Carbon Fiber Surface Research Articles

Highly conductive and mechanically robust MXene@CF core-shell composites for in-situ damage sensing and electromagnetic interference shielding

In this work, a new type of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite was fabricated by introducing MXene nanoparticles onto the surface of carbon fibers (CF) via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) followed by thermal annealing. The MXene-reinforced CF/epoxy composites displayed enhanced mechanical properties and electrical conductivity as well as in-situ damage sensing capability. The uniformly deposited MXene nanoparticles contributed to a considerable enhancement of the flexural strength of CFRPs through hydrogen bonding and mechanical interlocking. The thermal annealing treatment reduced the amount of oxygen groups on the surface of MXene nanoparticles and enabled a 66 % increase of the out-of-plane electrical conductivity and a 20 % improvement of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness. The exceptional EMI performance of the core-shell hierarchical microstructure can be ascribed to the polarization of the inhomogeneous interfaces, the dipole polarization, and the conductive loss effect as a result of the presence of annealed MXenes on the surface of CFs.

Pre-compositing polyetherketoneketone with short-cut carbon fibers into advanced powder materials toward composites with fully-adhered interfaces

It is challenging to realize intimate interface between reinforcement and matrix using powder materials, due to the high melting points and melt viscosities of thermoplastics like polyaryletherketones. Herein, a solution-based strategy is proposed to realize pre-composition in powders, and using them, full and tight fiber–matrix bounding is formed in the final composites. Owing to the dissolubility of polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), short-cut carbon fibers (CFs) are uniformly introduced into the solution and fully covered by PEKK, i.e., the pre-composition. The composite powders lead to structural uniformity, full utilization of CF surfaces, and avoidance of CF aggregation. The hot-compressed beams exhibit remarkably enhanced tensile and flexural strengths (135.5 and 173.7 MPa), more than 30% and 60% higher than those of the pure PEKK. Meanwhile, they possess high tensile and flexural strains at break up to 5.5% and 11.4%, respectively, enhanced crystallinity up to 17.7%, and high thermal conductivity of 0.26–0.29 Wm−1K−1. The pre-composition also exhibits other advantages, such as the higher powder flowability, reduced steps of high-temperature processing, and superior anti-abrasion ability and enhanced thermal stability of composite beams.

Insight into the enhanced interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber reinforced composites: A facile ferric ion and tannic acid self-assembly strategy

Applications of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are subjected the poor interfacial adhesion due to the smooth and chemically inert of CF surface. In this work, we proposed an effective and simple approach to improve the interfacial properties between CF and matrix by self-assembling the ferric ion (Fe3+) and tannic acid (TA) on the carbon fiber surface within minutes. TA can rapidly coordinate with Fe3+ ions into three-dimensional Fe3+-TA complex networks, the morphologies of which were controlled by Fe3+/TA molar ratio and deposition cycles, which played a key role in the interfacial performance. As Fe3+/TA molar ratio is optimized to 4, Fe3+-TA complex aggregated to nano-sized bulges on the fiber surface, affording numerous mechanical interlocking points which can promote the stress transfer from matrix to fiber and induce the deflection of cracks. Moreover, breaking metal–ligand coordination bonds of Fe3+-TA complex as cracks propagate can dissipate lots of fracture energy, leading to the interfacial shear strength of Fe3+-TA complex modified CF/epoxy vinyl resin composites being improved by ∼ 80 % as compared with the pristine sample. This strategy is facile, mild, and eco-friendly, which opens a feasible avenue for enhancing the interfacial adhesion of CFRPs.

Comparative study of different bonding interactions on the interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of MXene-decorated carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites

Interfacial adhesion determines the mechanical performance of the carbon fibers-reinforced polymers composites (CFRPs), and different bonding interactions could lead to different degrees of interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of CFRPs. In order to survey specific influence of different bonding interactions on the interface bonding, further boost the mechanical properties of CFRPs, MXene is decorated onto carbon fiber (CF) surface via Van der Waals force or hydrogen bonds (CF-v-MXene), ionic bonds (CF-i-MXene), and covalent bonds (CF-c-MXene), respectively. Besides, detailed interaction mechanisms of various bonding interactions are also comprehensively investigated. The results indicate that the introduction of MXene is obviously efficient for improving the interface adhesion and mechanical properties of CF/epoxy (CF/EP) composites, and the composites reinforced by CF-c-MXene exhibit the optimal properties. Tremendous improvements of 90.1 % and 110.3 % for the impact strength and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) are achieved compared with the composites reinforced by the unsized CF. The microscopic interfacial structure and fracture failure mode are further observed and analyzed to explore the enhancement mechanisms. This work provides effective guidance and reference for the application of MXene and other similar 2D layered materials, such as Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs), to design and manufacture high-quality interface for CFRPs with excellent interfacial and mechanical properties.

Enhancing mechanical properties and thermal conductivity in polymer bonded explosives by multi-scale surface modification of carbon fibers

Poor interfacial interaction and strength largely restrict the overall performance and practical application of carbon fibers (CFs) reinforced composites. The favorable interfacial properties were the key to realize superior mechanical properties in composites. Herein, we reported a novel multi-scale surface modification strategy of CFs to strengthen interfacial properties. Based on chemical oxidation treatment, the surface of CFs was further in situ grafted by a crosslinked high-strength polymer network consisting of aromatic diisocyanate, graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylenen glycol (PEG), which significantly improved the interfacial bonding and mechanical strength of interface layer itself. Benefitting from this multi-scale surface treatment, a high-efficiency mechanical enhancement of polymer bonded explosives (PBX) was achieved. With only 0.3 wt% fiber content, the maximum tensile and compressive strength PBX composites were both significantly improved, which were 63 % and 39 % higher than those of pure PBX, respectively. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity was also enhanced, yielding a significant synergistic enhancement effect. The interface failure mechanism of the composite under stress was clarified by the fracture morphology characterization. This study sheds a light for exploring novel surface modification and has the potential application in in high performance polymer composites.

Bio-inspired structural coloration of carbon fiber based on thin film interference: Synergistically enhancing thermal durability, tensile strength and interface properties of colored fiber

Carbon fiber (CF) is inert to dyes or pigments, thus its products usually exhibit a drab black and unexciting look. The bio-inspired structural coloration may provide a dye-free method to color CF. Herein, inspired by the interference colors of the insect's wing, a dye-free structural coloration method is proposed to color CF. A layer of poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-oxydianiline) film is assembled on the CF surface by in situ polymerization under a mild reaction condition, creating vivid colors based on thin film interference. Moreover, the structural color shows excellent thermal durability due to the good thermo‑oxygen stability of NP heterocycles and cross-linked networks in coloration film. Furthermore, the tensile strength of colored CF and the interfacial adhesion between colored CF and resin are also synergistically improved by 17.1% and 48.7%, respectively, because of the sturdiness and surface chemical activity of coloration film. In brief, the colored CF may have potential in designing and preparing new structural and functional composites.

Nanomechanical properties of sized and de-sized carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites

Most of the research to date has focused on tailoring the interphase adhesion by controlling the degree of chemical bonding between fiber and resin. However, recent studies suggest that apart from chemical bonding, mechanical interlocking plays a crucial role to enhance the interphase thickness and hence the interfacial shear strength. In this study, the effect of textured carbon fiber surface on the interphase thickness, and interfacial shear strength has been studied and analyzed. The hot water was used to remove the epoxy-based sizing agent from the carbon fiber (sized CF) surface and thereby to create a textured surface morphology in de-sized one (De-sized CF). To study the distinctions of the interphase between sized and de-sized CF/PP composites, the Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) modulus by Peak Force Quantitative Nano-Mechanics (PF-QNM) was applied to determine the interphase thickness and its nanomechanical properties. It was found that no chemical changes occurred after hot water treatment albeit the surface morphology of de-sized carbon fiber became textured. The average interphase thickness in de-sized CF/PP composites was found to be 84.17% higher (212.9 ± 21 nm) as compared to 115.6 ± 21 nm in sized CF/PP composites. This study shows the potential for using mechanical interlocking effects without significantly affecting the chemical bonding, to improve the interphase thickness in fiber reinforced composites.

The effect of electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes on carbon fiber on interfacial properties of the thermoplastic polyimide composite

In order to improve the interfacial properties of carbon fiber/polyimide (CF/PI) composite, silanization reaction carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were introduced to the surface of carbon fiber by electrophoretic deposition to prepare CF/CNT/PI composite. The effects of carbon fiber surface treatment on the mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The results showed that the interlaminar shear strength and bending strength of the composite materials were increased by 11% and 9%, respectively. The scanning electron microscope and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to analyze the fine structure of composite interface phase. The results show that the introduction of CNTs creates an interface transition layer of CNTs reinforced PI resin between the fiber and the matrix.

A facile strategy to prepare boron nitride grafted carbon nanotubes coating for CF/ PEEK composites interfacial enhancement

Due to the inertness of carbon fiber (CF) and poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK), the relatively weak interface is a constantly issue that hinders the application of CF/PEEK composites. Herein, a facile approach is proposed to graft carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto hydroxylated boron nitride (BNO). The obtained BNO-CNT, along with polyetherimide (PEI) is used to prepare the sizing agents, coating the CF surface. The introduction of BNO-CNT/PEI sizing agents provides abundant functional-groups, generating hydrogen bonds and π-π interaction at interface. Moreover, the surface roughness and mechanical interlocking are improved due to the existence of sizing agents. These synergistic effects contribute to an enhanced interfacial and mechanical properties. This feasible and effective method exhibits its great potential for fabricating high-performance CF/PEEK composites.

INVESTIGATION OF CARBON-ALUMINUM COMPOSITE WITH A BARRIER COATING ON CARBON FIBERS

Barrier SiO2 coatings on the surface of carbon fibers were deposited by the sol-gel solutions (dip coating) based on tertraethoxysilane Si(C2H5O)4. The average thickness of the barrier SiO2 coating on carbon fibers is 127 ± 30 nm. Carbon-aluminum composites were obtained by a type of liquid-phase infiltration — by the shell molding process. The components of the composite were placed in a steel hermetic shell, then after the shell evacuate and heat until the aluminum melts, the fibers were infiltrated by the melt under the external pressure, followed by cooling. Composites with SiO2 coating and without coating on carbon fibers were obtained. After extracting the composite from the metal shell, the structure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the samples were studied. Studies of the structure of composites showed that the interfiber space is filled with aluminum melt, without porosity and macroscopic defects. The study of the phase composition of the composite reinforced with uncoated carbon fibers showed that aluminum carbide peaks are observed at the angles 2θ = 41°, 67°, 74°. Quantitative analysis carried out by the Rietveld method revealed that the amount of aluminum carbide in the composite is 12.0 ± 1.3 %. The deposition of a barrier SiO2 coating on carbon fibers leads to a decrease in the intensity of the main peaks of aluminum carbide, while the amount of Al4C3 decreases by 4 times, to 3.0 %. An analysis of the fracture surface of the samples after mechanical testing revealed that the fracture of the composite reinforced with uncoated carbon fibers is almost flat. No protrusions and relief are observed on the fracture surface. The fracture surface of a composite reinforced with coated carbon fibers has a relief surface, and separately sticking out fibers are observed. Mechanical tests of samples for three-point bending showed that the barrier coating on the fibers increases the strength to 520 ± 50 MPa, the strength of the uncoated composite is 350 ± 8 MPa. Barrier SiO2 coating applied to the surface of carbon fibers prevents the formation of aluminum carbide and fiber degradation in the carbon-aluminum composite.

Bio‐inspired metal ion coordination cross‐linking synergistic strategy to enhance the interfacial properties of carbon fiber composites

AbstractThe application of carbon fiber (CF) in carbon fiber composites has faced limitations due to its surface chemical inertness. To overcome this challenge, this study draws inspiration from metal ion‐enhancing exquisite hierarchical and multiphase structures observed in biological materials. The research proposes a novel approach to enhance the interfacial bonding of CF/Epoxy (E‐51) composites by utilizing tannic acid (TA), carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), Fe3+ ions, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This approach aims to create hydrogen bonding and metal synergistic networks on the surface of CFs through metal ion (Mn+) coordination cross‐linking synergistic (MCCS) interactions. Implementing MCCS strategy resulted in significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the hybrid reinforcements compared to untreated CF composites. The flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength, and interfacial shear strength experienced respective increase of 50.9%, 72.8% 59.4%, and 61.9%. Moreover, the damping properties of the composites exhibited significant improvements. These positive outcomes can be attributed to the formation of chelation and dense hydrogen bonding networks between TA, Fe3+, CNC, and PVA. Furthermore, CNC and PVA formed cross‐linked nanolayers that effectively deflected cracks and facilitated high energy consumption at the interface. This proposed approach provides a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and efficient method for surface modification in the preparation of high‐performance fiber composites.Highlights Metal ion (Mn+) coordination cross‐linking synergistic strategy is proposed. Tannins/Fe3+/CNCs/PVA form multiphase nanolayers. Metal ion coordination cross‐linking enhances delicate multiphase structures. The prepared carbon fiber composites exhibit excellent properties. The as‐prepared carbon fiber composite has promising applications.

Learning from nature: Constructing “rigid-soft” structure on carbon fibers surface by self-assembly to improve the performance of epoxy composites

The firm interface phase played an important role in influencing the comprehensive performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP). To increase the interfacial adhesion between fiber and epoxy resin, a “rigid-soft” structure consisted of boron nitride (BN) and soybean meal (SM) was constructed on CF surface by self-assembly method. The structure was beneficial to form a stress buffer area between CF and matrix, which would prevent crack propagation and brittle fracture of composites, as well as the stress concentration. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and flexural strength of modified CF composites presented 44.2%, 77.9% and 52.5% increment, respectively, compared with pristine composites. The thermal conductivity was also increased by 148.5% after modification due to the excellent heat conductivity of BN and enhancement of interfacial bonding. This work was expected to offer a valuable reference for achieving outstanding properties of CF composites in the future.

Self-healing and in-situ real-time damage-reporting fiber-reinforced composite

To increase the service life of composite materials, self-healing, and damage detection are essential. Although a lot of research has been done on self-healing and damage-reporting materials, it is still difficult to combine self-healing with in-situ and real-time damage detection in bulk resin and composites. By integrating extrinsic self-healing based on microcapsules and internal self-healing based on coordination interaction, the simultaneous self-healing of matrix and interface damage of fiber-reinforced composites was achieved in this study. Specifically, two-component microcapsules filled with epoxy/mercaptan repair agent were inserted into the matrix and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were introduced into the surface of carbon fiber by electroless plating. Upon the rupture of microcapsules, matrix self-healing was used to reach a desirable level of synchronous healing efficiency. In the meantime, the excess sulfhydryl reacted with AgNPs on the fibers to establish a coordination bond for interface self-healing. More intriguingly, the high exothermic action of epoxy resin and mercaptan repair agent in the self-healing process was observed when using infrared thermal imaging technology for in-situ and real-time damage detection.

A three-dimensional fibrous tungsten-oxide/carbon composite derived from natural cellulose substance as an anodic material for lithium-ion batteries

To meet the ever-growing demands over electrochemical energy storage, tungsten trioxide (WO3) has aroused substantial attention as a promising anodic material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, abundant earth storage, and eco-friendliness. However, developing high-performance WO3-based electrodes is hampered by its restrictive conductivity and tremendous structural as well as the volumetric changes during the charge/discharge processes. Herein, a novel bio-inspired nanofibrous WO3/carbon composite was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method employing pre-carbonized cellulose substrate (e.g., ordinary filter paper) as both the structural scaffold and the carbon source. The urchin-like WO3 microspheres with diameters of 3–6 μm assembled by nanorods were uniformly anchored on the surfaces of the cellulose-derived carbon fibers. The three-dimensional network structure of the composite was beneficial in alleviating the volume expansion of WO3 nanorods and enhanced the charge-transport kinetics of the electroactive materials. The composite with an optimized content of WO3 (26.36 wt%) exhibited superior lithium storage properties with an initial discharge capacity of 1470 mAh g−1 and an extraordinary long-term cycling performance of 682 mAh g−1 capacity retention after 300 cycles at 100 mA g−1. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry, ex-situ XRD, and SEM measurements for mechanism studies were carried out to yield deeper insights into the synergism in the WO3/carbon electrodes, revealing the predominance of reversible pseudocapacitive intercalation of lithium-ions during the electrochemical reaction inside the WO3/carbon anode.

Surface modification of carbon fiber by vinyl functionalized silane to enhance the interfacial adhesion with rubber via co-vulcanization

The application of carbon fiber reinforced rubber composites was restricted by the poor interfacial combination. To construct an effective interfacial transition layer, vinyl polysiloxane was introduced to be a chemical bridge connecting carbon fiber and rubber in this study. A modification method was designed since silicon hydroxyl generated from hydrolysis vinyl siloxane could be connected with carbon fiber through ether bond while unsaturated vinyl groups could be used as crosslinking point to form interpenetrating network by following vulcanization. This mechanism was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization for the surface of carbon fiber during modification. The immigration of sulfur from rubber matrix to the established interfacial layer was also verified by the distribution of sulfur element based on scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy results. The contact angle and H-shape pull-out test was applied to evaluate the surficial activity of carbon fiber and the interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced rubber composites. The results showed that the interfacial performance was improved significantly since the H-shape pull-out force of modified carbon fiber reinforced rubber, which means the strength of the interfacial layer, could be more than 3 times as that of untreated samples.

Atmospheric pressure plasma application on the adhesive bonding improvement of CFRP via surface configuration comparison

AbstractCarbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has a wide range of applications in aerospace, automobile, marine, and other industries, due to its remarkable mechanical properties and lightweight. It can enhance the performance of the structural components and has been presented to be a good alternative over conventional materials. Adhesive bonding has been widely employed, and research studies on the surface modification of CFRP have been conducted to improve the load resistance of adhesive bonding, of which atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma is the most preferred method. However, there is still a lack of study on the effectiveness and strategies of AP plasma surface modification. To gain more insight, possible sources that would have influence on the adhesive bonding were analyzed by preparation of different surface configurations of CFRP. It is confirmed that AP plasma can increase the surface polarity and wettability of the carbon fiber surface. It can contribute to the removal of surface contamination element as well. Although the surface morphology and surface roughness before and after the AP plasma treatment does not show noticeable changes, the single‐lap shear strength of the contaminated samples can be effectively improved. This study validates that AP plasma is effective on surface contamination removal and bonding quality improvement, which provides a potential alternative for the adhesive bonding improvement and surface modification of carbon fiber.Highlights Surface polarity and wettability increase of CFRP by AP plasma. Surface contamination removal and bonding quality improvement by AP plasma. AP plasma provides a potential alternative method for adhesive bonding pre‐treatment. AP plasma surface modification mechanism analysis via surface characterization.

Enhanced interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of CF/Al–Mg composites with optimal interconnected coating

In the present study, the Ni coatings on the surface of carbon fibers (CFs) were purposely regulated to provide the enhanced interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of CF reinforced Al–Mg matrix (CF/Al–Mg) composites. With increasing the pH value and deposition time, the coating thickness increased with the formation of island-like agglomeration as the pH value was 4.5. Based on the stable electroless plating process, different thicknesses of interconnected coatings were applied in the CF/Al–Mg composites fabricated by a semi-solid rolling process in open space. With the optimal thickness of 2.15 μm, the relative density of the composites increased from 89.7 % to 98.1 %, compared with that of the composites with the thickness of 0.54 μm due to eliminated un-infiltration defects. Simultaneously, optimized fiber dispersion and interfacial behavior were obtained, leading to effective load transfer, more energy absorption and consequently significant enhanced mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the composites was 183 MPa with the largest improvement, which was 96.8 % higher than that of the matrix.

Toward High‐Capacity Carbon Fiber Cathodes for Structural Batteries using Electrophoretic Deposition: Effects of Oxidative Surface Treatment on Carbon Fibers

Structural batteries possess multifunctional capability to store electrochemical energy and carry mechanical load concurrently. Carbon fiber cathodes (CFC), one of the main components in structural batteries, can be fabricated by depositing cathode active materials on carbon fibers using techniques such as electrophoretic deposition (EPD). However, intrinsically inert surface of carbon fibers may result in weak adhesion. In this study, different oxidative surface treatments (acid, electrochemical, and heat) are evaluated based on their ability to activate surfaces of carbon fibers. The mechanical and electrochemical performance of resultant CFC fabricated with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC 111) via EPD are analyzed. The best‐performing CFC are achieved using acid‐oxidized carbon fibers due to their improved interfacial adhesion. Acid‐oxidized AS4C 3k CFC yield a high specific capacity of 151 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 1 C and are stable over 100 cycles at 1 C with capacity retention close to 100% and give a stiffness of 25 GPa and ultimate tensile strength of 260 MPa. Acid‐oxidized 12k CFC show higher mechanical performance with stiffness of 53 GPa and ultimate tensile strength of more than 500 MPa, which make them more favorable to be used for structural batteries.

Large scale uniform Ni-P plated carbon fiber for boosting urea electro-oxidation and electro-detection.

Seeking an excellent electrocatalyst is the trickiest issue for the application of urea electro-oxidation and electro-detection. Phosphorus-doped nickel plating on carbon fibers (Ni-P/CF) is synthesized by simple electroless plating. SEM results exhibit that the Ni-P densely and uniformly grows onto the surface of carbon fibers (CF), forming carbon fibers-like nanoarchitectures. Benefiting from the carbon fibers-like nano architectures with abundant exposed active sites on the surface of CF, electron transfer can be synchronously facilitated, and Ni-P/CF displays superior urea electrooxidation (UOR) performance with potentials of 1.40V to reach 100mAcm-2. Impressively, it can maintain at 20mAcm-2 for 48h without evident activity attenuation, demonstrating robust durability. Cycle stability shows that the voltage has only increased by 10mV at 300mAcm-2 from the 10th to 20000th cycles. Most importantly, Ni-P/CF at a length of 100cm with good reproducibility was successfully synthesized, denoting great potential for large-scale industrial production. Therefore, this work not only affords cost-effective tactics for urea-rich wastewater degradation but also can achieve practical medical applications.

Degradation of sertraline using a continuous-flow filtration/photocatalysis system based on carbon fiber (PWB-3) modified with WO3 under LED chip irradiation

This work describes a filtration/photocatalytic system based on carbon fiber (CF) PWB-3 modified with WO3, to obtain a system capable of simultaneously filtering and degrading sertraline (SER) in simulated and real effluents. The CF was prepared by chemical electrodeposition and subsequent thermal treatment at 450 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns of CF/WO3/450 showed characteristic peaks for C and WO3 in monoclinic phase (more photoactive). The material presented broad absorption in UV–Vis range (300–700 nm), and a band gap of 3.6 eV. Scanning electron micrographs showed a thin film (WO3) formation on the CF surface. XPS analysis assigned the species C 1s, O 1s, W (4f, 4f7/2, 4d5/2 4d3/2), in addition to an intense peak at 530 eV attributed to metallic bonding (W-O). Modification with WO3 increased BET surface area from 0.20 to 3.1 m2 g−1, indicative of mesoporous-type material. Evaluation of the filtration/photocatalysis system under experimental conditions (100 mL, 2.0 mg L-1 SER, pH 5.6, and UV LED irradiation) enabled the optimization of reactor operating parameters. Use of an ideal flow rate of 180 mL min−1 and a membrane stabilization time of 30 min provided adequate contact between the solid and liquid phases and good mass transfer, achieving concentrations below the limit of detection for simulated and real effluent samples, at 90 and 30 min, respectively. It was shown that HO•, 1O2, O2•-, H2O2, and h+ played an important role in SER degradation, with some degradation products being identified and the main route being hydroxylation, demethylation, and dechlorination reactions. The combined system showed excellent potential for filtration applications, reducing problems associated with encrustation, providing rapid retention, and simplifying the treatment of contaminated water.