Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been used to develop iron supplements for improving the bioavailability of iron in patients with iron deficiency, which is one of the most serious nutritional deficiencies in the world. Accurate information about the characteristics, concentration, and cytotoxicity of IONPs to the developmental and reproductive cells enables safe use of IONPs in the supplement industry. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of IONPs in bone marrow cells. We prepared three different types of iron samples (surface-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (SMNPs), IONPs, and iron citrate) and analyzed their physicochemical properties such as particle size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology. In addition, we examined the cytotoxicity of the IONPs in various kinds of bone marrow cells. We analyzed particle size distribution, zeta potential, iron levels, and subcellular localization of the iron samples in bone marrow cells. Our results showed that the iron samples were not cytotoxic to the bone marrow cells and did not affect the expression of cell surface markers and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced the secretion of cytokines by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Our results may be used to investigate the interactions between nanoparticles and cells and tissues and the developmental toxicity of nanoparticles.
Highlights
Iron is an essential mineral supplement for all living organisms
We focused on the investigation of the effect of Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on the cytotoxicity, whereas we tried to minimize the effect of the surface modification
To determine whether the effects of SMNPs, IONPs, and iron citrate were specific to bone marrow cells, we examined the cytotoxicity of these samples on DC2.4 murine dendritic cells, BMA.A3 murine macrophages, and A549 human lung carcinoma epithelial cells
Summary
Iron is an essential mineral supplement for all living organisms. In addition, iron has several important functions in the human body. Iron is a key component of the hemoglobin protein that carries oxygen to the tissues in the blood. Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the world. The risk of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia is normally high in pregnant woman, pre-menopausal women, children, and people with a poor diet [1]. While untreated iron deficiency can cause complications in pregnant women and cause delayed growth and behavior disturbances in children, high levels of iron in the blood can damage proteins (enzymes), DNA, and other components because it reacts with peroxides to produce free radicals [1,2]. Iron supplements have low bioavailability and may be associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Development of a new iron supplement with high bioavailability and less side effects is required
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