Surface Of Domain Research Articles

Synthetic Cell-Based Immunotherapies for Neurologic Diseases.

The therapeutic success and widespread approval of genetically engineered T cells for a variety of hematologic malignancies spurred the development of synthetic cell-based immunotherapies for CNS lymphoma, primary brain tumors, and a growing spectrum of nononcologic disease conditions of the nervous system. Chimeric antigen receptor effector T cells bear the potential to deplete target cells with higher efficacy, better tissue penetration, and greater depth than antibody-based cell depletion therapies. In multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders, engineered T-cell therapies are being designed and currently tested in clinical trials for their safety and efficacy to eliminate pathogenic B-lineage cells. Chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells expressing a disease-relevant autoantigen as cell surface domains are designed to selectively deplete autoreactive B cells. Alternative to cell depletion, synthetic antigen-specific regulatory T cells can be engineered to locally restrain inflammation, support immune tolerance, or efficiently deliver neuroprotective factors in brain diseases in which current therapeutic options are very limited. In this article, we illustrate prospects and bottlenecks for the clinical development and implementation of engineered cellular immunotherapies in neurologic diseases.

Carbonization-Temperature-Dependent Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanofibers-From Nanoscale to Macroscale.

An exact understanding of the conductivity of individual fibers and their networks is crucial to tailor the overall macroscopic properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Therefore, microelectrical properties of CNF networks and nanoelectrical properties of individual CNFs, carbonized at temperatures from 600 to 1000 °C, are studied by means of conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). At the microscale, the CNF networks show good electrical interconnections enabling a homogeneously distributed current flow. The network's homogeneity is underlined by the strong correlation of macroscopic conductivities, determined by the four-point-method, and microscopic results. Both, microscopic and macroscopic electrical properties, solely depend on the carbonization temperature and the exact resulting fiber structure. Strikingly, nanoscale high-resolution current maps of individual CNFs reveal a large highly resistive surface fraction, representing a clear limitation. Highly resistive surface domains are either attributed to disordered highly resistive carbon structures at the surface or the absence of electron percolation paths in the bulk volume. With increased carbonization temperature, the conductive surface domains grow in size resulting in a higher conductivity. This work contributes to existing microstructural models of CNFs by extending them by electrical properties, especially electron percolation paths.

Al-doped CuS/Znln2S4 forming Schottky junction induced electron trap centers for photocatalytic overall water splitting

Synergistically tuning electronic states at the atomic level to facilitate photocatalytic overall water splitting is a challenge. However, elucidation of the role of specific electronic states of Znln2S4 (ZIS) in regulating both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is still scarce, making it difficult to accurately predict the actual photocatalytic performance. Here, the substitution of Zn sites with Al atoms was found to modulate the potential difference of the ZIS surface domain heterojunction structure, and electrons were further transferred to CuS to form a built-in field that promotes charge separation. When Al doping is present on the ZIS surface, ZIS exhibits p-type semiconductor properties, which leads to the formation of p-n junctions within Al-CuS/ZIS itself. Due to the large work function and metallic properties of CuS, and Al-CuS/ZIS as a whole tends to form a Schottky heterojunction, and the two heterojunction structures synergistically promote the migration of photogenerated carriers. In addition, the Al doping changes the electronic states around the ZIS, allowing the Al ZIS to promote the adsorption of O* and H* during OWS. The solar-driven photocatalytic overall water splitting efficiency of Al-CuS/ZIS is as high as 153.6 (HER) and 73.1 (OER) μmol/h g−1, which is about 10 times that of ZIS. This work opens the possibility to design efficient photocatalytic materials through tunable composition and electronic structure.

The Role of Membrane Lipids in the Formation and Function of Caveolae.

Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations with a distinct lipid composition. Membrane lipids cooperate with the structural components of caveolae to generate a metastable surface domain. Recent studies have provided insights into the structure of essential caveolar components and how lipids are crucial for the formation, dynamics, and disassembly of caveolae. They also suggest new models for how caveolins, major structural components of caveolae, insert into membranes and interact with lipids.

Evolutionary dynamics of influenza A/H1N1 virus circulating in India from 2011 to 2021

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are fast-evolving pathogens with a very high mutation rate (2.0×10-6 to 2.0×10-4) compared to the influenza B (IBV) and influenza C (ICV) viruses. Generally, the tropical regions are considered as the reservoir for the IAV's genetic and antigenic evolutionary modification to be reintroduced into the temperate region. Therefore, in connection to the above facts, the present study emphasized on the evolutionary dynamic of the pandemic-2009 H1N1 (pdmH1N1) influenza virus in India. A total of Ninety-two whole genome sequences of pdmH1N1 viruses circulating in India during the 2009 post-pandemic era were analysed. The temporal signal of the study, indicating strict molecular clock evolutionary process and the overall substitution rate is 2.21×10-3/site/year. We are using the nonparametric Bayesian Skygrid coalescent model to estimates the effective past population dynamic or size over time. The study exhibits a strong relation between the genetic distances and collection dates of the Indian pdmH1N1 strain. The skygrid plot represents the highest exponential growth of IAV in rainy and winter seasons. All the genes of Indian pdmH1N1 were under purifying selective pressure. The Bayesian time-imprinted phylogenetic tree represents the following clade distributions in the country within the last 10years; I) clade 6, 6C, and 7 were co-circulating between the 2011 to 2012 flu season; II) the clade 6B was introduced into circulation in the late seasons of 2012; III) lastly, the clade 6B remain existing in the circulation and segregated into subclade 6B.1 with five different subgroup (6B.1A, 6B.1A.1, 6B.1A.5a, 6B.1A.5a.2, 6B.1A.7). The recent circulating strain of Indian H1N1 strain represent the insertion of basic-amino acid arginine (R) in the cleavage site (325/K-R) of HA protein and amino acid mutation (314/I-M) on the lateral head surface domain of NA protein. Moreover, the study indicates the sporadic presence of the oseltamivir-resistant (275/H-Y) H1N1 variant in circulation. The present study suggests the purifying selective pressure and stochastic ecological factors for the existence and adaptation of a certain clade 6B in the host populations and additional information on the emergence of mutated strains in the circulation.

Comparison of schlieren-based techniques for measurements of a turbulent and wavy free surface

The free surface at an air–water interface can provide information regarding bathymetric complexities, as well as the subsurface flow. We present a comparison of the performance of two recent advances in light-based optical techniques for free surface measurements, total internal reflection-deflectometry and moon-glade background-oriented schlieren, with the more established method of free surface synthetic schlieren. We make use of an optical flow algorithm over the more traditional digital image correlation, in order to obtain higher spatial resolution data across the imaged free surface domain. The optical flow algorithm presents additional benefits, such as computational efficiency and robustness in capturing large displacements and straining of tracked features. The three optical techniques are assembled in synchronization to image two free surface conditions: (1) a free surface being impinged upon by an underlying turbulent, free-shear flow and (2) a random and irregular wave field induced by a free jet. Using the high-resolution measurements, we provide insight on the emergence of multiple free surface dynamics for a turbulent free surface. We present a comprehensive discussion on the benefits and drawbacks of each technique, including suggestions on the suitability of each technique for several experimental constraints.Graphical abstract

Structurally Induced Chirality of an Achiral Chromophore on Self-Assembled Nanofibers: A Twist Makes It Chiral.

The surface domains of self-assembled amphiphiles are well-organized and can perform many physical, chemical, and biological functions. Here, we present the significance of chiral surface domains of these self-assemblies in transferring chirality to achiral chromophores. These aspects are probed using l- and d-isomers of alkyl alanine amphiphiles which self-assemble in water as nanofibers, possessing a negative surface charge. When bound on these nanofibers, positively charged cyanine dyes (CY524 and CY600), each having two quinoline rings bridged by conjugated double bonds, show contrasting chiroptical features. Interestingly, CY600 displays a bisignated circular dichroic (CD) signal with mirror-image symmetry, while CY524 is CD silent. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the model cylindrical micelles (CM) derived from the two isomers exhibit surface chirality and the chromophores are buried as monomers in mirror-imaged pockets on their surfaces. The monomeric nature of template-bound chromophores and their binding reversibility are established by concentration- and temperature-dependent spectroscopies and calorimetry. On the CM, CY524 displays two equally populated conformers with opposite sense, whereas CY600 is present as two pairs of twisted conformers in each of which one is in excess, due to differences in weak dye-amphiphile hydrogen bonding interactions. Infrared and NMR spectroscopies support these findings. Reduction of electronic conjugation caused by the twist establishes the two quinoline rings as independent entities. On-resonance coupling between the transition dipoles of these units generates bisignated CD signals with mirror-image symmetry. The results presented herein provide insight on the little-known structurally induced chirality of achiral chromophores through transfer of chiral surface information.

Environmental Friendly Natural Polymer and Its Polylactic Acid Modified Composite Synthesized from <i>Thais Coronata </i>Shell for Urea Uptake from Waste Water by Equilibration

CHITOSAN was extracted from <i>Thais Coronata </i>shell and modified with poly-lactic acid by gelation method to derive its poly-lactic chitosan nano-composite. Both the chitosan and the polylactic acid modified composite where analyzed using FT-IR and SEM for changes in functional group and surface morphology. A spectrum of unmodified chitosan with absorption bands ranging from 3533 cm^-1 to 3942 cm^-1, all attributed to O-H stretching vibrations, and a cluster of bands attributed to N-H stretching vibrations of primary and secondary amine at 3417 cm^-1, 3317 cm^-1, 3286 cm^-1, and 3217cm^-1. The -NH₂ stretching is approximated matched by the high and deep adsorption peak at 1496cm^-1 corresponding to Amide II, which is a characteristic band of N-acetylation. SEM images of unmodified and poly-lactic acid modified chitosan composites at 500 and 1500x magnification reveals a rough surface with significant pores, typified and notable irregularities that are ideal for adsorption. The morphology of the poly-lactic acid modified chitosan has changed significantly in relation to its weak surface properties, with a smoother surface domain and reduced pore structure. The degree of ionic activity between chitosan and the poly lactic acid grafted onto the polymer chain is linked to morphological variability. The samples where investigated as potential bio-sorbents for urea uptake from waste water by equilibration. Adsorption experiments were conducted on 20100mg/L urea wastewater and the effect of contact time, concentration, temperature and pH on urea removal efficiency was studied. At temperature of 30°C and pH of 2.5, maximum removal efficiency of 50.16 and 54.33% were obtained for the modified and un-modified chitosan respectively. Results from adsorption studies revealed that the modification with poly-lactic acid did not enhance adsorption capacity of chitosan, although its solubility and resistance to acidic degradation was improved. The development of chitosan materials with better adsorption capacity in the light of urea uptake is therefore very feasible.

Partitioning and sourcing of evapotranspiration using coupled MARMITES-MODFLOW model, La Mata catchment (Spain)

The new, two-way coupled, distributed and transient MARMITES-MODFLOW (MM-MF) model, coupling land surface and soil zone domains with groundwater, is presented. It implements model-based partitioning and sourcing of subsurface evapotranspiration (ETss) as part of spatio-temporal water balance (WB). The partitioning of ETss involves its separation into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T), while the sourcing of E and T involves separation of each of the two into soil zone (Esoil and Tsoil) and groundwater (Eg and Tg) components. The objective of that development was to understand the system dynamics of a catchment with shallow water table, through spatio-temporal quantification of water fluxes and evaluation of their importance in water balances, focusing on the Eg and Tg components of ETss. While the Eg is computed using formulation from published study, the Tg is obtained through a novel phenomenological function, based on soil moisture availability and transpiration demand driven by climatic conditions. The MM-MF model was applied in the small La Mata catchment (~4.8 km2, Salamanca Province, Spain), characterized by semi-arid climate, granitic bedrock, shallow water table and sparse oak woodland. The main catchment characteristics were obtained using remote sensing, non-invasive hydrogeophysics and classical field data acquisition. The MM-MF model was calibrated in transient, using daily data of five hydrological years, between 1st October 2008 and 30th September 2013. The WB confirmed dependence of groundwater exfiltration on gross recharge. These two water fluxes, together with infiltration and Esoil, constituted the largest subsurface water fluxes. The Eg was higher than the Tg, which is explained by low tree coverage (~7%). Considering seasonal variability, Eg and Tg were larger in dry seasons than in wet season, when solar radiation was the largest and soil moisture the most depleted. A relevant observation with respect to tree transpiration was that during dry seasons, the decline of Tsoil, associated with the decline of soil moisture, was compensated by increase of Tg, despite continuously declining water table. However, in dry seasons, T was far below the atmospheric evaporative demand, indicating that the groundwater uptake by the tree species of this study constituted a survival strategy and not a mechanism for continued plant growth. The presented MM-MF model allowed to analyze catchment water dynamics and water balance in detail, accounting separately for impacts of evaporation and transpiration processes on groundwater resources. With its unique capability of partitioning and sourcing of ETss, the MM-MF model is particularly suitable for mapping groundwater dependent ecosystems, but also for analyzing impacts of climate and land cover changes on groundwater resources.

Thermal hysteretic behavior and negative magnetoresistance in the charge density wave material EuTe4

EuTe4 is a newly-discovered van der Waals material exhibiting a novel charge-density wave (CDW) with a large thermal hysteresis in the resistivity and CDW gap. In this work, we systematically study the electronic structure and transport properties of EuTe4 using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), magnetoresistance measurements, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We observe a CDW gap of about 200 meV at low temperatures that persists up to 400 K, suggesting that the CDW transition occurs at a much higher temperature. We observe a large thermal hysteretic behavior of the ARPES intensity near the Fermi level, consistent with the resistivity measurement. The hysteresis in the resistivity measurement does not change under a magnetic field up to 7 T, excluding the thermal magnetic hysteresis mechanism. Instead, the surface topography measured with STM shows surface domains with different CDW trimerization directions, which may be important for the thermal hysteretic behavior of EuTe4. Interestingly, we observe a large negative magnetoresistance at low temperatures that can be associated with the canting of magnetically ordered Eu spins. Our work shed light on the understanding of magnetic, transport, and electronic properties of EuTe4.

Determination of Magnetic Structures in Magnetic Microwires with Longitudinally Distributed Magnetic Anisotropy.

We studied the magnetic properties of a glass-covered amorphous microwire that was stress-annealed at temperatures distributed along the microwire length. The Sixtus-Tonks, Kerr effect microscopy and magnetic impedance techniques have been applied. There was a transformation of the magnetic structure across the zones subjected to annealing at different temperatures. The annealing temperature distribution induces the graded magnetic anisotropy in the studied sample. The variety of the surface domain structures depending on the longitudinal location has been discovered. Spiral, circular, curved, elliptic and longitudinal domain structures coexist and replace each other in the process of magnetization reversal. The analysis of the obtained results was carried out based on the calculations of the magnetic structure, assuming the distribution of internal stresses.

Time and Potential‐Resolved Comparison of Copper Disc and Copper Nanoparticles for Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Furfural

Herein, a comparative analysis of two case example catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of furfural under acidic conditions, namely a copper polycrystalline disc and copper nanoparticles dispersed on carbon support, is performed. To gain a detailed insight on ECH trends, a task‐specific methodology is employed based on electrochemistry–mass spectrometry coupling, which enabled time‐ and potential‐resolved detection of volatile ECH products, i.e., 2‐methylfurane (2‐MF) and H2. In this way, the ability to elucidate potential‐dependent product distribution for the two catalysts, namely faradaic efficiency, is achieved. Accordingly, the nanoparticulate analog is significantly more active toward competitive hydrogen evolution reaction and 2‐MF production, whereas the polycrystalline sample is more selective toward furfuryl alcohol. The observed differences in ECH are ascribed to alterations in surface domains, which is supported by surface‐sensitive lead underpotential deposition characterization.

Cytochrome P450 Surface Domains Prevent the β-Carotene Monohydroxylase CYP97H1 of Euglena gracilis from Acting as a Dihydroxylase.

Molecular biodiversity results from branched metabolic pathways driven by enzymatic regioselectivities. An additional complexity occurs in metabolites with an internal structural symmetry, offering identical extremities to the enzymes. For example, in the terpene family, β-carotene presents two identical terminal closed-ring structures. Theses cycles can be hydroxylated by cytochrome P450s from the CYP97 family. Two sequential hydroxylations lead first to the formation of monohydroxylated β-cryptoxanthin and subsequently to that of dihydroxylated zeaxanthin. Among the CYP97 dihydroxylases, CYP97H1 from Euglena gracilis has been described as the only monohydroxylase. This study aims to determine which enzymatic domains are involved in this regioselectivity, conferring unique monohydroxylase activity on a substrate offering two identical sites for hydroxylation. We explored the effect of truncations, substitutions and domain swapping with other CYP97 members and found that CYP97H1 harbours a unique N-terminal globular domain. This CYP97H1 N-terminal domain harbours a hydrophobic patch at the entrance of the substrate channel, which is involved in the monohydroxylase activity of CYP97H1. This domain, at the surface of the enzyme, highlights the role of distal and non-catalytic domains in regulating enzyme specificity.

Evolution of the Cellulose Microfibril through Gamma-Valerolactone-Assisted Co-Solvent and Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Biomass recalcitrance during deconstruction remains a key bottleneck to affordable biomass processing technologies. A clear connection between the cell wall structure and biomass deconstruction is necessary to understand how lignocellulosic material is broken down to valuable monomeric components. Here, we monitor changes in the cellulose microfibril domains of poplar, sorghum, and switchgrass throughout gamma-valerolactone (GVL)–water co-solvent pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis using solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP/MAS 13C-NMR) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Spectral fitting of NMR peaks corresponding to different cellulose microenvironments at the C4 carbon center suggests that a mildly acidic GVL–water co-solvent pretreatment of poplar leads to nearly full removal of xylan–cellulose linkages, which primes the cellulose for enzymatic attack. The spectral fitting also suggests that the pretreatment causes significant depletion of the inaccessible fibril surface domains with an increase in more thermally stable crystalline resonances (Iβ). WAXS confirmed a decrease in the lattice spacing between (200) crystalline planes with increasing co-solvent pretreatment severity. These results are interpreted as an opening of bound microfibril surfaces previously inaccessible to the co-solvent system, which leaves behind a more thermally stable, crystalline domain that is potentially prone to relaxation and recrystallization. Full conversion of residual GVL-pretreated biomass was achieved after the GVL co-solvent pretreatment at 140 °C using a commercial enzyme cocktail, CTec2, which contains different cellulases and other enzymes. Spectral fitting of enzymatically hydrolyzed samples by a single engineered cellulase, CelR, suggests that the residual cellulose recalcitrance is mainly due to the inability of CelR to digest the Iβ crystalline domain present in pretreated samples. This work helps to provide new information regarding the structure of the cell wall and recalcitrance throughout GVL–water mild acidolysis and CelR enzymatic biomass deconstruction by tracking the evolution of structural domains within the cellulose microfibril. This work further directs recommendations for improving the conversion and sugar yields in future studies. Our findings inform inquiry into larger questions of cellulose recalcitrance through GVL pretreatment and CelR enzymatic hydrolysis and give insight into subsequent required steps for full cellulose conversion with attention to the most recalcitrant cellulose structures.

Local electrical conductivity of carbon black/PDMS nanocomposites subjected to large deformations

The full-field microscale electrical behavior of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix composites with 12 wt% (below the electrical percolation threshold) and 20 wt% (above the electrical percolation threshold) carbon black (CB) nanoparticles was obtained with the aid of Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM) as a function of uniaxial tensile strain. A comparison between the macroscale and the microscale 2D strain fields showed that 25 × 25 μm2 specimen domains can serve as a representative surface element (RSE) to describe the macroscale mechanical response under finite deformations. The same surface domain size was shown to serve as RSE for the local electrical behavior of CB/PDMS nanocomposites at small and large strains. The transverse specimen contraction due to the Poisson’s effect increased the through-thickness conductivity of 12 wt% CB specimens, with a rapid increase in the total electric current measured at the scale of the RSE taking place above 23% uniaxial true strain. The locally dominant tunneling conductance in the undeformed specimen state transitioned to a combination of Ohmic (linear local current-voltage (I–V) characteristics) and tunneling (parabolic local I–V characteristics) at 35% uniaxial true strain. In comparison, the local I–V characteristics of undeformed PDMS composites with 20 wt% CB were a combination of Ohmic (contributing the majority of the total current) and tunneling. Upon application of 35% uniaxial true strain the vast majority of local conduction sites became Ohmic, while the total electric current at the scale of the RSE increased relatively linearly with applied strain.

An Efficient Disassembly Sequencing Scheme Using the Shell Structure

This paper presents a part accessibility-based assembly partitioning scheme for efficient disassembly sequence planning. Accessibility of parts is shown to be an important consideration in product disassembly sequence planning (DSP) , which in turn has applications in assembly planning (AP) , maintenance planning (MP) , and end-of-life (EOL) processing. A substantial amount of research exists on both DSP and MP . However, accessibility analysis of parts in an assembly remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we introduce the notion of shell structures associated with 3d CAD assemblies for accessibility analysis of parts. The proposed approach classifies the surface domains of parts as mating or non-mating domains. The non-mating domains are used to construct the shell structure, and the mating domains are used to generate the liaison information of the assembly. The method requires only one-time computation of the shells; throughout the disassembly process, the accessibility information in the shells is updated without any recomputation. Further applications of shell structures, such as in subassembly identification and parallel disassembly, which are important for maintenance planning and end-of-life processing, are also demonstrated. We propose a grid-based method for constructing the shell structure from the tessellated model of the assembly. Finally, results obtained for tessellated models demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods. The results show that the accessibility assessment can be done in very little time using the proposed approach. The dynamic update of shells after each disassembly operation results in efficient updating of accessibility information. • A part accessibility-based assembly partitioning scheme is proposed for efficient disassembly sequence planning. • The notion of shell structure is introduced for carrying out accessibility analysis of parts from the CAD file of the assembly. • The application of shell structures for subassembly identification and parallel disassembly is demonstrated. • Methods are presented for constructing the shell structure from the tessellated model of the assembly.

Dynamic surface phases controlling asymmetry of high-rate lithiation and delithiation in phase-separating electrodes

Stabilised Li-rich and Li-poor surface domains formed during fast lithiation and delithiation, respectively, cause a large overpotential difference between discharging and charging.

Mean first‐passage time of cell migration in confined domains

A number of key biological processes involving cell migration in which cells traverse boundaries separating well‐defined tissues can be modeled in terms of mean first‐passage time (MFPT) problems in confined domains. Motivated by this scenario, we consider suitable three‐dimensional domains on which MFPT functions , fulfilling a Poisson‐like equation and different boundary conditions on the surface enclosing , are studied. By extending methods coming from potential theory, the calculation of boils down to dealing with inhomogeneous linear integral equations having singular kernels on . The latter are solved compactly and yield consistent 's for several domains and homogeneous boundary conditions. Moreover, the integral equation approach allows us to analyze the MFPT with mixed (Dirichlet‐Neumann) boundary conditions on for the case of a closed spherical surface with Dirichlet conditions on most of , except for a small complementary surface domain with Neumann conditions.

"THERMOELASTIC DISPLACEMENT DUE TO TRANSIENT SURFACE HEATING "

The starting point in the calculation of normal displacement due to transient heating is the Green’s function for the elastic half-space. Superposition principle leads to a triple integral (double integral over surface and simple integral over time) that can be formally re-written as a three-dimensional convolution product. Given the singularities of the Green’s function in the time/space domain, it is more convenient to employ its spectral counterpart, i.e. the frequency response function (FRF), in the convolution calculation. A special technique for the calculation of the 3D convolution product based on the FRF is advanced in this paper. The resulting algorithm is very efficient from a computational point of view, as the transfers to and from the time/space domain to the frequency domain are handled by the fast Fourier transform. A simulation example is presented, involving the transient thermoelastic displacement due to a uniform heat source that vanishes everywhere except for a square surface domain, and which is applied continuously only in a limited time window. The numerical results predict that the displacement increases with time as long as heat is supplied, and is gradually recovered once the heat is removed. The loaded half-space patch undergoes a growth-release process that is accurately captured by the simulation method. The developed framework anticipates the solution of the contact process with transient heating.

Magnetic Domain Structure of Lu2.1Bi0.9Fe5O12 Epitaxial Films Studied by Magnetic Force Microscopy and Optical Second Harmonic Generation

Magnetic structure of functional magnetic dielectrics is traditionally of high interest. Here, we use the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and nonlinear-optical probe of second harmonic generation for studies of surface domain structure of monocrystalline Lu2.1Bi0.9Fe5O12 garnet films. The transformation of the magnetic domains under the application of the dc magnetic field is revealed by the MFM for both the top-view and the cleavage of the iron-garnet layer. Complementary magnetic force and second harmonic generation microscopy show that the considered film reveals the magnetization inclined with respect to the film’s normal, with its orientation being inhomogeneous within the film’s thickness. The second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy confirms the zigzag structure of the surface-closing domain with the magnetization containing in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization components. We believe that these features of magnetic behavior of garnet films are important for the design of garnet-based magnetic devices.