Mission Support Research Articles

Unveiling the complexity of civil service effectiveness index: An asymmetric and ANN modeling

Unraveling the factors influencing civil service effectiveness becomes imperative in an era marked by escalating demands for efficient governance. This study attempts to meet this necessity by delving into the complex dynamics among core executive functions, mission support facilities, service delivery functions, and attributes, aiming to elucidate their collective impact on civil service effectiveness. Utilizing a unique methodological blend of Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), it delves into the relationships among core executive functions, mission support facilities, service delivery functions, and attributes within the International Civil Service Effectiveness (InCiSE) Index framework. The research uses a configurational model that optimizes CSE and assesses the relative importance of various components. The study reveals significant correlations among the variables. It indicates that all CSE indicators influence but are not equally important in triggering the effectiveness of civil service administration. Key configurations, such as integrating strategic governance with mission support functions and high-level strategy with operational execution, are critical for enhancing civil service effectiveness. It underscores the importance of prioritizing core executive functions and attributes to improve civil service administration. Theoretically, the study enriches contingency theory and contributes to the civil service and administration literature by integrating a configurational approach with machine learning insights. Practically, it provides actionable insights for governance improvement, promoting the application of innovative methodologies in public service to enhance organizational environment and civil service capacities. Original in its approach, this study fills a gap in the literature by applying a hybrid fsQCA-ANN model to explore the configurational and construct ranks influencing civil service effectiveness, offering an inclusive analysis that triangulates qualitative and quantitative data. The findings indicate that civil service effectiveness is highly complex because of its process, involvement of diverse backgrounds of civil servants, critical understanding about the key pillars of good governance and service delivery mechanism. Thus, the findings advance academic understanding and provide practical strategies for policymakers and practitioners to foster better governance through targeted interventions that enhance transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in civil service organizations.

Strategic Aeromedical Evacuations of the French Armed Forces in French Guiana From 2018 to 2020.

The French Armed Forces are deployed in French Guiana (FG) to protect national territory and ensure the security of strategically important sites. Military health support (MHS) provides medical support for missions in this tropical environment, which is hazardous and where confrontations are possible. MHS must organize tactical and strategic evacuations (Strat-AEs), so that an optimal level of care can be delivered. Overall, Strat-AE activity has been described previously but no specific data related to FG has been reported. The main objective of this study was to provide an overview of military Strat-AEs from FG. We conducted a retrospective cohort study from January 01, 2018 through 31 December, 2020. All patients who required a military Strat-AE were included, and we collected sociodemographic characteristics, medical information, service-related injuries and illnesses, and the reason for and conditions of evacuation. We analyzed 210 patients and 199 were included. Most were noncommissioned members (63.3%) and belonged to the Army (75.4%) and the Gendarmerie (15.6%). Injury or illness was duty-related in 66.2% of patients. The main cause for evacuation was nonbattle injury (63.3%), followed by illness (27.1%). Battle stress and injury accounted for 9.5%. The main reasons for evacuation were surgical conditions (58.3%), particularly orthopedic (47.2%). Medical (22.1%), psychiatric (18.6%), and dental (1.0%) disorders followed. Most patients were categorized by the flight surgeon as P3 (98.5%), the lowest level of priority, and D4 (82.9%), the lowest level of dependency. The escort used during evacuation was identical to that recommended by the requester in 83.5% of cases. The final destination was mainly a hospital (89.9%). The time lag between injury or onset of illness and the request for evacuation was significantly longer when local health resources were insufficient. The particularity of FG is a local health care system that provided initial care before the evacuation. To reduce the number of Strat-AEs in FG, the risk of nonbattle injury must be lessened and improvements must be made to the local health care system and to the partnership between civilian and military health services.

A New Robust Lunar Landing Selection Method Using the Bayesian Optimization of Extreme Gradient Boosting Model (BO-XGBoost)

The safety of lunar landing sites directly impacts the success of lunar exploration missions. This study develops a data-driven predictive model based on machine learning, focusing on engineering safety to assess the suitability of lunar landing sites and provide insights into key factors and feature representations. Six critical engineering factors were selected as constraints for evaluation: slope, elevation, roughness, hillshade, optical maturity, and rock abundance. The XGBoost model was employed to simulate and predict the characteristics of landing areas and Bayesian optimization was used to fine-tune the model’s key hyperparameters, enhancing its predictive performance. The results demonstrate that this method effectively extracts relevant features from multi-source remote sensing data and quantifies the suitability of landing zones, achieving an accuracy of 96% in identifying landing sites (at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°), with AUC values exceeding 95%. Notably, slope was recognized as the most critical factor affecting safety. Compared to assessment processes based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Random Forest (RF) models, XGBoost showed superior performance in handling missing values and evaluating feature importance accuracy. The findings suggest that the BO-XGBoost model shows notable classification performance in evaluating the suitability of lunar landing sites, which may provide valuable support for future landing missions and contribute to optimizing lunar exploration efforts.

Understanding Team Cognition in Support of Long-Distance Space Missions

Future long-distance space missions (LDSM) present formidable challenges due to prolonged isolation, communication delays, and extreme conditions, which affect individual and team cognitive functions, crucial for mission success. This necessitates a higher degree of autonomy, emphasizing the importance of team cognition in managing the complexities of LDSMs. Although prior research has largely focused on individual cognition, the collective cognitive processes that support effective team performance in space have been less studied. This oversight is critical as factors like microgravity and isolation can impair individual level cognitive functions vital for teamwork, such as attention and working memory. This paper employs the Macrocognition in Teams Model to study publicly available transcripts from the Apollo space missions to understand the challenges to collaborative problem-solving in these complex and high stress environments.

What About Water? Implications for Body Composition Assessment in Military Personnel.

Sergi, TE, Roberts, BM, and Heileson, JL. What About Water? Implications for Body Composition Assessment in Military Personnel. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): e534-e540, 2024-Body composition standards ensure service members maintain physical fitness, wellness, and support mission readiness. Anthropometric techniques (i.e., height/mass, circumference-based "tape test") have been the primary screening and percent body fat (%BF) assessment method in military personnel for about 4 decades. Recently, the Army and Marine Corps have implemented more advanced body composition assessment methods, such as air displacement plethysmography (ADP), multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), to serve as supplemental %BF assessment after failing the tape test. Although supplemental assessments are intended to improve on the accuracy and precision of the tape test, preassessment standardization, specifically regarding acute water ingestion (AWI), is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review was to (a) summarize the available literature regarding the influence of AWI on body composition estimates derived from ADP, MF-BIA, and DXA and (b) provide evidence-based recommendations for researchers and practitioners. Studies indicate that AWI increases %BF estimates with ADP (4 of 6 [4/6] observations) and MF-BIA (6/7), whereas AWI increases muscle mass (6/6) and likely decreases %BF (2/3) when obtained by DXA. In conclusion, ADP, MF-BIA, and DXA are susceptible to confounding from AWI, leading to inaccurate body composition estimates that may negatively affect the careers of military personnel. Based on the findings from this narrative review, military practitioners and researchers should (a) follow manufacturer guidelines for calorie intake [food and fluid] and exercise avoidance, (b) conduct urine-specific gravity testing [if possible], and (c) limit AWI to <250 ml before assessment.

Preliminary investigation and proposal of periodic orbits and their utilization for logistics in the cislunar regime

The world is in the midst of what is widely considered the second Space Age due to the vastly growing commercial space sector and progress with international initiatives such as the Artemis program, led by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Cislunar space is becoming a region of growing interest as nations, international organizations, and private corporations look to expand their presence and outreach. The planned development of space infrastructure, such as lunar habitats, mining operations, and other installations, is driving the need for studies regarding common orbital pathways to ensure logistical support for future cislunar missions. Along with common orbital pathways, comprehensive and internationally acknowledged space policy and doctrine is required to ensure the safety, stability, and peace of this new frontier of human endeavor. This study serves to address one of the mission sets that will come to shape the emerging economy of the wider Earth-Moon system, space logistics. Specifically, this study will discuss potential orbits for a cislunar space situational awareness network that would support a space traffic management service, along with three cislunar logistics missions: personnel and cargo transport, space tourism, and search and rescue. Characteristics considered for orbits include orbit stability, period, and the proximity to key nodes in cislunar space such as the Moon and Lagrange points. Using Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CR3BP) dynamics, fourteen sample cislunar periodic orbits are proposed to accomplish the cislunar missions discussed. This study adds to the limited work in the field of cislunar orbital design to generate novel orbits and apply them to logistical use cases. All missions, except tourism, feature a “touring” class of cislunar periodic orbits due to their unique geometries enabling them to traverse a wide range of cislunar space. Preliminary analysis indicates that all of the proposed orbits are classified as marginally unstable, and suggests that minimal propellant is required to maintain a space vehicle's intended cislunar trajectory. Finally, existing law, policy, and governance surrounding cislunar space logistics and operations is discussed specifically concerning space traffic management, transportation, and humans touring or being rescued from space. Special attention is given to both the ambiguity of the law and the limitations of current norms of behavior, patent and property concerns, and tense geopolitical situations that can further complicate peace. Overall, this study highlights the underdevelopment of current space law and policy with the ambiguity of present-day norms discussed.

Evaluation of the support capability of the launch power system propellant based on G1-EW two-dimensional cloud model

Due to technical limitations and the characteristics of the launch power system propellant, its support capability is affected by many factors and links. In the process of mission support, it is necessary to consider both its quality characteristics and the safety during the support process, which bring difficulties to the accuracy of its support capability evaluation. In this regard, the evaluation indexes system is constructed according to the requirements of total quality management theory, process safety management theory and equipment support characteristics. In the process of setting the indexes system, the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution method (TOPSIS method) is used to screen the indexes to make indexes setting more scientific. The subjective weights obtained by the order relation analysis method (G1 method) and the objective weights obtained by the entropy weight method (EW method) are combined by the game theory combination weighting method to obtain the indexes combination weights, which reduce the error of weight calculation. The two-dimensional cloud model is used to evaluate support capability of the launch power system propellant from the two dimensions of quality management capability and safety management capability, which can reflect the support capability more comprehensively and accurately. Through example verification, the closeness of support capability of the launch power system propellant to the evaluation grades of ‘excellent’, ‘good’, ‘average’, ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’ is calculated to be 0.2333, 5.1169, 0.3579, 0.1821 and 0.1041, respectively, indicating that the evaluation results are closer to good. Finally, compared with the existing one-dimensional cloud model evaluation method, the superiority of this research method is highlighted, which has a certain guiding role in improving its support capability.

An Overview of the Most Effective Technical Means Used for Various Military Engineering Mission, with Highlights on Their Interoperability

Abstract We could mention that currently we cannot speak, at the level of the NATO Alliance, of the existence of interoperability of engineering structures, from all partner armies, in terms of providing them with high-performance technical means, intended to ensure timely and efficient engineering support. This is based on the analysis we carried out on ensuring the interoperability of engineering structures participating in multinational missions and exercises, from the perspective of providing them with modern technical means, in order to fulfill the engineering support missions, after some exchanges with partners from Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the multinational exercises that colonel Mircea VLADU led as director or co-director, between 2011 and 2013 in Romania, Hungary and Croatia. On these occasions, we were able to as certain that the engineering structures of the armies that were part of the Warsaw Treaty are predominantly equipped with technical engineering means from 80s, some purchased from the former USSR and others manufactured within their own defense industries, a situation that continued even after the integration of the respective states into NATO, as a result of the allocation of some percentages of the GDP, below the level of the commitments and at the same time the support with insufficient funds of the endowment proposals with efficient means, according to NATO standards. Considering these elements, we would like to further present some considerations aimed at equipping NATO engineering structures with the most efficient technical means for the execution of engineering research operations.

Service within the extremely gendered North Atlantic Treaty Organization: civil and military personnel’s approaches to gender equality-focused policies

The article emphasises the challenges in the implementation of gender equality-focused policies in military missions and demonstrates the backlash these policies can create in everyday social interaction in military missions. A qualitative method of thematic analysis was used to study 17 in-depth interviews with former civilian and military personnel in the International Security Assistance Force and Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan. The discursive exploratory analysis displayed that normative masculine constructions foster an environment in which women are perceived as: a threat to the unit they are part of; disruptive to male bonding in the unit; an objectified body; and an essential part of the successful mission in Afghanistan. Gender equality-focused policies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization face resistance in implementation because they threaten resources perceived greatly important in the organisation: normative masculine constructions. The military fails in attempts to manage diversity, and the military culture further values and reinforces sameness.

MRO overview: Sixteen years in Mars orbit

Launched on August 12, 2005, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) entered Mars orbit on March 10, 2006. Following a period of aerobraking, MRO completed its entry into its primary science orbit in September 2006, initiating a program of systematic observations of Mars that still continues. Five providers, including the Italian Space Agency, provided 6 instruments for flight, observing the surface, atmosphere, and subsurface of Mars with greater spatial resolution and systematic coverage than ever before. Two investigations utilized the spacecraft accelerometers and tracking of the orbiter via the Deep Space Network to study upper atmosphere densities and the gravity field of the planet. The data acquired by MRO have revealed a dynamic planet whose change from an ancient wetter climate to the drier climate of today was a complex transition and not a simple “drying out”. Furthermore, that climate continues to change even today. The diversity of the early habitable environments, the ice ages recorded in the polar cap layering and subsurface ice deposits, the repeating patterns of dust storms, and the revelation of new features at the limit of resolution are all part of the scientific return from MRO during nearly a decade of Mars years. The story of that mission, of the evolution of its capabilities, and its contributions to our current understanding of Mars are the subject of nearly two dozen papers in the Icarus special issue, MRO: Sixteen Years at Mars. Three papers describe in more detail the evolution of instrument operations and data products over the mission; several papers describe new analysis techniques for the radar, including construction of 3-dimensional views, and for the atmospheric sounder, enabling better retrievals in a dusty lower atmosphere. Other papers report on recent research including, but not limited to, dune movement, the roles of water and carbon dioxide ice in surface change, and attempts to understand the formation and fading of the enigmatic recurring slope lineae. This paper describes general aspects of the MRO spacecraft, payload, and mission as context for the special issue papers; it also summarizes scientific results and mission support events on a mission phase by mission phase basis to give a time history of discovery and effort.

Democratic Erosion, Partisanship, and Election Observers: Evidence from a Survey Experiment

To what extent do voters support election observation missions (EOMs) monitoring their elections? Building on but departing from prior work, we argue that citizens’ support for election observation missions likely depends on their partisanship. To test our argument, we conduct a survey experiment with a national sample of about 3, 500 Americans in the run-up to the 2020 United States presidential election. Respondents read an adapted news article about the deployment of common interventions in the upcoming election. To test our theoretical expectations, we randomize the partisan source endorsing the interventions. We find that respondents who self-identify as Democrats and Independents/Others are much less likely to support election observers when endorsed by Trump. In addition, Democrats are more likely to support election observers if they read that Biden approves of them. In contrast, Republicans are less likely to support an intervention if they read the same. Our results contribute to ongoing debates about how to promote and defend free elections in backsliding or democratizing countries and, more generally, to the literatures on election observation and public opinion.

Intelligent mission planning of sky survey based on the NSGA-III algorithm

In recent years, China has been scheduled to launch an all-sky survey telescope for celestial observation. The meticulous arrangement of observation sequences for this telescope is of paramount importance, given the myriad challenges and constraints inherent to such astronomical survey missions. These challenges encompass factors such as spatial limitations, stray light contamination, as well as constraints related to data storage and energy consumption. This undertaking presents a quintessential NP-hard optimization problem. To address this complexity and enhance in-orbit observation efficiency, this study closely adheres to practical engineering considerations. A comprehensive evaluation of diverse constraints is conducted, culminating in the establishment of an optimization model for systematic planning of sky survey missions. The primary optimization objectives encompass maximizing in-orbit observation duration, augmenting the count of observable celestial points, and minimizing maneuvering angles. To tackle this multifaceted problem, a mission planning algorithm is devised based on NSGA-III, a multi-objective optimization technique. The experimental results indicate that the sky survey planning algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively accomplish sky survey observation tasks, achieving the scientific objective of no fewer than 350 daily observation points. It holds the potential to provide algorithmic support for the sky survey telescope mission on the Chinese space station.

I’m from the Government, and I’m Here to Help: Public Perceptions of Coercive State Power

Under what conditions does the US public support the domestic use of different institutions of coercive state power? We theorize how the type of situation, the type of actor, the mission, and the type of intervention influence public support for such missions. We use a preregistered conjoint survey experiment to test our hypotheses and find that participants (i) are less supportive of interventions in response to protests than to natural disasters or terrorism, (ii) generally prefer the police or the National Guard to the military, (iii) mistrust order maintenance interventions, and (iv) prefer intervening actors be unarmed. Preferences (ii)–(iv) are strongly conditioned on the type of event. We also find that Republicans are more accepting of military actors, order maintenance interventions, armed interventions, and policing responses to protests. We note implications for public trust in the military, the militarization of policing, and the domestic use of federal forces.

Towards High-Precision Quadrotor Trajectory Following Capabilities: Modelling, Parameter Estimation, and LQR Control

Abstract Quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are small, agile four-rotor systems suitable for various applications, from surveillance to disaster support missions. Hence, achieving high-precision trajectory tracking is crucial for their successful deployment. This research focuses on modelling, parameter identification, and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control design for quadrotors, aiming to enhance their trajectory following capabilities. The quadrotor dynamics are a sixth degree-of-freedom (6DOF) equation of motion derived from Newton’s second law, encompassing moment of inertia, centre of gravity, weight, and thrust of propeller parameters. Experimental measurements are conducted to accurately determine these parameters, ensuring a realistic representation of the quadrotor system. Subsequently, a linearized model is constructed to provide a suitable plant for control system development. The LQR control design is intended to improve the trajectory tracking performance. This control strategy is validated through simulation and practical experiments, demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving high-precision trajectory following capabilites. The proposed approach demonstrates that LQR control effectively guides the quadrotor to resemble a predefined trajectory, experiencing only 3 % overshoot observed during the initial phase of flight.

In Pursuit of Excellence: Analysing the Indispensable Nature of Conduct and Discipline of Nepali Army in UN Peace Support Missions

Nepal is currently ranked 2nd among the Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) in United Nations Peace Support Operations. In this context, this paper examines the contribution of the Nepali Army's military conduct and discipline to the effectiveness of UN Peace Support Missions. The theoretical foundations delve into pertinent theories, particularly emphasizing Kevin S. Donohue's concepts of Discipline A (voluntary, value-based Attitudes) and Discipline B (externally enforced Behavioral responses) within the military framework. Maintaining conduct and discipline in UN peace operations is essential for ensuring the credibility and legitimacy of these missions. Therefore, prior UN reports and the Secretary General's Special Bulletin from 2015 to 2022 are comparatively analyzed to reflect on occurrences of misconduct involving peacekeepers from TCCs. Likewise, a quantitative comparative analysis assesses the status of the Nepali Army in terms of military conduct analyzing the rate of allegations of misconducts against it. The study employs descriptive statistics to analyze the status of misconduct allegations including that of serious misconduct to advocate for a stronger integration of military conduct with UN peacekeeping mandates, aiming to enhance overall effectiveness and elevate ethical standards in international peace operations. The findings underscore Nepal's exemplary practices in fostering both Discipline B and Discipline A within its peacekeeping forces. The paper concludes by demonstrating the substantial positive impact of disciplined behaviour on mission outcomes

Methodologies and Handling Techniques of Large-Scale Information in Decision Support Systems for Complex Missions

Designing integrating systems for support, real-time monitoring, and executing of complex missions is challenging, since they often fail due to high levels of complexity and overwhelming volume of input data. Past attempts have resorted to “ad hoc” solutions, which face issues of being non-updatable, non-upgradable, and not applicable to similar missions, necessitating a complete redesign and reconstruction of the system. In the national defense and security sector, the impact of this reconstruction requirement leads to significant costs and delays. This study presents advanced methodologies for organizing large-scale datasets and handling complex operational procedures systematically, enhancing the capabilities of Decision Support Systems (DSSs). By introducing Complex Mission Support Systems (CMSSs), a novel SS sub-component, improved accuracy and effectiveness are achieved. The CMSS includes mission conceptualization, analysis, real-time monitoring, control dynamics, execution strategies, and simulations. These methods significantly aid engineers in developing DSSs that are highly user-friendly and operational, thanks to human-reasoning-centered design, increasing performance and efficiency. In summary, the systematic development of data cores that support complex processes creates an adaptable and adjustable framework in a wide range of diverse missions. This approach significantly enhances the overall sustainability and robustness of an integrated system.

YOLOTransfer-DT: An Operational Digital Twin Framework with Deep and Transfer Learning for Collision Detection and Situation Awareness in Urban Aerial Mobility

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) emerges as a transformative approach to address urban congestion and pollution, offering efficient and sustainable transportation for people and goods. Central to UAM is the Operational Digital Twin (ODT), which plays a crucial role in real-time management of air traffic, enhancing safety and efficiency. This study introduces a YOLOTransfer-DT framework specifically designed for Artificial Intelligence (AI) training in simulated environments, focusing on its utility for experiential learning in realistic scenarios. The framework’s objective is to augment AI training, particularly in developing an object detection system that employs visual tasks for proactive conflict identification and mission support, leveraging deep and transfer learning techniques. The proposed methodology combines real-time detection, transfer learning, and a novel mix-up process for environmental data extraction, tested rigorously in realistic simulations. Findings validate the use of existing deep learning models for real-time object recognition in similar conditions. This research underscores the value of the ODT framework in bridging the gap between virtual and actual environments, highlighting the safety and cost-effectiveness of virtual testing. This adaptable framework facilitates extensive experimentation and training, demonstrating its potential as a foundation for advanced detection techniques in UAM.

Jesuit Mission Funding and Legacy Donations: Revisiting the Belgian Controversy over the Disposition of the De Boey Estate, 1850–1868*

During the mid‐1860s, the Belgian press and politics were riveted by legal proceedings alleging Jesuit financial predation against the estate of noted Antwerp businessman and donor to religious causes Guillaume‐Joseph De Boey. These controversies remain understudied in prominent scholarship on De Boey's extensive support for Jesuit missions in the United States. More recent scholarship on religious contestation in Belgian politics during the 1850s and 1860s explores the trials but focuses on their politicisation and prominence of anti‐Jesuit tropes more than the potential accuracy of the allegations of impropriety. Combining these literatures with trial transcripts and archival research, this article revisits the De Boey case to explore ways in which Jesuit funding for overseas missions navigated legal restrictions on private donations. The article reveals a pattern of proxies and regulatory evasion, but one conducted through donor complicity more than Jesuit predation. These findings add to the historiography of Jesuit funding networks and support for overseas missions.

Study on Practical Design of Datalink in Interoperable UAV Systems

Uumanned aerial vehicle(UAV) systems have been used in various fields including industry and military. According to increasing the number of UAVs, the attention on interoperable UAV systems is increasing. In this paper, we propose the practical design of datalink in interoperable UAV systems. For practical design, we firstly review the operational scenarios in the interoperable UAV system. We then propose the system model of the datalink in interoperable UAV system. Consequently, the technical components such as the design of the network, the link management, the support of the multicast transmission, the support for autonomous mission and flight safety, and the datalink security are derived and reviewed for the practical design.

Moral and Psychological Sustainability of Georgian Military Personnel Participating in International Missions on the Example of the "Shavnabada" Battalion

Georgian Defense Forces (GDF) has participated in the NATO international Counter-Terrorism Mission since 1999 in Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan, Mali, and the Central African Republic. Before the deployment to the mission, GDF units were trained under a pre-deployment exercise program at the National Training Centre. From the missions mentioned above, the already completed mission in Afghanistan should be singled out, as it was mainly a combat mission. From the Georgian commitment to the mission, thirty-two servicemen were killed in action, and many Georgians were maimed or wounded in Afghanistan. The military personnel were required to perform the task under challenging conditions, which always caused stress. The operational environment and mission conditions required psychological preparation before, during, and after the mission. This article covers the results of the surveys conducted at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan during the Resolute Support Mission (RSM) starting from June 2020, including January 2021, to assess the moral and psychological resilience of "Shavnabada" battalion personnel. The survey, conducted pre-, during, and post-deployment, indicated issues regarding personnel moral and psychological readiness and a requirement of retraining leadership to increase their understanding of possible existing problems. Furthermore, leaders and psychologists needed maximum involvement in international missions to sustain deployed personnel's moral and psychological well-being, fix problems, and enforce preventive measures.