Supratrochlear Foramen Research Articles

The olecranon aperture of the humerus: a meta-analysis with anthropological and clinical discussion.

The olecranon aperture is an anatomical variant of the humerus that communicates the olecranon fossa with the coronoid fossa. It is also known as the supratrochlear foramen. Older anatomical textbooks refer to it as a rare variation caused by the perforation of the thin bony plate which separates both fossae. This anatomical variant may be confused as an osteolytic lesion of the humerus in radiographic images. The present work aims to perform a meta-analysis of the olecranon aperture. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using I2 estimation and the Cochran Q statistic test. A random effect model was used for all analyses. A total of sixty-one studies (20,338 humeri) were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of the olecranon aperture was 21.9% (95% confidence interval: 18.6% to 25.3%). This variant was more commonly found in female than in male bones (statistically significant difference). The olecranon aperture is a common anatomical variant among the general population, although individuals from Africa possess a higher predisposition to develop it. The name supratrochlear foramen is incorrect, as foramina are conduit to vessels or nerves, as such, we propose the term olecranon aperture.

Prospective morphometric study of the distal humerus region applied to clinical practice

IntroductionThe anatomical knowledge of bone depressions and elevations of the distal humerus region is important for planning surgical procedures. The supratrochlear septum, located superiorly to the trochlea, can be perforated, originating an anatomical variation known as supratrochlear foramen (STF). The occurrence rate of this variation is between 0% and 60% and reaches different ethnicities. The STF is commonly associated with the presence of a narrow medullary cavity, which could complicate some surgical procedures to correct fractures of the distal humerus region. In radiological evaluations, the presence of the STF can cause a wrong interpretation, being confused with a cystic or osteolytic lesion.ObjectiveMeasure anatomical structures present in the humerus distal region to determine the morphology of this region, in human adult humeri. Detect the presence of the STF and calculate its size.Material and methods48 dried humeri of brazilian male adult cadavers, were selected from the collection of the Department of Morphology of Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences. All humeri were submitted to several measurements, with the help of two digital calipers. The measurements taken are represented in figure 1. The study was performed by two independent observers, who did three measurements of each of the evaluated items, at different times and blindly, totaling six measurements per bone. The values obtained by the observers were submitted to statistical analysis (SPSS 21.0) in order to determine the intraobserver and interobserver correlations. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Pearson's correlation coefficient were used, respectively.ResultsOf the 48 dried humerianalized, 28 (58,33%) were right side and 20 (41,67%) were left side. The results of the measurements taken are presented in table 1. The Intraobserver and interobserver correlations are represented in tables 2 and 3, respectively. About the STF, it was found in 13 (27,09%) of 48 studied bones, six (46,15%) on right side and seven (53,85%) on left side. Our presence of STF was similar to the results found by 13 authors in the literature, variating from 19,20% to 39,00%. As demonstrated in tables 2 and 3, the measurements whose values are highlighted in green had intraobserver and interobserver correlation coefficients very high (r ≥ 0,9), unlike depression measurements (mainly the olecranon fossa), probably because of the difficulty to stipulate which is the exact location of its beginning and end.ConclusionThe interepicondylar distance, supretrochlear septum thickness and diameters of the STF, when present, were reproducible by the two observers, being considered the best measurements to describe this region. The presence of the STF in the analyzed humeri was relevant, showing that it is an anatomical variation relatively frequent. This fact should be known by all professionals who are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of affections of the humerus distal region, in order to choose the best therapeutic option to be followed.Support or Funding InformationPiBic CNPq 2018This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Morphological and Morphometric Study of the Supratrochlear Foramen

Introduction The supratrochlear foramen (SF) is located in the distal portion of the humerus, formed in between the coronoid fossa and the olecranon fossa. Is associated with a narrowing of the medullary canal in the distal humerus, in addition to being a phylogenetic characteristic, more common in ancient populations. The objective was to evaluate the incidence of the supratrochlear foramen, it's shape, dimensions and translucency of the septum. Materials and Methods A total of 141 humerus adults, 72 right and 69 left-handed individuals from the collection of the Human Bone of the Academic Center of Vitória-Brazil. The format was classified as oval, round, irregular and cribriform. The vertical (VD) and transversal (TD) diameter were measured and the translucency of the septum was observed. Results Of the 141 humerus, 19.8% (28) had SF 39.3% (11) on the right side and 60.7% (17) on the left side. The oval was the most recurrent, found in 39% of the cases and the translucency was identified in 78% (110) of the bones. The mean VD was 3.653 mm and 3.492 mm on the right and left sides, respectively. The mean of the TD was 4.853 mm on the right side and 5.427 mm on the left. The area averages were 19.633 ± 20.57 mm2 on the right side and 19.919 ± 19.24 mm2 on the left side. Conclusion The knowledge of SF favors the preoperative procedures of patients with fractures in the distal humerus, necessary for the surgeries in the region.

A Study of Supratrochlear Foramen and Their Clinical Significance in a Teaching Hospital of Deccan Plateau

A Study of Supratrochlear Foramen and Their Clinical Significance in a Teaching Hospital of Deccan Plateau

Anatomical study of supratrochlear foramen of humerus and its clinical significance

Supracondylar humerus fractures in childhood may be accompanied by a vascular injury that is worse than the fracture. The early recognition of the vascular complications is crucial to perform an adequate, and rapid treatment that provides a good prognosis. Early and precise treatment of acute vascular injuries is necessary to avoid a delay which may lead to a permanent disability. In this article, a pediatric case of supracondylar humerus fracture with a brachial artery impairment and the successful surgical treatment is presented.

COMPARATIVE MACRO ANATOMY OF FORELIMB BONES OF BLACK BENGAL GOAT AND INDIGENOUS DOG: AN OVER VIEW

A macro anatomic study was undertaken to compare the forelimb bones of predominant Black Bengal Goat (BBG) and Indigenous Dog in Bangladesh by means of visual observation. Twelve matured (6 BBGs and 6 dogs) male animals were sacrificed ethically to prepare the skeleton without any destruction. The observation revealed that the scapular spine unequally divided the lateral surface in BBG whereas it divided the lateral surface into two equal halves in dog. The tuber scapulae of dog was blunt but slender in BBG. On the other hand coracoid process was absent in dog. Acromion process was short, blunt and extended up to the level of glenoid cavity but in case of BBG it does not reach to the glenoid cavity. The humerus of dog was comparatively longer, less twisted, round head and more convex. A large supratrochlear foramen at the distal end of the humerus was present in dog but absent in BBG. Radius and ulna appeared as two separate bones in dog but fused in BBG where the interosseous space was narrow and extended throughout the length of the bones of dog. There were seven bones in the carpus of dog; three at the proximal and four at the distal row but six bones in BBG; three in proximal and three in distal row. On the other hand five metacarpal bones in dog but one bone in BBG were found. Only two digit where two sesamoid bones for each proximal digit and one for distal digit in case of BBG but five digits where nine proximal (two for each developed digit and one for first) and five distal sesamoid bones were found in dog. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the anatomy of the forelimbs bones of BBG were differed from indigenous dog in various point of view.

Study of Supratrochlear Foramen of Humerus: A Morphometric Study

ABSTRACT This study is conducted to know the incidence of supratrochlear foramen and its morphometry. A total of 38 humerus bones are studied in the Indian population sample, in light of available literature, and clinical, racial, and regional significance is drawn, if present. Materials and methods Thirty-eight humerus bones belonging to the museum of the Department of Anatomy, Rohilkhand Medical College & Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, were studied to observe the incidence of supratrochlear foramen anomaly in the Indian population sample. Results The supratrochlear foramen anomaly was observed in 7 out of 38 humeri studied, i.e., 18.4%. Conclusion: The findings are of considerable clinical, racial, and regional significance, and are discussed. How to cite this article Agarwal P, Zaidi SHH. Study of Supratrochlear Foramen of Humerus: A Morphometric Study. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2017;2(1):8-10.

Supratrochlear Foramen: Incidence, Importance and Clinical Implications in North-Indian Population

Supratrochlear Foramen: Incidence, Importance and Clinical Implications in North-Indian Population

A Study of the Supratrochlear Foramen of the Humerus: Anatomical and Clinical Perspective.

The Supratrochlear Foramen (STF) is a variably shaped perforation present in the bony septum that separates the olecranon and coronoid fossae at the distal end of the humerus, between the two epicondyles. Its incidence varies widely from 0.3% to 58% in different races. This study aims to describe its prevalence and morphometry in relation to its shape and size and distance from the epicondyles. A prospective study of 244 unpaired humerii, 130 of the left side and 114 of the right side of unknown age and sex were examined for the presence of STF and prevalence stated. The STF was classified according to shape and their metric assessment was carried out, along with measures of its distance from the epicodyles and trochlear margin. Of the 244 humeri studied 60 showed presence of the foramen, 45 were opaque and 139 showed translucent septum. The sidewise prevalence of opacity, translucent septum and foraminae were tabulated. The commonest shape noted was oval. Other shapes such as round, triangular, rectangular, sieve and reniform were visualised. In the oval STF, transverse and vertical diameters were measured. The transverse and vertical diameters on the left were 4.9 and 3.27 mm and on the right it was 5.12 and 3.48mm respectively. The distance from the medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle and trochlea to the STF margins was measured and the mean values were calculated separately for right and left sides. The mean diameter of the round foramen was 3.23 and 4.89mm for left and right sides respectively. In the triangular type the maximum vertical and transverse diameters were recorded. There was only one sample of the rectangular type. Its length was 4.1mm and the breadth was 2.27mm and it belonged to the right side. The reniform type totalled 7 of which 6 were of the left side. The average vertical length at the hilum was 4.52 mm and the transverse measurement was 7.44 mm. The foraminae of the right side were found to be larger, regardless of shape. Its existence is important to the orthopaedician in the preoperative planning of nailing fractures of the distal humerus and to the radiologist for differentiating it from an osteolytic or cystic lesion.

Anatomical and Radiological Aspects of the Supratrochlear Foramen in Brazilians.

The supratrochlear foramen is an anatomic variation of great clinical and anthropologic interest. Although many studies addressed this subject in different ethnic groups, there are no studies regarding Brazilians. To verify the incidence and morphometric measures of the supratrochlear foramen in Brazilian humeri. A total of 330 dry humeri were analysed and divided in three groups: bones presenting the supratrochlear foramen (Group 1), bones displaying a translucent foramen (Group 2) and humeri without the foramen (Group 3). The aperture was measured with a digital vernier caliper. Radiographic pictures with different incidences were taken. Our analysis showed that 22.5% of humeri belonged in Group 1, 41.2% in Group 2, and 36.3% in Group 3. The mean vertical diameter and the mean horizontal diameter of the supratrochlear foramen on the left side were 2.779±2.050 mm and 2.332±1.23 mm, respectively. The mean vertical diameter and the mean horizontal diameter of the foramen on the right side were 2.778±2.197 mm, and 2.365±1.396 mm, respectively. The student's t-test showed that there was no significant difference regarding the size of the foramen between both sides. The best X-ray machine setup was 50 kilo voltage and 0.08 milliamperage per second, associated with a slight increase in the distance of the x-ray tube. The aperture seems to be the key point during the pre-operative planning of intramedullary fixation, since it has direct relation to the size of the intramedullary canal, thus, being an entity of clinical, anatomical, anthropological, radiological, and surgical interest.

An osteological study of supratrochlear foramen of humerus of south Indian population with reference to anatomical and clinical implications.

The supratrochlear foramen (STF) is an important and relatively common anatomic variation in the lower end of the humerus in humans. The present study on south Indian population is an attempt to highlight the incidence, morphological features and clinical importance of STF. The study was conducted on dried human humeri of unknown sex and free of pathological changes. The presence of a STF was noted for its shape and divided into three types (oval, round, and irregular). In bones where the foramen was absent the translucency of the septum between the coronoid and the radial fossa was noted by placing the lower end of the humerus against the X-ray view box. Out of the 142 humeri studied, 72 humeri (50.7%) were right sided and 70 humeri (49.2%) were left sided. In these 142 humeri, 38 humeri (26.7%) showed the presence of STF. The majority of STF were round shaped in 47.37%, followed by oval shaped in 42.11% and 10.53% were irregular in shape. The STF was absent in 36 humeri (25.35%) and 68 humeri (47.89%) showed the translucency of septum. The mean transverse diameter on right side was 4.50±3.183 mm and 3.32±3.222 mm on left side. The mean vertical diameter was 3.88±2.391 on right side and 3.68±3.532 mm on left side. Its existence is important to the orthopaedician in the preoperative planning of nailing fractures of the distal humerus and to the radiologist for differentiating it from an osteolytic or cystic lesion.

Supratrochlear Foramen; Morphological Correlation and Clinical Significance in Western Maharashtrian Population

Supratrochlear Foramen; Morphological Correlation and Clinical Significance in Western Maharashtrian Population

Supratrochlear foramen and its clinical significance

Background:Supra-trochlear foramen is not described in textbooks of anatomy and orthopedicsbut clinically and radiologically its presence in adult human humerus is very important for intramedullary nailing for treatment of supracondylar fractures and to prevent misinterpretation of radiographs respectively. Methods: The study was carried on 222 dry adult human humeri (113 right sided and 109 left sided), of unknown sex, for the presence of supra-trochlear foramen. When foramen was present then its shape was observed and remaining bones were observed for translucency and perforation ofcoronoid-olecranon septum. Results:Supra-trochlear foramen was present in 77 (34.68%) humeri. It was present on right side in 39 (34.51 %) bones out of 113 and on left side in 38(34.86 %) bones out of 109. We observed translucency of the coronoid-olecranon septum in 105 bones and it was perforated in 15 bones. We observed three different types of shape of supra-trochlear foramen. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that the incidence of supra-trochlear foramen was almost same on right and left side. Its high incidence in Indian population requires special attention during surgery especially intramedullary humeral nailing of humerusand interpretation of X-rays by radiologists.

An anatomical study of the supratrochlear foramen of the Jining population.

The supratrochlear foramen (STF) is an important variation in the lower end of the humerus where the septum separating the coronoid and olecranon fossa is perforated. There are no studies in the literature on the STF of the Jining population. This study will make a contribution to anatomy and anthropology by adding new data. STF was studied in detail in 262 adult dried humeri of unknown sex and age. The topographical anatomy of the STF was studied, morphometric measurements were taken, and the specimens were photographed with a digital camera. The prevalence of the STF was 10.3%, with 18 cases on the left side and 9 cases on the right side. The STF occurred in 4 shapes: oval, 19 cases; round, 4 cases; triangular, 2 cases; and rectangular, 2 cases. The mean transverse diameter of STF was 4.47 mm and 3.26 mm on the left and right sides, respectively; the mean vertical diameter of STF was 5.07 mm and 3.56 mm on the left and right sides, respectively; and the average surface area of STF was 13.1 mm2 and 18.43 mm2 on the left and right sides, respectively. The STF of the Jining population was more common on the left side, with oval being the most common shape. The two sides did not show any statistically significant differences. The findings of this study may be of clinical significance to surgeons and osteologists and may have anthropological or forensic importance.

Computed tomography analysis of guinea pig bone: architecture, bone thickness and dimensions throughout development.

The domestic guinea pig, Cavia aperea f. porcellus, belongs to the Caviidae family of rodents. It is an important species as a pet, a source of food and in medical research. Adult weight is achieved at 8–12 months and life expectancy is ∼5–6 years. Our aim was to map bone local thickness, structure and dimensions across developmental stages in the normal animal. Guinea pigs (n = 23) that had died of natural causes were collected and the bones manually extracted and cleaned. Institutional ethical permission was given under the UK Home Office guidelines and the Veterinary Surgeons Act. X-ray Micro Computed Tomography (microCT) was undertaken on the left and right scapula, humerus and femur from each animal to ascertain bone local thickness. Images were also used to undertake manual and automated bone measurements, volumes and surface areas, identify and describe nutrient, supratrochlear and supracondylar foramina. Statistical analysis between groups was carried out using ANOVA with post-hoc testing. Our data mapped a number of dimensions, and mean and maximum bone thickness of the scapula, humerus and femur in guinea pigs aged 0–1 month, 1–3 months, 3–6 months, 6 months–1 year and 1–4 years. Bone dimensions, growth rates and local bone thicknesses differed between ages and between the scapula, humerus and femur. The microCT and imaging software technology showed very distinct differences between the relative local bone thickness across the structure of the bones. Only one bone showed a singular nutrient foramen, every other bone had between 2 and 5, and every nutrient canal ran in an oblique direction. In contrast to other species, a supratrochlear foramen was observed in every humerus whereas the supracondylar foramen was always absent. Our data showed the bone local thickness, bone structure and measurements of guinea pig bones from birth to 4 years old. Importantly it showed that bone development continued after 1 year, the point at which most guinea pigs have reached full weight. This study is the first to show the high abundance (100% in this study) of the supratrochlear foramen within the guinea pig humerus and the complete absence of a supracondylar foramen, which is different to many other species and may also affect potential fracture points and frequencies. Understanding bone morphology and growth is essential in not only understanding the requirements of the healthy guinea pig, but also necessary in order to investigate disease states.

Morphometric analysis of septal aperture of humerus

Introduction: Lower end of humerus shows olecranon and coronoid fossae separated by a thin bony septum, sometimes it may deficient and shows foramen which communicates both the fossae called Septal aperture, which is commonly referred as supratrochlear foramen (STF). Materials & Methods: We have studied 260 humeri (126 right side and 134 left side), measurements were taken by using vernier caliper, translucency septum was observed by keeping the lower end of humerus against the x-ray lobby. Results: A clear cut STF was observed in 19.2% bones, translucency septum was observed in 99 (91.6%) humeri on the right side and 95 (93.1%) humeri on the left sides respectively (Table – 1). Clinical significance: The presence of STF is always associated with the narrow medullary canal at the lower end of humerus, Supracondylar fracture of humerus is most common in paediatric age group, medullary nailing is done to treat the fractures in those cases the knowledge about the STF is very important for treating the fractures. It has been observed in x-ray of lower end of the humerus the STF is comparatively radiolucent, it is commonly seen as a type of ‘pseudolesions’ in an x-ray of the lower end of humerus and it may mistake for an osteolytic or cystic lesions. Conclusion: The present study can add data into anthropology and anatomy text books regarding STF and it gives knowledge of understanding anatomical variation of distal end of the humerus, which is significant for anthropologists, orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists in habitual clinical practice.

The importance of the supratrochlear foramen of the humerus in humans: an anatomical study.

BackgroundThe supratrochlear foramen (STF) is an important and relatively common anatomic variation in the lower end of the humerus in humans. Its structure has received increased attention in recent years. Anatomical knowledge of STF is useful for anatomists, anthropologists, orthopedic surgeons, and radiologists. This aperture is of great interest to anthropologists who claim it as one of the points in establishing a relationship between humans and lower animals. The goal of this study was to describe the features of STF of the humerus in the Turkish population.Material/MethodsAll bones were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Antrophology, University of Mustafa Kemal, Hatay. A total of 166 dried humeri (83 right side and 83 left side), of which 78 belonged to males and 88 to females, were examined to determine the presence of supratrochlear foramen. Digital vernier calipers were used to measure the maximum width (transverse) and height (vertical) of the STF.ResultsOut of 166 bones, the foramen was present in 18 humeri (4 right side and 14 left side), showing the incidence as 10.8% with unpaired humeri. We observed 4 types of shape: oval, round, triangular, and sieve-like. The average diameter of the long (transverse) axis was 5.93±1.68 mm and the short (vertical) axis was 4.06±0.89 mm. Some of the bones showed translucency of the bony septum, found in 17 (20.5%) on both sides of the humeri.ConclusionsThere are few studies about STF in the Turkish population. Knowledge of supratrochlear foramen in the distal humerus in humans is important in diagnostic orthopedics, in intramedullary nailing of the humerus, and in possibly increasing the risk of future low-energy fractures. In addition, STF is a radiolucent area in radiographs and may be misinterpreted as an osteolytic or cystic lesion.

Study of Supratrochlear Foramen of Humerus and Its Clinical Importance

Supratrochlear foramen(STF) is located on the bony septum that separates the olecranon fossa from the coronoid fossa, at the lower end of the humerus.The present study was conducted on 85 humerii(44 left,41 right)of unknown sex collected from the department of anatomy, A.J.Insttitute of Medical Sciences,Mangalore.The presence of a STF was noted;its shape was observed and transverse and vertical diameter were measured by using digital Vernier caliper.STF was observed in 22 (25.88% )bones.Oval shape was more predominant seen in 13 cases followed by round in 9 cases.The mean transverse and vertical diameter of right side was 4.46mm and 3.13 mm and the mean transverse and vertical diameter on the left side was 4.60mm and3.08 mm respectively. The knowledge of STF is important for orthopaedician and radiologists in their day to day clinical practice 1 .As this foramen lies between the two humeral condyles ,it is also known as intercondylarforamen. The incidence of supratrochlear foramen varies between 6-60% in different races of humans 2 . The detailed knowledge of supratrochlear foramen is important for surgeons during the pre-operative planning for treatment of most common supracondylar fracture of humeurs .The presence ofsupratrochlear foramen is also important for radiologists and orthopaedicians for proper interpretation of x-rays as they appear radiolucent and may be mistaken for cystic or osteolytic lesions 3 . The knowledge of foramen is of great helpful to anthropologistswho claim it as one of the points in establishing relationship between man and lower animals 4 .The present study is an attempt to learn the incidence and different shapes of supratrochlearforamen ofhumerus.

A biomechanical comparison of unilateral and bilateral String-of-Pearls™ locking plates in a canine distal humeral metaphyseal gap model.

To compare the in vitro biomechanical performance of two String-of-Pearls (SOP) plate constructs in a canine distal humeral metaphyseal gap model. Seven pairs of canine cadaveric humeri, including the elbow joints, were prepared. One group consisted of a unilateral medially placed SOP plate with bicortical screws (UNI). The second group consisted of bilateral caudo-medial and caudo-lateral SOP plates applied with monocortical screws (BI). A 2 cm ostectomy was performed immediately proximal to the supratrochlear foramen. Constructs were tested in torsion and axial compression. The UNI constructs had significantly lower stiffness in torsion and axial compression than the BI group. However, UNI constructs had a significantly higher ultimate strength than BI constructs. All UNI constructs failed by bending of the transcondylar screw and SOP plate. All BI constructs failed by axial pullout of the distal most screws. In stabilizing canine supracondylar humeral fractures as modeled here, both the UNI model and the BI model demonstrated biomechanical advantages. The incorporation of a transcondylar screw through the medial plate appears to be beneficial to construct strength.

English

Introduction The lower end of the humerus has two large fossae, the olecrenon fossa and the coronoid fossa, sepa rated by a thin bony plate that rarely bears an opening known as supratrochlear foramen. Supra trochlear fracture of humerus is very common in the paediatric age group, and it can alter the line of fracture as well as management. Due to its clinical relevance, its presence cannot be ignored. This report discusses a case of a supra trochlear foramen. Case report During routine osteology demonstra tion, we encountered the humerus with supratrochlear foramen. Morpho metric analysis was done and compared with the previous litera tures.