass transfer rate can be accelerated by more than 3.2 times. We propose a new method to obtain surface renewal time which is determined according to the concentration and velocity field simulated by LBM and find that changes in mass transfer rate follow the penetration theory in the molecular diffusion stage while abiding by the surface renewal theory in the interfacial convection stage. Our results can provide a valuable guide for relevant economic evaluation and appropriate geological sequestrated sites.