Price Support Research Articles

Perceived Causes of Vulnerable Employment among Rural Youth in Agricultural Endeavours: Insights and Recommendations

In India, where over 60% of the youth reside in rural areas, agriculture remains the primary source of livelihood. However, the sector faces a critical challenge: its young workforce is increasingly migrating towards urban areas in search of better opportunities. This research, conducted across eight villages in Karnataka (India), sheds light on the complex reasons behind this exodus. Through surveys with 120 rural youths, the study uncovers a multifaceted cocktail of challenges hindering their agricultural aspirations. Precarious employment emerges as a key theme, fueled by low remuneration for their produce, restrictive credit access, inadequate storage facilities, and the overall perception of agriculture as an unprofitable endeavor. Beyond economic constraints, the research delves into social and environmental factors like limited market access, lack of technical expertise, and the unpredictability of monsoons, further compounding the vulnerabilities faced by young farmers. Recognizing these intricate challenges, the study proposes actionable recommendations. It advocates for improving access to institutional credit, ensuring remunerative minimum support prices, investing in local infrastructure like storage facilities, and facilitating timely input supply. By implementing these suggestions and fostering a more enabling environment, policymakers and stakeholders can reverse the tide of rural youth migration, revitalize the agricultural sector, and pave the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future for India's rural communities.

A Comparative Analysis of Telecom Service Providers Among Graduate, Postgraduate, and Fresh Working Students

The purpose of this study paper is to compare telecom service providers for graduate, postgraduate, and first- time working students. Understanding customer preferences and behaviors across various demographic groups is essential for telecommunication service providers given the expansion of communications services. This study aims to determine the differences in preferences and satisfaction levels between these three categories by looking at things like pricing, network coverage, service quality, brand reputation, and customer support. The study intends to provide insights into the specific demands and preferences of graduate, postgraduate and first-year working students in selecting telecom service providers through surveys and data analysis. Students were asked to complete a standardized questionnaire in order to obtain the primary data. Three distinct groups' worth of questionnaires were thoroughly examined in total. According to the survey, students' choices vary as their qualifications develop while they are seeking their degrees, after they graduate, and once they begin working. It has been discovered that their selection criteria for telecom operators are entirely different. The study's conclusions can guide the development of marketing plans and product offerings aimed at these particular demographic groups. Keywords: Graduate and Post Graduates Students, Preferences, Service Selection Criteria, Telecom Service Providers

Price support policy and market price dynamics: The case of Indian wheat

AbstractThe study investigates the effect of price support policies on market price distribution and its dynamics in the Indian wheat market. The analysis uses a quantile autoregression model that provides a flexible representation of price dynamics and the 2001–2020 monthly wholesale market price data. The analysis is conducted conditional on the net stock level held in the previous period. The results reveal that the net purchase by the government prevented very low market prices for wheat but resulted in price spikes. It has a price‐enhancing effect as well. The associated moments of price distribution show that public stockholding reduced variation in market price distribution. However, the government's release of stock did not prevent price rises. Findings show that dynamic adjustments tend to be qualitatively different across regimes. Government intervention in the grain market reduced stability through dynamic adjustments in wheat market prices. The results have policy implications for India and other countries in Southeast Asia in the context of the WTO's negotiations on public stockholdings and using public stockholdings as an instrument in addressing price volatility and food shortages.

An Integer Program for Pricing Support Points of Exact Barycenters

The ideas presented in this paper represent the most recent progress in a multiyear effort to create a practical computational algorithm for computing exact barycenters. We began by exploring linear programming formulations based on the underlying structure of the input measures (published in INFORMS Optimization in 2020). Since then, we explored the use of column generation methods, which led to significant computational improvements, but cannot overcome the underlying exponentiality of the problem as the dimension grows. However, through a shift of this difficulty to a separate pricing problem, now taking the form of a mixed-integer program, we arrived at the most competitive column generation approach for the dynamic generation of exact support points in higher dimensions.

Panics and prices

Rumors of a shortage may create higher-order uncertainty and cause panic buying even when there is no real shortage and most consumers are aware of this fact. We study the role of prices in alleviating, or even preventing, panic buying caused by such rumors. Under some circumstances, flexible prices fail to do so and panic buying is the unique equilibrium outcome. In our model consumers do not know their future tastes perfectly and panic buying reduces welfare because consumers now buy with only imperfect information about tastes. In these circumstances, a minimum support price—a price floor—prevents panic buying and leads to higher consumer surplus. Producer surplus may be higher as well.

To Reform and to Procure: An Analysis of the Role of the State and the Market in Indian Agriculture

Since the early 2000s, some Indian states started allowing private traders to buy directly from farmers outside the state-regulated market system. The experience of these states can shed light on the impact of market-oriented reforms and the role of public procurement. Using individual-level National Sample Survey Data on agricultural wages and a new dataset on state-level average real farm income per cultivator for 18 major Indian states between 1987–2012, this paper shows, using both a difference-in-difference and a triple difference framework, that marketing reforms alone did not contribute to higher farm incomes and agricultural wages. However, when these reforms were coupled with public procurement at the minimum support price, farm incomes and agricultural wages significantly improved. Our results suggest that market-reforms and public procurement at minimum support prices were complements which together contributed to raising rural incomes in states like Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh.

A Study to Assess Occupational Stress among the Farmers of Mahbubnagar District of Telangana, India

Aim: The main aim of the study was to analyze the occupational stress of the farmers.
 Study Design: The study followed Ex post facto research design.
 Place and Duration of study: The current study was carried out purposively in Mahbubnagar district of Telangana during the year 2020-21 because the farmers of Mahbubnagar district are far behind in terms of scientific knowledge of agriculture and the productivity of the crops is being constant despite the huge developments in the technology interventions in the country.
 Methodology: The purposive sampling technique was administered and one mandal namely Midjil was selected because most of farmers grow cotton and are far behind the technological interventions and data was collected from a randomly drawn sample of 170 respondents by personal interview method through structured interview schedule.
 Results: The results of the study revealed that 70.59% respondents were having medium level of overall occupational stress followed by high stress (15.29%) and low stress level (14.12%) with high level financial stress (68.82%), medium level of weather stress (57.64%), medium level of work overload stress (70.00%), medium level of other people as stress (74.11%), medium level of farming hassles stress (64.70%).
 Conclusion: It was concluded to focus on the occupational stress while promoting appropriate strategies with training programmes, demonstrations, develop and regulate policies like minimum support price, and provide subsidies on inputs, provision for storage facilities to avoid distress sale etc. from the state government.

Agrarian Distress and Indebtedness Among Rural Agricultural Households in Uttar Pradesh

Agriculture is the largest sector of the Indian economy in terms of population dependent on it, where more than 85% of farmers belong to small and marginal categories. In India, agriculture has made commendable progress after the Green Revolution, and with a spectacular rise, the country has become self-sufficient in the case of most of the farm products. Despite it, farmers continued to languish in poverty. As time passes, farming has become less remunerative for most of the farming community, which has led to increasing debt and overall distress. Along with this, the consistent crop failure, coupled with the high cost and vagaries of the market, have made life worse for them. According to the latest data released by ‘National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) on December 4, 2023, there were 11,290 suicide cases reported by farmers from across the country during 2022, with an increase of 3.7% from 2021. In India, more than half of farmers were in debt and as per NCRB data, there were 7034 farmers’ suicide cases due to indebtedness in 2022. Moreover, the state of Uttar Pradesh saw the highest increase in the number of suicides among all states, with a 42.13% rise when compared with 2021. In this context, the present paper examines agrarian distress and suicide among farmers in the country as well as in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The study, primarily based on secondary sources, tries to explore the underlying reasons for rural indebtedness or bankruptcies, whether it is natural, institutional, social, financial, or government policy-led. The paper also suggests some possible solutions, both short-term and medium-term, including coverage of all crops under Minimum Support Price (MSP); improvement of rural credit delivery system through institutional credit agencies; crop insurance coverage; and provision of input subsidies that can mitigate the agrarian distress among farmers.

Income and Borrowing of Farmers in North-Eastern Region: Inferences from NSSO SAS 2013 and NAFIS 2017

Abstract: NAFIS was launched in 2016-17 as a national level survey that offers, after NSSO SAS 2013, a comprehensive overview of the farmer’s behaviour in terms of income, earning sources, borrowing and indebtedness. NSSO 70th round of 2012-13 revealed many aspects of Indian farmers of which many parameters were covered by NAFIS. By employing these two surveys, the paper attempts to answer what are the changes that have taken place from 2013 to 2017 in terms of income and indebtedness of farmers in Northeastern region (NER) of India. Non-farm business income has seen large change in most of the states of the region with all NE states having higher average than the national average in 2017. The comparative analysis of SAS 2012-13 and NAFIS 2016-17 indicates that NER has improved a lot in terms of income and borrowing of agriculture households, however, changing scenario indicates income growing is inadequate, borrowing is low and outstanding debt has expanded rapidly. Large presence of subsistence agriculture, unregulated markets, negligible Agricultural Marketing Committees, lack of implementation of Minimum Support Price (MSP), low credit absorptive capacity, absence of land laws in large areas, poor infrastructure and geographical isolation are some of the major pertinent issues in the region that made agriculture underdeveloped. However, the two reports may not comparable in complete sense, therefore, necessary adjustment in parameters and calculation have been made to have a comparative scenario and to draw inferences.

The Influence of Perceived Usefulness , Price and Brand Trust on Consumer Satisfaction in the Indriver Application

This research aims to determine the influence of perceived usefulness, price and brand trus on consumer satisfaction with the Indriver application (case study of marketing concentration management study program students at Simalungun Pematangsiantar University).This research was obtained from management study economics students who used the InDriver application that perceived usefulness, price and brand support increased consumer satisfaction in using the application. The sample used was 90 users who had used the Indriver service application who live in Pematangsiantar City. This research uses associative descriptive. Researchers use associative descriptive methods because in this research they will test the relationship model between variables and describe the research object, and test hypotheses using multiple linear regression analysis to explain phenomena in the form of relationships between two or more variables. The research results found that perceived usefulness, price and brand truts have a positive and significant influence on consumer satisfaction, perceived usefulness has a positive and significant influence on consumer satisfaction, price has a positive influence on consumer satisfaction, brand truts has a positive and significant influence on consumer satisfaction .

Study of Milk Cost Production in Buffaloes of Telangana State

Background: Telangana state stands 13th position in milk production with 5.61 MT of milk production during 2019-20 as compared to 4.2 MT in 2014-15. The profitability of dairy enterprise is determined by sale price of milk and of late there is lot of uproar from farming community on lack of proper support price for milk. So having adequate data on cost of milk production in different sized farms in buffaloes will enable policy makers to arrive at a minimum support price for milk, so that the farmer will not be put to loss. Methods: An investigation was carried out to study the cost of milk production in buffaloes of dairy farmers in Karimnagar, Khammam and Rangareddy districts of Telangana. The data was collected from 240 farmers spread over 24 villages in 6 mandals in the selected districts. The 240 respondents were interviewed as per the questionnaire. Result: Average milk production per day per animal, sale price of milk per kg per animal per day was 8.63 lit, Rs.35.42 respectively. Cost of milk production in large, medium and small herd size was found to be Rs.26.32, Rs.26.68, Rs.27.08, respectively. Average cost of milk production per animal per day was found to be Rs.26.49. The average net income from cow was Rs.77.03. The average profit/litre of milk was calculated as Rs.8.92/lit. The average benefit-cost ratio was found to be 1.33.

Implementation of Minimum Support Price on Minor Forest Produces : Issues and Challenges

Minimum Support Price play a key role in Indian agricultural price policy. The introduction and implementation of minimum support price is to provide food grains to buffer stock and distribute through the Public Distribution system. Minor forest produces are those produces which are gathered from the forest. Implementation of minimum support price on minor forest produces enhance the income level of forestry’s. More than 100 million forest dwellers depend on minor forest produces for their livelihood. It is essential to understand the on-ground issues and challenges in the implementation of minimum support prices on minor forest produces for effective execution of the scheme. This research work is purely descriptive in nature and secondary sources data are used for the study. Some of the major issues and challenges encountered in the implementation of minimum support price on minor forest products such as Haat Bazaar's dominance in the local area, lack of skills and inadequate infrastructure, lack of value addition, the basis for calculation of minimum support price and barter system. the study also focused on efforts made in developing a methodology for fixing minimum support prices for minor forest produces.

Revitalizing Millets for Nutritional Security & Fortifying Food and Uplifting Small and Marginal Farmers in India: A Review

This comprehensive analysis explores the significance of millets as a solution for small and marginal farmers in India. The country faces substantial challenges in food and nutritional security, exacerbated by climate change, inequality, and inadequate infrastructure. Millets offer a promising solution, addressing malnutrition, ensuring food security, and demonstrating resilience to climate change. By diversifying cropping systems and promoting value addition, millets provide income-generating opportunities for farmers. However, challenges such as low productivity, limited awareness, insufficient value chain infrastructure, and market linkages hinder the widespread adoption of millets. Government initiatives, including the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture and the National Food Security Mission, aim to support millet cultivation and production. Furthermore, policies promoting research and development, market access, and minimum support prices contribute to the growth of the millet sector. The nutritional benefits, climate resilience, and income opportunities associated with millets make them a valuable solution for small and marginal farmers. By investing in technology, infrastructure, and policy sup-port, India can harness the potential of millets to achieve sustainable agricultural practices, improve livelihoods, and ensure food and nutritional security.

Quantitative Measurement of Agricultural Support in Ghana using Pse (Producer Support Estimate) Indicator

Averagely, agriculture accounted for 19.3% of the total GDP accrued to Ghana’s economy, and provided employment for 32.49% of the total population within the period 2015 – 2019. Agricultural land in general occupies the greater percentage of entire land area in Ghana (65.14%). Almost half of the total population (44.61%) in Ghana lives in the rural areas and majority of which are engaged in agriculture. The aim of this paper is to measure the level of government support to farmers’ income in Ghana, using the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) approach. Specifically, Single Commodity Transfers (SCT) and expression of % SCT for individual commodities, which account for about 70% of the total value of agricultural production in Ghana was used. Inasmuch as important data on market price and budgetary support to Ghana’s agriculture in the period 2015 – 2019 were still not inserted in the OECD database, data on market price were sourced from World Bank and FAOSTAT for the analysis. On the other hand, data on budgetary support to Ghana’s agriculture for 2015 – 2019 were not in existence. Inadequate literature on policy support to Ghana’s agriculture and lack of data on budgetary support to Ghana’s agriculture was a limitation and therefore limits the scope of this research. The study revealed that producers of agricultural commodities such as cocoa, maize and coffee received positive market price support, only with the exception of rice which received negative market price support in the period 2015 – 2019. The %SCT for cocoa, maize, rice and coffee were 57.83%, 37.73, -72.28 and 29.79 respectively. It is recommended that the government of Ghana would intensify production to secure enough food for its population and provide jobs initiative as a policy support to provide sustainable incentives for producers of agricultural commodities in the country. This refers especially to rice, since it was the most deprived with significant market price support during the period of the study.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ОТРАСЛИ ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА ПО РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БУРЯТИЯ: РОЛЬ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ

The article considers the agriculture of the Republic of Buryatia has a clearly defined livestock orientation, characteristic of the traditional activities of the local population. Animal husbandry here has meat and dairy directions. The purpose of this article is to study the specifics of the prospects for the development of the cattle breeding industry in the Republic of Buryatia at the present stage, as a subject of the Far Eastern District. In the Republic of Buryatia, the leading industry in the historical perspective of time is the livestock industry, where cattle breeding and sheep breeding dominate. Pig and poultry farming play a distinctive role. In the Republic of Buryatia, 24 agricultural organizations operate with 32 certificates for breeding 11 breeds of farm animals. It is advisable to finance the agricultural sector mainly through state support for agricultural prices and at least 60-70% from the federal budget, shifting the emphasis in support from lending to direct subsidies as part of optimizing the price level for agricultural products. Investments in the fixed capital of the agro-industrial complex organization increased in 2022. Thanks to the implementation of a priority national project. Investments in fixed assets of the agro-industrial complex in the Republic of Buryatia increased in 2022. Thanks to the implementation of a priority national project.

РОЛЬ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ У СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОМУ РОЗВИТКУ СІЛЬСЬКИХ ТЕРИТОРІЙ

This article examines the impact of environmental security mechanisms on the socio-economic development of rural areas, emphasizing the importance of their integration to ensure sustainable development. The economic and environmental principles that provide for the rational use of resources, production efficiency, biodiversity conservation, pollution reduction and resource conservation are considered. It was emphasized that the pollution and depletion of natural resources continues to threaten the health of the population, ecological safety and economic stability of the state. The problems of legal provision of food security in crisis situations, such as wars or natural disasters, are also considered, with a special focus on price regulation and support for agricultural production. It is emphasized that the creation and application of ecologically acceptable technologies will become a factor in saving the environment. The advantages of introducing environmental safety mechanisms are analyzed. The article emphasizes the need for an integrated approach that takes into account environmental, economic and social factors for the effective implementation of environmental safety mechanisms. It is indicated that agriculture is of special importance in the development of rural areas, because it provides a permanent income to the rural population, creates and controls natural biological cycles, uses and protects natural resources. It is emphasized that one of the directions of diversification of the development of rural areas in conditions of decentralization is the diversification of organizational and legal forms of management. Measures are proposed to promote the creation of new organizational and legal forms of management in order to improve the quality of life of the rural population and ensure the competitiveness of rural areas. The analysis concludes with the importance of rural areas in food security and sustainable development, with a special emphasis on the potential for economic growth and social well-being depending on the state of the environment and effective environmental security systems.

Availability, Price, Tradition, Religion, Income, Social, Development and Economic Influences on Meat Consumption

The Muslims slaughtered AL-Odhia in Eid Al-Adha Almubark. The Al-Odhia includes the animal's sheep, goat, cattle, buffaloes and camel in Eid Al-Adha Almubark every year and the Muslims eat the meat of AL-Odhia. The Muslims not eat the pork. The Muslims eat the meat all over the year. The Christians not eat meat and other foods of animal origin in certain periods of the year. The Jewish not eat pork and camels meat. The meat consumption is based largely on the availability, price and tradition. The meat production is a very complex operation depending not only on the demand which is usually based up on the price and the income, but up on the many social and economic influences such as the official policy, the price support mechanisms, and the interrelations such as the interaction between beef and milk production, the availability of animal feedstuffs and the competition for the food between the man and the animals. It is difficult to make accurate comparisons of the meat consumption between the countries in the world because the different methods are used to estimate the consumption. The figures may be derived from the total supplies available at wholesale level, or from the records of the household purchases, with or without estimates of what is consumed away from the home; the estimate of waste, both in the preparation of the food and by the individual adds to the uncertainty. Some national estimates fail to include the imports, and some surveys include the weight of the non-meat components of the products, for example the amount of the meat in a product can range between hundred percentages in some types of the burger to ten percentages in some types of the pizza. The food Balance Sheets are prepared from the figures for the production, the imports, the stock changes and the exports with allowances for the feed, the processing and "The other uses" and the same methods are applied to all the regions. The amount of the meat consumed in different countries in the world varies enormously with social, economic and political influences, religious beliefs and geographical differences.

Minimum Support Prices in Indian Agriculture: Supporting Whom and at What Price?

Minimum Support Prices in Indian Agriculture: Supporting Whom and at What Price?

Use of Random Forest Regression Model for Forecasting Food and Commercial Crops of India

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy. Proper forecast of food crops and cash crops are necessary for the government in policy making decisions. The present paper aims to forecast Wheat and Sugarcane yield using Random Forest Regression. For the development of Random Forest models, Yield has been taken as dependent variable and variables like Gross Cropped Area, Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature, Rainfall, Nitrogen, Phosphorous Oxide, Potassium Oxide, Minimum Support Price and Area under Irrigation are taken as independent variables for both Wheat and Sugarcane crop. Values of R2 for Wheat and Sugarcane is 0.995 and 0.981 which indicates that the model is a good fit and other performance measures are calculated and results are satisfactory.

The Impact of Minimum Support Price (MSP) On Crop Residue Burning (CRB) In Punjab and Haryana: Consequences for Air Quality in Delhi

The Impact of Minimum Support Price (MSP) On Crop Residue Burning (CRB) In Punjab and Haryana: Consequences for Air Quality in Delhi