Maximum Surface Temperature Research Articles

Thermal insulation performance of buildings with phase-change energy-storage wall structures

Considering that improving the energy efficiency of buildings is crucial to achieving China's carbon neutrality goal, the application of phase-change energy-storage (PCES) technology could be considered a practical and feasible approach. Currently, the heat transfer characteristics of PCES walls and their influence mechanisms on the indoor building environment are the key issues to be solved in this field. Based on gypsum-based phase-change materials (PCMs), outdoor, indoor and central PCES walls are designed in this study. Unsteady heat transfer experiments, finite element numerical simulations and energy consumption analyses were used to study the thermal behaviour of PCES walls, and the thermal insulation performance of the buildings utilizing these wall structures were assessed. The results show that the maximum temperature of inner surface of wall with PCMs applying at the interior side is reduced by 0.6 °C, and the maximum temperature lag is reduced by 0.8 h. The results also prove that buildings employing this PCES walls as envelope have a reduction of annual cooling energy consumption about 7.6%, and a reduction of annual carbon dioxide emissions by about 2%, comparing with conventional buildings. Thus, these results suggest that the use of PCES walls can effectively enhance the thermal insulation performance of buildings in summer. This research could provide an innovative idea for the design of PCES walls, which is of significance for the application of PCES walls in severe cold regions.

Trend and Variations of Surface Air Temperatures across Selected Eco-Climatic Zones in Nigeria

The trends and variability in surface air temperatures over selected eco-climatic zones in Nigeria were assessed using Merra-2 datasets from 1981 to 2018. A total of 15 stations spread across the eco-climatic zones in Nigeria were used for this study. The Mann-Kendall, linear trend and Sen’s slope trend test, time series plots and descriptive statistics were used. The coefficients of variability of surface air maximum temperature showed low variability for the Mangrove-swamp rainforest and moderate variability for the Guinea-wooded, Sudan and Sahel savannas. Similarly, the coefficients of variability of surface air minimum temperature showed moderate variability for all the selected eco-climatic zones. The M-K trend test showed that 14 stations had upward trends and 1 downward trend, with 13 stations having statistically significant trend in air surface maximum temperature. All the stations had statistically significant upward trends in air surface minimum temperature. The average increase in maximum and minimum air surface temperatures is estimated to be about 0.035°C and 0.036°C per year, respectively. For Nigeria, the average air surface temperature is estimated to increase by about 0.036°C per year, and the average air surface temperature is estimated to have increased by about 1.4°C over the 38 years. This study then gives a linear trend projection of about 4.3°C increase in estimated mean air surface temperature by year 2100 in Nigeria.

Assessment of Temporal Trend in Surface Air Temperatures across Some Selected Eco-Climatic Zones in Nigeria

Temporal trends in surface air temperatures across some selected eco-climatic zones in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018 were assessed using the Merra-2 reanalysis dataset. A total of 15 stations spread across the eco-climatic zones in Nigeria were used for this study. The Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend test was used to detect direction, significance, coefficients of time trends, while the linear regression and the Sen’s slope trend tests were used to estimate the trend magnitudes. The M-K trend test showed that the surface air maximum temperature of 14 stations had monotonic increasing trends, of which 13 stations were statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level, and 1 station was statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. However, the M-K trend test also showed that surface air minimum temperature for all the 15 stations (representing 100%), showed monotonic upward trends, statistically significant at the 0.01 significance level. The Sen's slope and linear trend tests showed higher trend magnitudes at most stations, particularly stations in the Guinea-wooded, Sudan and Sahel savannas. The estimated mean trend magnitudes of maximum and minimum air surface temperatures increased by approximately 0.035°C/year and 0.036°C/year, respectively. The estimated mean air surface temperature increased by approximately 0.036°C/year and approximately 1.4°C for Nigeria over the 38-year period. The study then presents a linear trend projection of mean air surface temperature increase in Nigeria of approximately 4.3°C by 2100. This is 0.2°C below maximum levels and within the range of approximately 1.5 to 4.5°C that global air surface temperature is projected to rise by 2100 in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007 report. The M-K and linear trend tests were fully consistent with the standardized time series anomaly plots. Mean annual values of the air surface temperatures showed latitudinal dependence. The manifestation of significant long-term trends at high confidence levels in the air surface temperatures over the period, provides a clear evidence that the climate of Nigeria is witnessing a possible human-induced radiative forcing and a strong tendency for the occurrences of climate-related extreme events and their resulting adverse implications.

Temperature-related Variations of 1064 nm Surface Reflectance on Mercury: Implications for Space Weathering

It has been predicted that high equatorial temperatures on Mercury could promote thermal annealing by Ostwald ripening, where nanophase metal particles (a product of space weathering) coalesce and grow into larger, microphase particles, resulting in lower albedo. Here, we test this prediction by studying the correlation between albedo and temperature in 1° spatial bins using newly recalibrated 1064 nm reflectance data acquired by the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA), low incidence angle data from the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS), and newly modeled maximum surface temperatures (MSTs). Accounting for local geology and latitude, we compare the reflectance values of surfaces with MSTs >675 K (where Ostwald ripening is predicted to be most effective) to surfaces with MSTs <473 K (where ripening is predicted not to be effective). Smooth plain surfaces >675 K are 10% and 12% darker than surfaces <473 K in MLA and MDIS data, respectively, and nonsmooth plain surfaces >675 K are 8% and 7% darker than surfaces <473 K. However, open questions remain regarding the causation of this darkening; statistical tests cannot distinguish whether the reflectance differences are systematic or the result of compositional variations that happen to correlate with MST. Along Mercury’s thermal longitudes, we find that reflectance is typically lower along hot poles than along the 90°E cold pole in the low-to-midlatitudes, especially in the smooth plains, consistent with previous work identifying a decrease in optical maturity along the 90°E cold pole. Longitudinal reflectance variations correlate with temperature variations, rather than variations in micrometeoroid or solar wind fluxes.

Temperature tests of cells - uncertainty considerations

The paper presents the estimation of the uncertainty in the measurement of the maximum surface temperature of voltaic cells exposed to specific tests for the type of intrinsic safety protection. For this purpose, equivalent test conditions using the short-circuit test stand are considered. In the first part, the risk of explosion is presented and it is mentioned that the risk of explosion arises due to the presence of technical equipment in areas where flammable substances may be present. In the second part, the requirements for testing cells are briefly presented. It also introduces the configuration of the stand used for testing. The third part of the paper was devoted to presenting and discussing the results obtained. The analysis of the test results revealed that the measurement uncertainty depends on the test conditions and the application of the temperature sensors. This result would help estimate the surface temperature of cells considering the favorable conditions in terms of minimum uncertainty.

Numerical investigation of the integration of new bio-based PCM in building envelopes during the summer in Algerian cities

This paper investigates the integration of a new bio-based phase-change material (PCM) into walls to improve energy storage in buildings. Three PCMs with ecological and highly renewable properties, combined by blending local vegetable oils with purified beeswax are investigated. The numerical study, using the optimal sample, concentrated on representative Algerian cities over a three-month summer period. A COMSOL software model is developed to solve the non-linear equations governing the physical phenomena. The results indicate that the use of bio-based PCM significantly improves energy storage capacity in all the cities studied. The performance of bio-based PCM energy storage highly depends on the specific climatic conditions of each city. The optimal location of the PCM layer in the walls is determined for all cities. The PCM is decreasing the maximum temperature of the inner surface, with differences of 3.95 °C, 3.25 °C, 3.17 °C and 2.98 °C respectively for Bachar, Tamanrasset, Constantine and Annaba. Those results enable the use of the developed bio-based material for building walls.

The Law and Mechanism of the Effect of Surface Roughness on Microwave-Assisted Rock Breaking

In physical engineering, a rock surface, whether naturally or artificially formed, is rough. When irradiating rocks, microwaves produce reflections and diffractions on the surface of rough rocks, which significantly affect the absorption of microwave energy by rocks, thus influencing the result of microwave irradiation. In order to explore the influence of rough rock surfaces on the effect of microwave-assisted rock breaking, microwave irradiation tests were carried out on basalt samples with different values of roughness to test the temperature and P-wave velocity of the samples before and after microwave irradiation. Numerical test methods were used to systematically study the influence of rough rock surfaces on microwave irradiation. The results show that, under the same microwave irradiation conditions, the effect of microwave irradiation on rough surface basalt is more significant than that of flat surface basalt. The surface temperature distribution range of flat surface specimens is narrow, the surface temperature range of rough surface specimens is wider and more inhomogeneous, and the maximum surface temperatures of rough surface specimens are much higher than those of flat surface specimens. After irradiation, new macroscopic cracks were generated on the surface of the samples, and the crack propagation of the rough surface samples was more obvious. The decrease in P-wave velocity before and after the irradiation of flat surface samples is small, and that of rough surface samples is larger. The main factors affecting the effect of microwave irradiation on the rough surface are the refraction and reflection of electromagnetic waves, heat conduction, and stress concentration on the surface.

Hot carbonates deep within the Chicxulub impact structure.

Constraining the thermodynamic conditions within an impact structure during and after hypervelocity impacts is extremely challenging due to the transient thermal regimes. This work uses carbonate clumped-isotope thermometry to reconstruct absolute temperatures of impact lithologies within and close to the ∼66 Myr old Chicxulub crater (Yucatán, México). We present stable oxygen (δ18O), carbon (δ13C), and clumped-isotope (Δ47) data for carbonate-bearing impact breccias, impact melt rock, and target lithologies from four drill cores on a transect through the Chicxulub structure from the northern peak ring to the southern proximal ejecta blanket. Clumped isotope-derived temperatures (T(Δ47)) are consistently higher than maximum Late Cretaceous sea surface temperatures (35.5°C), except in the case of Paleogene limestones and melt-poor impact breccias outside of the crater, confirming the influence of burial diagenesis and a widespread and long-lived hydrothermal system. The melt-poor breccia unit outside the crater is overlain by melt-rich impact breccia yielding a much higher T(Δ47) of 111 ± 10°C (1 standard error [SE]), which likely traces the thermal processing of carbonate material during ejection. Finally, T(Δ47) up to 327 ± 33°C (1 SE) is determined for the lower suevite and impact melt rock intervals within the crater. The highest temperatures are related to distinct petrological features associated with decarbonation and rapid back-reaction, in which highly reactive CaO recombines with impact-released CO2 to form secondary CaCO3 phases. These observations have important climatic implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event, as current numerical models likely overestimate the release of CO2 from the Chicxulub impact event.

Computational investigation of magnetohydrodynamic flow and melting process of phase change material in a battery pack using the lattice Boltzmann method

This study employs the lattice Boltzmann method to investigate the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and melting process of phase change material (PCM) in a battery pack. The inclusion of the MHD effect allows for an examination of its impact on PCM melting. We analyze fluid fraction diagrams, isothermal lines, and streamlines to assess how magnetic field strength (Ha number), battery heat generation, and MHD field angle influence PCM melting. The study considers a configuration with two batteries separated by PCM, presenting results for two scenarios: single-battery overheating and dual-battery overheating. Our findings reveal significant MHD-induced effects on flow dynamics and PCM melting, with implications for battery pack thermal management, performance, and safety. Increasing the Ha number results in a substantial, approximately 11 % reduction in the battery's maximum surface temperature when the Ha number increases from 0 to 100. Additionally, varying the MHD field angle can lead to a 5 % increase in the maximum temperature. Through a thorough examination of maximum temperature and a sensitivity analysis regarding the MHD field angle, we unequivocally establish the optimal orientation for MHD implementation as γ = 180. This research underscores the potential for leveraging MHD effects to enhance battery pack thermal management and performance. It provides valuable insights into controlling PCM melting, benefiting various battery system applications.

Study on the temperature rise characteristics of aging lithium-ion batteries under different cooling methods

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage power stations. With the increase of service time, the single cells in the battery module will age to varying degrees, resulting in inhomogeneous heat generation and even safety accidents. Considering that there is currently limited research on the cooling effect of battery cooling technology on aging batteries, this article adopts a new non-destructive method to study the uneven aging characteristics and the temperature rise characteristics under different cooling conditions of different cells in small aging lithium-ion battery modules. The results show that the irreversible heat generation power of cell 1, cell 2 and cell 3 during 1 C discharge is 1.23 W, 1.33 W and 1.15 W, respectively, showing different degrees of aging. However, the maximum temperature rise under natural heat dissipation conditions has the same change trend and the average temperature rise on the surface of three cells at the end of discharge is about 20 °C. The temperature rise at the edge of cell 2 and cell 1 with more serious aging is higher, while the temperature rise at the center of cell 3 with the smallest aging degree is higher. The temperature distribution at different positions on the surface of the three cells was slightly different. The maximum temperature difference at different positions on the surface of cell 2 (2.3 °C) was greater than that of cell 1 (1.5 °C) and cell 3 (1.6 °C). Then, a simple OCV test method and SEM characterization technique were used to analyze the aging characteristics of the electrode position corresponding to the external temperature monitoring position of cell 2, and the relationship between temperature distribution and aging characteristics was established. The cooling and uniform temperature ability of thermal pad, semiconductor cooling and liquid cooling plate/semiconductor composite cooling are improved in turn. Among them, the liquid cooling plate/semiconductor composite cooling is an efficient temperature control strategy which can make the temperature of cell 3 basically stable at 23 ° C during 1C discharge by reasonably regulating the cooling power, and the maximum surface temperature difference is maintained at 0.4 ° C. It is suggested that when the large cell is put into use, it should be equipped with an independent sub-regional precise temperature control system that can adjust the cooling power in real time according to the heat production rate of the battery, so as to improve the safety and promote the development of sustainable energy.

Experimental and simulation study of a U-shaped water-cooled sleeve heat pipe radiator for high heat flux density

Effective heat dissipation methods are desperately needed to ensure heat transfer of the large quantity of heat generated by radioactive isotopes in restricted places. This study employs the Bell-Delaware method to design a U-shaped water-cooled sleeve heat pipe radiator (UWC-HP) intended for heat dissipation on a 16 cm2 surface area with a heat flux density of 200 W/cm2. We have established a 3D model, which was experimentally validated, showing an error within 5 %. Subsequently, as the refrigerant and structural design of the condenser segment are crucial factors leading to the limitations of UWC-HP, this study aims to evaluate the impact of the condenser segment on the heat dissipation performance. Specifically, we investigated the effects of different cooling water temperatures, flow rates, and fin designs on the heat dissipation performance of the UWC-HP. Based on this, We found that the rib height, the number of ribs, and the rib material can strengthen the performance of the heat sink by a maximum of 12.3 %, 10.1 %, and 3.7 %, respectively. The heat sink optimized by orthogonal experiments has a maximum heat source surface temperature of 506.22 K and Nu of 101.85, which reduces the maximum surface temperature of the heat source by a maximum of 22 K and strengthens the heat sink capacity of heat pipes by 20 %. This article achieves efficient heat transfer for isotopic decay heat in a confined space by designing a heat pipe heat exchanger. It reduces the equipment's temperature and enhances the safety of the nuclear reactor.

Economic and environmental protection high efficiency solar steam generator: Carbonized starch with porous structure

Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation is an emerging water purification technology. However, the high cost and low evaporation efficiency limit the wide application of solar-driven interfacial water evaporation technology. In this work, we use the dough fermented flour and yeast powder production, and then after fermentation of dough to produce high temperature carbonization of carbon materials, the preparation of the sample surface formed a large number of pits, increased specific surface area and the absorbance of the sample, and increased the solar-thermal conversion efficiency of the sample. It is found that the evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency of the sample made in this work is 1.5 kg m−2h−1 and 94.2 % respectively under one solar irradiation intensity. The maximum surface temperature of the sample can reach 43.3℃ during the experimental test, which has good evaporation performance. It provides a new idea for making economical and environmentally friendly materials in the field of solar-driven water evaporation.

Hybrid thermal management of Li-ion battery pack: An experimental study with eutectic PCM-embedded heat transfer fluid

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are widely used in the automobile, electronics, and aerospace industries due to their low self-discharge rate, extended lifespan, high efficiency, high power density, and superior operational performance. However, under extreme operating conditions, Li-ion batteries generate significant heat, which degrades their performance and can lead to thermal runaway. An appropriate cooling system is essential to improve battery life, safety, capacity, and performance. This study investigates the effects of various cooling methods on a 5000 mAh Li-ion battery pack during charging and discharging at 1C, 1.5C, and 2C rates. The cooling techniques evaluated are natural cooling, heat transfer fluid cooling, eutectic PCM cooling, and hybrid cooling. The eutectic PCM comprises lauric acid and stearic acid, with a melting temperature of 33.29 °C, a latent heat of 151.76 J/g, and a thermal conductivity of 0.356 W/mK. Experimental results indicate that with natural air cooling, the battery pack reaches maximum temperatures of 66.9 °C, 57.9 °C, and 45.6 °C when charging and discharging at 2C, 1.5C, and 1C rates, respectively. Compared to natural air cooling at the 2C rate, heat transfer fluid cooling reduced the maximum temperature by 22.42 %, eutectic PCM cooling by 40.90 %, and hybrid cooling by 46.18 %. These findings demonstrate that hybrid cooling significantly reduces both the maximum surface temperature and the temperature gradient, suggesting it as an effective method for cooling battery packs.

Conceptualization of a novel battery thermal management system based on capillary-driven evaporative cooling

In conventional heat pipe based battery thermal management systems the thermal contact between the battery and the heat pipe is enhanced by means of heat conductive elements. These additional elements introduce multiple layers of thermal resistance and contribute to increased weight. This paper aims to address this issue by minimizing the contact thermal resistance and potentially reduce this additional weight. The proposed solution relies on capillary-driven evaporative cooling (CDEC), wherein a wick structure is directly integrated onto the battery's surface to enable direct cooling. To demonstrate this concept, an experimental study was conducted by affixing a Copper foam to an emulated battery block, and using ethanol and Novec 7000 as cooling media. The CDEC system's thermal performance was assessed under three heating conditions, and different operating conditions. The results indicated that the copper foam with higher pore density outperformed the other due to its greater wetting height. The maximum cell surface temperature was maintained around 40 °C for a continuous 50 W heat input. Furthermore, the thermal resistance of the system was lowered by a factor of 6 compared to an air-cooled system. The thermal resistance ranged from a minimum of 0.32 to a maximum of 1.5 K/W, which were comparatively low compared to some existing battery thermal management system designs. This paper introduces an innovative battery cooling concept, presents experimental evidence of its feasibility, and demonstrates its ability to effectively regulate battery temperature within acceptable limits even under high heat loads, while minimizing overall thermal resistance.

Enhancing photo voltaic solar panel efficiency by using a combination of silica based and phase change material coating

This study attempts to enhance the overall efficiency of a photo voltaic solar panel by employing a dual-coating approach. The initial coating consists of a Silica-based anti-reflective material synthesized through an acid-catalyzed sol–gel process, utilizing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a template. Subsequently, the second coating was formulated using a phase change material, such as expanded graphite infused with paraffin jelly. The coating materials were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visual ray spectroscopy, Fourier Transform-Infrared Ray spectroscopy, Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy, x-ray Diffraction sepctroscopy, and Thermogravimetry analysis. The panels’ performance had been investigated under three conditions: uncoated, single-coated, and double-coated. These panels were subjected to both indoor and outdoor experiments. Indoor tests were conducted in a laboratory with induced irradiance levels of 350, 600, and 850 W/m2. The corresponding variations in maximum power output, maximum surface temperature and peak current were recorded. For the outdoor experiments, two sets of panels were installed on a rooftop. One set underwent daily surface cleaning, while the other was left untouched, allowing dust accumulation. Over a 45-day period, outdoor experiments were carried out (daily cleaned and unclean panels) to examine the impact of dust accumulation on power loss, current, voltage, surface temperature, energy generation and panel efficiency. Upon comparing the performance of uncoated, single-coated, and double-coated solar panels, it was observed that photovoltaic solar panels coated with both silica-based anti-reflective coating and paraffin jelly-infused expanded graphite coating exhibited superior performance when compared to other coating options.

Numerical and experimental investigation of the electrical and thermal behaviors of the Li-ion batteries under normal and abuse operating conditions

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of the electrical and thermal behaviors of the Lithium (Li)-ion batteries under normal and abuse conditions. In the first part of the study, an electrochemical-thermal coupled model is developed to predict the thermal and electrical characteristics of a Li-ion battery at 20 and 50 °C temperatures for varying discharge rates based on a detailed sensitivity analysis of the electrochemical and thermal model parameters. The experimental and model data are consistent, considering the discharging processes at 0.5, 1, and 1.5C rates under 20 and 50 °C operating temperatures. In the second part of the study, thermal abuse experiments are conducted by heating the Li-ion cell using the film heater at various charge states of battery. Simulations are carried out for the heating tests by enhancing the electrochemical-thermal model using the temperature-dependent Arrhenius equations. The results show that the thermal abuse model can predict the thermal runaway initiation time within the approximate 10 % margin of error, and the maximum surface temperature with 10.5 % of error compared to the experimental results of the completely charged Li-ion cell.

Preparation of SiO2/Fe2O3 composite aerogels for thermal insulation enhancement

Silica aerogel, with a unique nano-network structure, serves as a high-performance thermal insulation material. However, silica aerogel possesses a high infrared wave transmission ratio above 300 °C, whose thermal conductivity increases and thermal insulation performance further decreases with the increasing temperature. Introducing opacifiers to silica aerogel is a crucial strategy for addressing this issue. In this work, the ferric oxide exerted as an opacifier was incorporated into the main-phase silica aerogel to improve its thermal insulation at high temperatures. The SiO2/Fe2O3 composite aerogels were created via the two-step sol-gel process followed by supercritical drying, which involved doping ferric nitrate nonahydrate as a Fe2O3 precursor into the silica sol generated with tetraethoxysilane. In this way, SiO2/Fe2O3 composite aerogels with low density (0.04 g/cm3), high specific surface area (705 cm2/g), and low thermal conductivity (0.026 W/(m K)) were obtained by structural adjustment. The incorporation of Fe2O3 improves the thermal insulating properties of silica aerogels. After heat treatment at 1100 °C, the thermal conductivity of the SiO2/Fe2O3 composite aerogel was 0.167 W/(m K), lower than that of the pure silica aerogel (0.249 W/(m K)). Furthermore, the SiO2/Fe2O3 composite aerogel maintained its amorphous structure and exhibited a specific surface area of approximately 94.56 cm2/g, which was three times that of the pure silica aerogel. When subjected to 5-min heating at 1000 °C, the maximum surface temperature of the heat delivery surface of the SiO2/Fe2O3 composite aerogel reached 280.8 °C, whereas the pure silica aerogel reached 353.8 °C.

A multicentennial mode of North Atlantic climate variability throughout the Last Glacial Maximum

Paleoclimate proxy records from the North Atlantic region reveal substantially greater multicentennial temperature variability during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the current interglacial. As there was no obvious change in external forcing, causes for the increased variability remain unknown. Exploiting LGM simulations with a comprehensive coupled climate model along with high-resolution proxy records, we introduce an oscillatory mode of multicentennial variability, which is associated with moderate variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and depends on the large-scale salinity distribution. This self-sustained mode is amplified by sea-ice feedbacks and induces maximum surface temperature variability in the subpolar North Atlantic region. Characterized by a distinct climatic imprint and different dynamics, the multicentennial oscillation has to be distinguished from Dansgaard-Oeschger variability and emerges only under full LGM climate forcing. The potential of multicentennial modes of variability to emerge or disappear in response to changing climate forcing may have implications for future climate change.

The efficacy of clinical application of light-oxygen therapy for treating hemangiomas (a clinical case)

Purpose. To describe a clinical case of successful application of ligh t-oxygen therapy (LOT) for treating a patient with a cherry angioma. Materials and methods. The publication presents a clinical case of successful application of LOT irradiation in the absorption spectrum of endogenous oxygen with its transfer into singlet state for treating a cherry angioma. Russian-made diode laser “Super Seb” with wavelength close to 1265 nm (manufacturer LLC “New Surgical Technologies”, Moscow), laser power from 0 to 3 Wt was used as a source of laser light. In the described case, irradiation power was 2.4 Wt; power density – 0.76 W/cm2; exposure dose – 365 J/cm2; maximal surface temperature during session – 38 °C. Temperature was measured with a non–contact infrared thermometer ELARI SmartCare model YC-E13 (manufactured by Zhengyang Yuncheng Medical Technology Co. Ltd., China) to eliminate the thermal effect. Results. A complete clinical remission was achieved after one LOT session. Conclusions. Light-oxygen therapy in patients with cherry angiomas is an effective and safe curative technique.

Optimizing a direct flow cooling battery thermal management with bod baffles for electric vehicles: An experimental and simulation study

The scarcity of energy and environmental pollution are increasingly becoming serious issues. Encouragement for the use of electric vehicles (EVs) has become a preferred solution. The battery thermal management system (BTMS) is one of the core modules for ensuring the safe operation of EVs. This paper proposes a direct flow cooling battery thermal management system (DFC-BTMS) with rod baffles for EVs. It uses a lipid organic liquid as the coolant and rod baffles as the flow disturbance structures in the flow channel. Based on extensive experimental and simulation results for 18,650-type battery, DFC-BTMS is empirically analyzed. The experimental results show that DFC-BTMS can control the average surface temperature of the battery within the safe range at a 4C discharge rate. This paper also optimizes the distance of the rod baffles and the length of the battery pack through simulation. The optimized system is comprehensively evaluated based on the Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC). At a 3C discharge rate and a volume flow rate of 2 LPM, the optimized DFC-BTMS results in a maximum average surface temperature of 24.789 °C and a maximum temperature difference of 2.734 °C for the battery pack. The system PEC is 3.07. The proposed DFC-BTMS can provide an innovative thermal management solution for EVs.