Surface Modification Of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Eco friendly, green route method for the preparation of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) mediated surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles (PEG‐IONps) with potential biological activities

AbstractAmong the various nanoparticles, excessively paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles assume an outstanding job in biomedicine, mostly as Nano clinical imaging and treatment. These nanoparticles’ effective working relies on superficial alteration utilizing different specialists. Among them, polyethylene glycol (PEG)—biocompatible polymer is primarily used attributable to its unmistakable qualities. In this examination, the impact of PEG covering on the counter bacterial and against proliferative properties of iron oxide nanoparticles has been considered. PEG‐covered nanoparticles were incorporated by co‐precipitation technique portrayed by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier change infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and vibrating test magnetometer thinks about which uncovers exceptionally stable crystalline, circular, nanoparticles with high polarization impact. Hostile to the bacterial movement was examined against Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa uncovers PEGlated IONps displayed upgraded action against both tried endure lower fixations. A higher zone of restraint was construed from PEGlated IONps treatment. Hostile to proliferative activity was contemplated against the PC3 cell line (Prostate cancer). PEGlated IONps prompted the most extreme decrease in cell suitability and changed the cell design by chronicle fracture and build‐up of atomic material. PEGlated IONps treatment uncovered a high rate of receptive oxygen species (ROS), which brought about apoptosis or necrotic cell demise. The present discoveries suggest that PEGlated IONps synthesized in this examination could be utilized as potential bioactive operators against medication‐safe pathogenic bacterial strains and malignant growth cells.

Surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles for adsorption, photodegradation, and selective removal applications

Surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles for adsorption, photodegradation, and selective removal applications

Formation mechanism of surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles using controlled hydrolysis reaction in supercritical CO2

In the synthesis of surface modified nanoparticles (NPs), supercritical CO2 is one of appealing reaction fields to realize simple and green chemistry approach without using an organic solvent. In this work, surface modified iron oxide NPs was synthesized in supercritical CO2 with various amounts of water between 5.0 and 90.0 mmol to elucidate the formation mechanism of surface modified NPs with the hydrolysis reaction. The synthesis was performed at 30.0 ± 0.9 MPa of CO2, 18 h and 100 °C, where iron(Ⅲ) acetylacetonate, water and oleic acid were used as starting materials. As a result, the smaller amount of water was revealed to be key factor to synthesize more densely modified iron oxide NPs without the aggregation and iron oxyhydroxide formation while the larger amount of water caused the sever aggregation of less modified NPs and the formation of iron oxyhydroxide. Additionally, the detailed analysis of iron oleate complex and the phase state prediction suggested that the smaller amount of water allowed more dominated formation of iron oleate and subsequent its hydrolysis reaction in uniform supercritical CO2 phase, resulting in the formation of densely modified NPs without the aggregation.

Targeted Imaging of Lung Cancer with Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI Using Surface-Modified Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Molecular Contrast Agents.

Hyperpolarized 129Xe (HP 129Xe) MRI enables functional imaging of various lung diseases but has been scarcely applied to lung cancer imaging. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of targeted imaging of lung cancer with HP 129Xe MRI using surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as molecular targeting contrast agents. A mouse model of lung cancer (LC) was induced in nine mice by intra-peritoneal injection of urethane. Three months after the urethane administration, the mice underwent lung imaging with HP 129Xe MRI at baseline (0 h). Subsequently, the LC group was divided into two sub-groups: mice administered with polyethylene glycol-coated IONPs (PEG-IONPs, n = 4) and folate-conjugated dextran-coated IONPs (FA@Dex-IONPs, n = 5). The mice were imaged at 3, 6, and 24 h after the intravenous injection of IONPs. FA@Dex-IONPs mice showed a 25% reduction in average signal intensity at cancer sites at 3 h post injection, and a 24% reduction at 24 h post injection. On the other hand, in PEG-IONPs mice, while a signal reduction of approximately 28% was observed at cancer sites at 3 to 6 h post injection, the signal intensity was unchanged from that of the baseline at 24 h. Proton MRI of LC mice (n = 3) was able to detect cancer five months after urethane administration, i.e., later than HP 129Xe MRI (3 months). Furthermore, a significant decrease in averaged 1H T2 values at cancer sites was observed at only 6 h post injection of FA@Dex-IONPs (p < 0.05). As such, the targeted delivery of IONPs to cancer tissue was successfully imaged with HP 129Xe MRI, and their surface modification with folate likely has a high affinity with LC, which causes overexpression of folate receptors.

Polymeric biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles labeled with peptides for imaging in ovarian cancer.

Compared with other nanomaterials, surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have gained attraction for cancer therapy applications due to its low toxicity, and long retention time. An innocuous targeting strategy was developed by generation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled peptide (growth factor domain (GFD) and somatomedin B domain (SMB)) functionalized, chitosan-coated IONPs (IONPs/C). It can be used to target urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), which is a surface biomarker, in ovarian cancer. Binding affinity between uPAR and peptides (GFD and SMB) were revealed by in-silico docking studies. The biophysical characterizations of IONPs, IONPs/C, and IONPs/C/GFD-FITC or SMB-FITC nanoprobes were assessed via Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Prussian Blue staining, fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence imaging were performed to confirm the targeting of nanoprobes with the surface receptor uPAR. The combination of IONPs/C/GFD+SMB showed efficient targeting of uPAR in the tumor microenvironment, and thus can be implemented as a molecular magnetic nanoprobe for cancer cell imaging and targeting.

Biopolymer and Biomaterial Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanomaterials as Prostate Cancer Theranostic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men and the leading cause of death for men all over the world. Early diagnosis is the key to start treatment at an early stage of PCa and to reduce the death toll. Generally, PCa expresses characteristic morphologic features and serum biomarkers; however, early diagnosis is challenging due to its heterogeneity and long-term indolent phase in the early stage. Following positive diagnosis, PCa patients receive conventional treatments including surgery, radiation therapy, androgen deprivation therapy, focal therapy, and chemotherapy to enhance survival time and alleviate PCa-related complications. However, these treatment strategies have both short and long-term side effects, notably impotence, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunctions, and recurrence of cancer. These limitations warrant the quest for novel PCa theranostic agents with robust diagnostic and therapeutic potentials to lessen the burden of PCa-related suffering. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have recently drawn attention for their symmetrical usage in the diagnosis and treatment of several cancer types. Here, we performed a systematic search in four popular online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) for the articles regarding PCa and IONPs. Published literature confirmed that the surface modification of IONPs with biopolymers and diagnostic biomarkers improved the early diagnosis of PCa, even in the metastatic stage with reliable accuracy and sensitivity. Furthermore, fine-tuning of IONPs with biopolymers, nucleic acids, anticancer drugs, and bioactive compounds can improve the therapeutic efficacy of these anticancer agents against PCa. This review covers the symmetrical use of IONPs in the diagnosis and treatment of PCa, investigates their biocompatibility, and examines their potential as PCa theranostic agents.

Surface modification and polymerization on iron oxide nanoparticles obtained from mineral magnetite

Surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles with polymers have been used in the last years in different biomedical applications. In this work, iron oxide nanoparticles from mineral magnetite have been modified with an initiator of polymerization by two methods, direct and ligand exchange. The infrared analysis shows two types of bonds, unidentate and bidentate. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the ligand-exchange is four times better in the incorporation of organic molecules and transmission electron microscopy shows there fewer agglomerates by this method. The activity of the nanoparticles in fronts to a surface polymerization with n-butyl methacrylate monomer was developed. The polymeric nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. A shifted of the signal of polymer to lower degree indicates an interaction between inorganic material and polymer. The magnetic properties of nanocomposite were studied by vibrating sample magnetization where is possible appreciate a Langevin curve with a superparamagnetic behavior and a magnetization remanence (Ms/Mr) under 0.01.

Surface Modification of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

Functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are of great interest due to wide range applications, especially in nanomedicine. However, they face challenges preventing their further applications such as rapid agglomeration, oxidation, etc. Appropriate surface modification of IONPs can conquer these barriers with improved physicochemical properties. This review summarizes recent advances in the surface modification of IONPs with small organic molecules, polymers and inorganic materials. The preparation methods, mechanisms and applications of surface-modified IONPs with different materials are discussed. Finally, the technical barriers of IONPs and their limitations in practical applications are pointed out, and the development trends and prospects are discussed.

Adsorption studies of carbamazepine by green-synthesized magnetic nanosorbents

Pharmaceutical and personal care products are extensively used, and their residues are frequently reported in aquatic environments. Persistency and insufficient removal of carbamazepine, an antiepileptic and anticonvulsant drug, from the environment are quite alarming. Surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles, as nanosorbents, have the potential to become a promising wastewater treatment strategy. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential of green-synthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the effective adsorption of carbamazepine for remediation purposes. In this study, the magnetic nanosorbents were synthesized by co-precipitation method, using Piper betle leaves, Colocasia esculenta corms and Nelumbo nucifera stalks extracts for modification of the surface of the nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, namely UV/visible spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, EDX spectroscopy, DLS analysis, zeta potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy and VSM analysis. When the adsorption potential of the synthesized nanoparticles was studied, highest removal efficiency (52% at 5 ppm) was noted with N. nucifera extract-coated nanoparticle. Moreover, the interaction of carbamazepine and the nanoparticles could be explained using Langmuir’s isotherm model.

Enhanced antitumor activity of surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles and an α-tocopherol derivative in a rat model of mammary gland carcinosarcoma.

Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were obtained by coprecipitation of ferrous and ferric salts in an alkaline medium followed by oxidation; the nanoparticles were coated with poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric and elemental analyses, and magnetic measurements in terms of particle morphology, size, polydispersity, amount of coating, and magnetization, respectively. The effects of α-tocopherol (Toc) and its phenolic (Toc-6-OH) and acetate (Toc-6-Ac) derivatives on Fe2+ release from γ-Fe2O3@PDMA, as well as from γ-Fe2O3 and CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (controls), were examined in vitro using 1,10-phenanthroline. The presence of tocopherols enhanced spontaneous Fe2+ release from nanoparticles, with Toc-6-OH exhibiting more activity than neat Toc. All of the nanoparticles tested were found to initiate blood lipid oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by analysis of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive species. Wistar rats with Walker-256 carcinosarcoma (a model of mammary gland carcinosarcoma) received Toc-6-Ac, magnetic nanoparticles, or their combination per os, and the antitumor activity of each treatment was determined in vivo. γ-Fe2O3@PDMA nanoparticles exhibited increased antitumor activity compared to both commercial CuFe2O4 particles and the antitumor drug doxorubicin. Moreover, increased antitumor activity was observed after combined administration of γ-Fe2O3@PDMA nanoparticles and Toc-6-Ac; however, levels of bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and white bloods normalized and did not differ from those of the intact controls. The antitumor activity of the γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles strongly correlated with Fe2+ release from the nanoparticles but not with nanoparticle-initiated lipid peroxidation in vitro.

Assessing safety and protein interactions of surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles for potential use in biomedical areas

We have investigated the electrostatic interaction between bare iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) or low molecular weight chitosan coated iron oxide nanoparticles (LMWC-IONPs) and hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) at different pH values using protein-nanoparticle reverse charge parity model. Physicochemical characterization of both IONPs and LMWC-IONPs were carried out using DLS, TEM, FE-SEM, XRD, TGA, XPS and VSM analysis. DLS, TEM and FE-SEM results indicated that both IONPs were monodispersed, with size ranging from 8 to 20nm. The coating of LMWC on IONPs was confirmed using zeta potential, TGA, XRD and XPS measurements. The cytotoxicity of both IONPs and LMWC-IONPs was studied in vitro in A549 human lung alveolar epithelial cells to assess their use in biomedical applications. Furthermore, the interactions between protein-nanoparticles were investigated by UV-visible, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic techniques. The present study suggests that water soluble LMWC surface modified IONPs are the promising nanomaterials. The safety and biocompatibility of these nanoparticles render them suitable for biomedical applications.

Surface Modified Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Fe Source Precursor to Induce the Formation of Prussian Blue Nanocubes.

Nano-sized Prussian blue (PB) cubes were synthesized at room temperature by simply stirring the mixture of surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and potassium ferrocyanide in an aqueous acid solution. The nanocubes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of different molecules modified on the surface of IONPs on the cube formation was discussed. The surface modification with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and citric acid (CA) all displayed a key role in the formation precess of PB nanocubes, but which could not be formed as bare IONPs or Fe3+ were used as precursor. Combined with the reaction process tracing with UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and TEM, a possible kinetically controlled growth mechanism was proposed where slower formation rate of amorphous PB due to very low release rate of Fe ions from the surface modified IONPs and subsequent recrystallization are responsible for the obtained PB nanocubes. The peroxidase-like catalytic activity of the synthesized nanocubes was investigated and catalysis was found to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The potential of using such PB nanocubes as an effective MRI contrast agent was also demonstrated.

Characterization, Quantification, and Determination of the Toxicity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to the Bone Marrow Cells.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been used to develop iron supplements for improving the bioavailability of iron in patients with iron deficiency, which is one of the most serious nutritional deficiencies in the world. Accurate information about the characteristics, concentration, and cytotoxicity of IONPs to the developmental and reproductive cells enables safe use of IONPs in the supplement industry. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of IONPs in bone marrow cells. We prepared three different types of iron samples (surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (SMNPs), IONPs, and iron citrate) and analyzed their physicochemical properties such as particle size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology. In addition, we examined the cytotoxicity of the IONPs in various kinds of bone marrow cells. We analyzed particle size distribution, zeta potential, iron levels, and subcellular localization of the iron samples in bone marrow cells. Our results showed that the iron samples were not cytotoxic to the bone marrow cells and did not affect the expression of cell surface markers and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced the secretion of cytokines by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Our results may be used to investigate the interactions between nanoparticles and cells and tissues and the developmental toxicity of nanoparticles.

Synthesis and characterization of 68Ga labeled Fe3O4 nanoparticles for positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

We designed a 68Ga labeled Fe3O4 nano-biocomposite for dual applications as diagnostic imaging agent in positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The nano-biocomposites (68GaNHFCNP) were fabricated via surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles and NOTA as bi-functional chelating agent with 68Ga isotopes from 68Ge/68Ga generator. The structure and morphological properties of nano-biocomposite was characterized by XRD, TEM and IR analysis. 68GaNHFCNPs exhibits very low cytotoxicity and high cellular uptake upon SK-BR-3 and CT-26 cell lines. The advantages of high biocompatibility, magnetism and cell uptake make this composite promising as a potential probe of PET/MRI for effective detection of cancer.

Magnetically labeled cells with surface-modified fe3 o4 spherical and rod-shaped magnetic nanoparticles for tissue engineering applications.

Magnetically targeted cells with internalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) could allow the success of cell transplantation and cell-based therapies, overcoming low cell retention that occurs when delivering cells by intravenous or local injection. Upon magnetization, these cells could then accumulate and stimulate the regeneration of the tissue in situ. Magnetic targeting of cells requires a detailed knowledge between interactions of engineered nanomaterials and cells, in particular the influence of shape and surface functionalization of MNPs. For the first time, cellular internalization of amino surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles of two different shapes (nanospheres or nanorods) is studied. MNPs show high cellular uptake and labeled cells could exhibit a strong reaction with external magnetic fields. Compared to nanorods, nanospheres show better internalization efficiency, and labeled cells exhibit strong transportation reaction with external magnetic fields. Contiguous viable cell-sheets are developed by magnetic-force-based tissue engineering. The results confirm that the developed magnetic-responsive nano-biomaterials have potential applicability in tissue engineering or cellular therapies.

Anticancer Property of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Drug Complexes: An In Vitro Study.

Tumor-specific targeting of chemotherapeutic drugs can increase the therapeutic efficacy of most anticancer drugs. On surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), we complexed a hypoxic cell-targeting agent, sanazole (SAN), and a cytotoxic isoquinoline alkaloid, berberine (BBN). The major objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity in murine tumor cells (DLA) induced by NP-BBN-SAN complexes. The cytotoxicity of these complexes was determined using the dye exclusion method. The induction of apoptosis and cellular DNA damage in these cells was analyzed using dual staining and comet assay, respectively. The expression of genes in the treated cells elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying cytotoxicity. Cells treated with NP-BBN-SAN complexes showed significant increases in cytotoxicity and apoptosis, as well as extensive damage to cellular DNA compared to control cells. The cells treated with NP-BBN-SAN complexes showed greater DNA damage compared with other treatments. The increase in the expression of a pro-apoptotic gene suggested that apoptosis was the mechanism underlying cytotoxicity induced by NP-BBN-SAN complexes. Complexing with SAN increased the cytotoxic potential of NP-BBN complexes. Further in vivo studies are needed to evaluate the potential application of this method in controlling tumors.

Preparation and characterization of magnetic chlorochromate hybrid nanomaterials with triphenylphosphine surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles

In this paper, a new magnetic hybrid nanomaterial (Fe3O4@SiO2@PPh3@[CrO3Cl]) was reported for the first time. The magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal process and coated with a silica shell. Then, the core–shell nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2) were functionalized by 3-chloropropyl trimethoxysilane plus triphenylphosphine for forming the cationic part of support. Finally, anionic part of the Cr(VI) catalyst ([CrO3Cl]−) was immobilized on the magnetic support (Fe3O4@SiO2@PPh3). The structural characteristics of the product were determined using elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and solid state UV–Vis. The particle size and morphology were identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRD. A vibrant sample was employed to determine the magnetic properties of the prepared samples.

Colloidally stable surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and anti-tumor activity

Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were obtained by co-precipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) chlorides and subsequent oxidation with sodium hypochlorite and coated with poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) [P(DMAAm-AA)]. They were characterized by a range of methods including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements. The effect of superparamagnetic P(DMAAm-AA)-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on oxidation of blood lipids, glutathione and proteins in blood serum was detected using 2-thiobarbituric acid and the ThioGlo fluorophore. Finally, mice received magnetic nanoparticles administered per os and the antitumor activity of the particles was tested on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in male mice line С57ВL/6 as an experimental in vivo metastatic tumor model; the tumor size was measured and the number of metastases in lungs was determined. Surface-modified γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles showed higher antitumor and antimetastatic activities than commercial CuFe2O4 particles and the conventional antitumor agent cisplatin.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic bromochromate hybrid nanomaterials with triphenylphosphine surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles and their catalytic application in multicomponent reactions

In this work, the preparation of a new magnetic hybrid core–shell nanomaterial is reported in four steps. The magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal system. Tetraethyl orthosilicate was used as a source of SiO2 for the creation of Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles. The subsequent functionalization of Fe3O4@SiO2 was achieved by using (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane and triphenylphosphine. Finally, immobilization of the anionic part including the [CrO3Br]− was carried out to obtain Fe3O4@SiO2@PPh3@[CrO3Br]. The structure and morphology of the prepared nanocatalyst was characterized by using elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The prepared catalyst showed efficient activity as an heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives at room temperature. Moreover, the catalyst can be readily recovered by simple magnetic decantation and can be recycled several times with no significant loss of catalytic activity.

Synthesis and characterization of a new magnetic bromochromate hybrid nanomaterial with triethylamine surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles

Abstract We describe a novel method for the synthesis a new magnetic bromochromate hybrid nanomaterial, Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @TEA@[CrO 3 Br], as a catalyst. The physical properties, morphology and magnetic investigations of magnetic bromochromate hybrid nanomaterials are identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also used for structural identification. The quantity of chromium is approximately 0.38%, which confirms to the immobilization amount of [CrO 3 Br] − and is equal to 0.007 mol/100 g.