Natural Gas Supply Research Articles

Implications of electricity and gas price coupling in US New England region

The tight coupling between electricity and gas has put the US New England region at constant risk of electricity price spikes due to a shortage of gas supplies, especially in the wake of limited natural gas supply in 2022. Here, we investigate the electricity-gas price couplings in the six states in New England from 2006 to 2022. We found that the price coupling in New England has been high and consistent in the past five years across all states, despite varying levels of gas-fired power generation. Additionally, we anticipate it will remain high even with increasing renewables by 2030. Furthermore, the price coupling exhibits an asymmetrical influence with electricity prices closely tracking gas prices, while gas prices are weakly affected by electricity price variations. Our findings also suggest that promoting electricity-gas cooperations could potentially mitigate the asymmetrical influence and electricity price spikes in New England.

Industrial Technologies for CO2 Reduction Applicable to Glass Furnaces

In recent years, the European Union’s legislation about sustainable development has promoted the gradual decarbonization of all industrial sectors, pushing towards the final goal of a carbon-neutral European glass industry in 2050. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and the consequent natural gas supply crisis have led to significant increases in the costs of traditional energy commodities and CO2 emission allowances. In this scenario, the European glass industry, which is both an energy-intensive sector and a large emitter of CO2, needs to reduce its specific energy consumption, change its energy sources and decarbonize its production process. In order to understand and support this metamorphosis of the glass industry, the follwing questions must be answered: are the technologies reported in scientific publications merely theoretical exercises, or can they be adopted by the industry? In what timeframe can they be adopted? The aim of this study is to review consolidated and emerging technologies applicable to the glass industry and investigate which ones can be implemented in the short or medium term to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions related to the glass production process. This study is based on a review of the literature, the materials presented in technical conferences and the opinions of interviewed experts. This study showed that the literature is not very substantial, lacking detailed information on technologies and their effects in terms of energy savings or emissions. More information can be found in the proceedings of selected specialist conferences. This study found that, on one hand, some technologies are mature and only adopted when economically viable, and appropriate boundary conditions are available; the state of the art regarding these technologies was already extensively covered in past publications (e.g., cullet pre-heating). On the other hand, there are many promising technologies in the research or testing phase (i.e., steam methane reforming, process electrification, use of hydrogen); in-depth studies about them are limited due to the novelty of the solutions that they propose or not available due to industrial secrecy issues. In addition to periodicals and specialized conferences, interviews were carried out with managers and technicians from industry, as well as technicians from the Italian glass research institute and industrial machinery producers (especially melting furnaces). The interviews represent added value of this publication, useful in helping us to truly understand the state of the art and degree of readiness of the technologies identified. In addition, the production values of the glass industry were studied: our research confirmed that the most important sub-sectors are flat and container glass, as well as the largest glass-producing nations/continents. Finally, a review of specific energy consumption and CO2 emissions indexes was carried out.

Electricity generation potential from natural gas pressure reduction turbines in Brazil

This paper addresses the urgent need to meet increasing energy demand while avoiding greenhouse gas emissions by improving energy efficiency. One significant challenge is the energy losses that occur during gas pressure reduction at city gates in natural gas distribution systems. To tackle this issue, this study proposes installing pressure reduction turbines (PRTs) parallel to existing reduction valves, which can generate electricity and enhance system efficiency. This research mainly focuses on Brazil’s natural gas supply, where the potential for installing PRTs is evaluated. The methodology analyzes the country’s distribution network and estimates the electricity generation capacity achievable from PRTs. The results indicate a potential power generation of 66 MW, capable of avoiding the emission of 235,800 tons of CO2 annually and generating 333 GWh/year of electricity, all at a LCOE of $27/MW. These contribute to the environment using the energy efficiency achieved through the installation of PRTs, consequently, Brazil can help to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.

Unit Commitment Considering Long-term Supply Risk of Natural Gas Pipeline Network

As the coupling degree of the natural gas pipeline network (NGPN) and the power system increase, unreliable gas supply risk related to random failures in NGPN has threatened the operation security of the power system. However, present studies seldom discuss the effect of natural gas supply reliability on power system operation. In this manner, a stochastic unit commitment model is presented with the consideration of long-term gas supply risk in NGPN. Firstly, with the combination of the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique and the maximum-flow algorithm, the failure scenario set corresponding to gas supply risk can be obtained. Then, a two-stage model for unit commitment is established considering gas supply uncertainty based on the stochastic optimization model. Finally, case studies have shown that the power operation reliability has been improved with the increased reliability indices.

Polish-American cooperation to support Ukraine after Russian aggression in 2022

The article analyses and evaluates Polish-American cooperation in support of Ukraine after Russia’s full-scale aggression in 2022. It answers the question regarding the importance of Polish-American cooperation in supporting the Ukrainian state and society. It assumes that Polish-American cooperation plays a key role in the areas of military and non-military assistance for Ukraine and Ukrainians. Both countries are among the main donors of military equipment to Ukraine, which is delivered via the territory of Poland. In addition, they put great pressure on European countries to increase military support to Ukraine. Polish-American cooperation in non-military areas is also of great importance. Poland’s aid for Ukrainian refugees is crucial, and the US is involved in its delivery and financing. The US, in turn, is of paramount importance in imposing sanctions on Russia to force it to stop its aggression and in providing economic assistance to Ukraine. Poland participates in the sanctions system and strives to make them as severe as possible. Another area of Polish-American cooperation is LNG trade, which allows Poland, and potentially also other CEE countries, including Ukraine, to secure natural gas supplies after abandoning imports from Russia. During the research, interviews with American scientists and experts were conducted, and the method of analysing the content of text sources was used.

An Analysis of the Energy Crisis under the Ukraine Conflict

The Ukraine Conflict has had far-reaching implications for energy security, geopolitical dynamics, and various sectors. This study examines the impact of the conflict on Russias energy supply chain to Europe, specifically in terms of natural gas, oil, and coal. Before the conflict, Russia played a crucial role in supplying Europe with natural gas, oil, and coal through pipeline networks, maritime transportation, and export routes. However, the conflict disrupted these supply chains and resulted in significant price fluctuations. The conflict led to economic and energy sanctions imposed on Russia by the United States, the European Union, and Japan, causing a decline in Russias oil exports. The natural gas supply faced disruptions, leading to increased prices and supply shortages in Europe and globally. The coal market also experienced price hikes and supply disruptions. In response to the energy crisis, countries implemented measures to diversify their energy sources, reduce dependence on Russian imports, and accelerate the transition to renewable energy. The European Union, in particular, introduced the REPowerEU plan to enhance energy independence and promote green energy. The conflict also had implications for various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and defense. Additionally, the US dollar strengthened as it became a safe haven currency during the conflict. Looking ahead, the Ukraine conflict will continue to shape the global energy landscape and geopolitical relationships, influencing strategies for energy resilience, security, and sustainability.

Assessing fossil energy supply security in China using ecological network analysis from a supply chain perspective

Fossil energy plays a critical role as a global energy source, underscoring the utmost importance of ensuring its supply security. As a prominent global energy consumer, China possesses vast coal resources; however, it heavily depends on oil and natural gas imports. Given the formidable challenges posed by environmental constraints and resource scarcity, investigating the security of China's fossil energy supply emerges as a pivotal research concern. This study adopts an innovative energy supply chain perspective, dividing the energy supply system into distinct links, including upstream energy supply, midstream energy conversion, and downstream energy consumption. Through ecological network analysis, the safety levels of China's coal, oil, and gas supply systems were meticulously assessed, considering network structure, sustainability, and network utility. The research findings indicated a relatively stable security level for China's fossil energy supply system during the period from 2010 to 2020, focusing on key aspects such as coal processing and conversion, oil inventory, and foreign-sourced natural gas supply. Moreover, scenario analysis results offer valuable insights and recommendations to bolster the security of China's fossil energy supply. The application of the ecological network model as a comprehensive assessment tool provides a fresh approach to evaluating the energy security of countries from the perspective of energy supply chains.

Current and Future Role of Natural Gas Supply Chains in the Transition to a Low-Carbon Hydrogen Economy: A Comprehensive Review on Integrated Natural Gas Supply Chain Optimisation Models

Natural gas is the most growing fossil fuel due to its environmental advantages. For the economical transportation of natural gas to distant markets, physical (i.e., liquefaction and compression) or chemical (i.e., direct and indirect) monetisation options must be considered to reduce volume and meet the demand of different markets. Planning natural gas supply chains is a complex problem in today’s turbulent markets, especially considering the uncertainties associated with final market demand and competition with emerging renewable and hydrogen energies. This review study evaluates the latest research on mathematical programming (i.e., MILP and MINLP) as a decision-making tool for designing and planning natural gas supply chains under different planning horizons. The first part of this study assesses the status of existing natural gas infrastructures by addressing readily available natural monetisation options, quantitative tools for selecting monetisation options, and single-state and multistate natural gas supply chain optimisation models. The second part investigates hydrogen as a potential energy carrier for integration with natural gas supply chains, carbon capture utilisation, and storage technologies. This integration is foreseen to decarbonise systems, diversify the product portfolio, and fill the gap between current supply chains and the future market need of cleaner energy commodities. Since natural gas markets are turbulent and hydrogen energy has the potential to replace fossil fuels in the future, addressing stochastic conditions and demand uncertainty is vital to hedge against risks through designing a responsive supply chain in the project’s early design stages. Hence, hydrogen supply chain optimisation studies and the latest works on hydrogen–natural gas supply chain optimisation were reviewed under deterministic and stochastic conditions. Only quantitative mathematical models for supply chain optimisation, including linear and nonlinear programming models, were considered in this study to evaluate the effectiveness of each proposed approach.

Gas and energy security in Germany and central and Eastern Europe

Russia's weaponization of gas supplies caused a shock to the energy security of Central and Eastern Europe in 2022. Countries responded by increasing alternative energy supplies and developing new natural gas supply routes, namely through increased LNG import capacity and new interconnectors. At the same time, market forces in the form of higher prices largely ensured an efficient allocation of scarce gas across the region and encouraged the necessary savings. We examine how gas flows to and within the region have been changing in the short- and medium-term and explore the role of renewable and nuclear energy as well as hydrogen in the long-term. We conclude that mitigating the effects of this shock requires the EU to prioritize policies that foster the integrity of its energy market. Government policies and higher fossil fuel prices will encourage the build-up of renewables, increasing energy security medium term. Only in combination with consistently high energy savings and the procurement and distribution of sufficient gas volumes from the global LNG market can Russian supplies be replaced. It is thus the interplay of supply and demand measures that allowed Central and Eastern Europe to withstand the extraordinary shock of 2022.

Measurement-based differentiation of low-emission global natural gas supply chains

Measurement-based differentiation of low-emission global natural gas supply chains

Optimized lower pressure limit for condensate underground gas storage using a dynamic pseudo-component model

In the context of gas injection in reservoirs, the dilution process of components' thermodynamic properties has not been adequately represented in traditional numerical simulation methods. This study focuses on the Dalaoba condensate underground gas storage (CUGS) in China and establishes a dynamic pseudo-component model to identify the equilibrium point for gas storage facility efficiency and the condensate oil recovery rate. Using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization approach, thermodynamic parameters are estimated as functions of the injected gas volume. This dynamic pseudo-component model is then utilized to find the optimized lower pressure limit for CUGS by assessing condensate oil production, gas flow capability, and water encroachment. Results show that the dynamic pseudo-component model can represent the process of thermodynamic property changes towards lighter components during natural gas injection. The case study demonstrates that conventional models overestimate condensate oil production, while the dynamic model achieves an accuracy rate of 92.8 % with historical data. The dynamic pseudo-component model offers valuable insights for large-scale gas injection simulation, promoting stable and efficient natural gas storage and supply in CUGS.

Optimum utilization of hub energy micro-grids with micro-networking strategy of local biogas productions

In this paper, the optimal utilization of local biogas production in multi-energy systems is investigated. The micro-grid policy of local biogas production, to supply the variable demand of natural gas and also to convert it into electrical energy required by an energy hub micro-grid, along with other sources of scattered energy production and national electricity and gas networks, is one of the main goals of this paper. The multi-factor intelligent optimization method is considered to investigate the non-linear and heterogeneous optimization problem in the IEEE standard 33-bus energy hub microgrid. Most of the main indicators of interest are economic savings and minimization of operating costs. The multi-objective optimization method has been chosen as a method to solve the aforementioned non-linear and heterogeneous problem. Simulation has been done in GAMS software and the results of optimal load distribution of electric energy and natural gas supply for selected energy microhub have been explained and compared. The final results show a significant reduction of 46 % (2.8 thousand dollars per day) in operating costs. Significant reduction of energy flow between local network microhubs by 39.4 % is also one of the optimization results studied. Also, the Island performance of the local energy microhub has been simulated with the desired strategy. The cost of local energy microhub energy supply in island mode has decreased by 34 % (1.4 thousand dollars per day) compared to normal mode.© 2022 Published by.

Experimental investigation of combined carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), ionic liquid (I.L), and low salinity water to enhance oil recovery (EOR) at Iraq's southern oil fields

By 2030, global energy demand is expected to increase by 50% with respect to 2020. However, supplies of natural gas and oil are steadily depleting. Therefore, implementing innovative enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology in producing reservoirs is essential to meeting the growing energy demand.EOR is a technique that has currently been in use to increase the rate of oil production. This research demonstrates the novel opportunities of combining carbon nanoparticles, ionic liquid surfactant (dodecyl pyridinium chloride), and low-salinity water to improve oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs. A series of experimental works, comprising sedimentation technique, zeta potential analysis, contact angle measurements, and surface tension tests, were conducted to study the stability and choose the optimal nanofluid for application in EOR.It was discovered that by adding various concentrations of an ionic liquid to a 50 ppm nanocarbon solution, the density of the nanofluid formulations could be slightly reduced, the surface tension could be changed, and the wettability of carbonate rocks could be altered from an oil-wet to a water-wet system. Core-flooding tests were carried out for optimum nanofluid formulation (50 ppm of nanocarbon with 250 ppm of ionic liquid) at different flow rates. Additional oil recoveries of 8.46 % and 20.5 % of the original oil in place were achieved at flow rates of 0.667 cm3/min and 0.334 cm3/min, respectively. This study is one of the first to be conducted in Iraq's oil fields to investigate the potential for EOR using carbon nanoparticles, ionic liquid, and low-salinity water. The results of this research highlight the potential of hybrid nanofluids as a new type of injection fluid for EOR.

A methodology to determine the target reliability of natural gas pipeline systems based on risk acceptance criteria of pipelines

The reliable operation of the natural gas pipeline system is directly related to natural gas supply security, and it is vital to determine the target reliability of the natural gas pipeline system when assessing whether the system is reliable. In this study, a methodology to determine the target reliability of natural gas pipeline system based on the risk acceptance criteria of pipelines is proposed, and the methodology consists of three parts. Firstly, the risk acceptance criteria of the natural gas pipelines are determined based on the existing standards. Secondly, the failure consequence model of natural gas pipelines considering the pipeline properties and surroundings is developed, and the corresponding allowable pipeline failure probabilities are calculated according to the risk theory. Finally, the evaluation model of the gas supply reliability for natural gas pipeline systems considering the unit’s failure and hydraulic characteristics is developed, and the target reliability of natural gas pipeline systems is calculated by employing the allowable pipeline failure probabilities. Furthermore, a real natural gas pipeline system is employed to determine its target reliability, and the target value is compared with the actual value of the gas supply reliability. Based on the compared results, the corresponding measure to improve the gas supply reliability is proposed.

Potential changes of regional natural gas market in China amidst liberalization: A mixed complementarity equilibrium simulation in 2030

Ensuring the continuous efficient use of natural gas is crucial for China to achieve its carbon peak goal by 2030. This study scrutinizes the prospective effects of an intensified liberalization of China’s natural gas sector in 2030. To accomplish this, a mixed complementarity equilibrium model is employed, capturing the interdependencies among relevant sectors within the industrial chain. Multiple scenarios of liberalization are simulated, encompassing variations in gas demand, pipeline capacity expansion, and the escalation of imported Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), to identify potential modifications. Scenario results reveal that the insufficient capacity of long-distance pipeline network will significantly hinder the distribution of gas resources and cause a shortage of gas supplies in Eastern region. Furthermore, the expansion of pipeline capacity from Northwest to East is beneficial in low demand scenario, while increasing the receiving and transfer capacity of LNG in Northern and Eastern regions is crucial in face of strong demand growth. Moreover, a decline in LNG imports will put upward pressure on regional prices, and further affect the security of natural gas supply. The findings will offer critical data for policymakers and present a diversified view of natural gas liberalization market under China’s peak carbon emission target in 2030.

On the potential of Ukrainian higher educational establishments to satisfy the demand in personnel for renewable energy development

Green energy is a key factor for achieving global sustainable development goals. Energy safety is the basic condition for any state to function and for any economy to grow. Moreover, stable supply of energy resources is a pre-requisite for supporting adequate life quality level for the population, which is the main function of a state. In this context, the problem of training specialists in green energy has become an object of an increasing research interest in many countries, including Ukraine. Ukraine has not been experiencing any specific problems with energy security since gaining independence in 1991, except for minor issues with natural gas supply. However, in autumn and winter of 2022, the necessity to reconstruct the Ukrainian energy safety system became specifically acute. The factor having caused the problem is of a man-made nature and was brought forth by the neighboring state’s military aggression. Russian military forces have been purposefully and methodically devastating the Ukrainian energy infrastructure with missile strikes over the past several months. Thanks to the technical and technological aid offered by partner countries and introducing emergency power outage schedules across the country, Ukrainian energy companies have managed to sustain the energy system in a relatively operational condition for three months by now. Nevertheless, we should envisage the future challenges and build a strategy for the post-war reconstruction of the Ukrainian energy system. Renewable energy sources have a colossal potential and may become a powerful force in the future development of Ukraine’s energy industry. However, in practice, the energy industry must be supplied with a sufficient number of highly professional specialists to realize this opportunity. On the example of Ukrainian HEIs, this article offers an example and a methodology for analysing higher educational establishments’ potential and preparedness to satisfy the predicted demand in personnel and to ensure sustainable development of the renewable energy market. Another finding of this research is the system of markers to measure the success of an educational programme in green energy which can be applied by educational institutions to build the programme enhancement strategy. Also, the authors define directions for perspective development of energy education in Ukraine.

RUSSIA’S FALIN–KVITSINSKY ENERGY DOCTRINE: HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE APPLYING TO SELECTED CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

This article discusses the evolution of the energy security of Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine since the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in terms of natural gas supplies. Instead of framing energy dependencies on Russia in a descriptive way, this article shows the empirical validation of the Falin–Kvitsinsky doctrine, which includes the use of energy resources as tool in foreign policy. Therefore, the authors propose a three-element Falin–Kvitsinsky doctrine indicator to measure the power of this doctrine using the yearly data for 1991–2021. Authors argue that the impact of this doctrine should be assessed through the lens of energy supply security and then measured by appropriate indicators. This approach might be seen as opposite to the mainstream publications which are mostly descriptive in this field. In the article, the authors provided clear evidence of the Falin–Kvitsinsky doctrine existence until the end of 2021, which was applied during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Actions taken by Russia over the years were aimed at making Central European countries dependent on natural gas supply, which would then prompt these countries to limit their aid to Ukraine during the conflict that began in 2022. In conclusion, Russia is able to pursue its political goals in the manner suggested by the Falin–Kvitsinsky doctrine as long as each Central European country tries to ensure its own energy security. However, the Falin-Kvitsky doctrine did not fully meet its objectives, as Central European countries, as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war, were able to quickly take steps to diversify the sources and directions of natural gas supplies by taking comprehensive measures and strengthening cooperation.

Power Generation Policies, Governance Mechanism and Utilization of Indigenous Resources: A Case of Pakistan

Energy has been playing a vital role in the socio-economic development of the country. Pakistan’s energy security holds paramount importance as it is essential for enhancing socio-economic development. Pakistan is currently facing a rising electricity demand and contending with a substantial deficit in natural gas supply. Most of the power generation plants in Pakistan are thermal and generate electricity from oil and gas. Pakistan is not an oil-producing country and natural gas reserves will be died out after 12 years. Under the Power Generation Policy 2015, most of the plants generate electricity from imported coal instead of utilization of national indigenous reserves i.e. local coal. Under the PGP 2015, all the power plants operated under the PPP model known as (BOO). Over the last three decades Government of Pakistan has announced seven energy policies to attract the foreign investors in the power generation sector that have led to acute governance, admirative and implementation problems in the energy sector. This study explores the intricate relationship between energy security, energy crises, demand and supply, and renewable potential in Pakistan. Using qualitative analysis, it addresses the ongoing energy crises and proposes the development of national indigenous resources, presenting a policy framework to achieve power generation goals. The energy status in Pakistan, including supply and demand aspects, is discussed, along with major challenges such as electricity theft and circular debt annually. By considering various approaches, the study identifies key challenges for policy development and implications to create a comprehensive policy framework, incorporating domestic energy resources, policy actors, criteria, and tools. This study highlights Pakistan’s significant non-renewable energy potential, advocating for tapping into domestic resources, optimizing energy planning, and policy development to ensure a secure and sustainable energy future for the nation, promoting prosperity and progress.

Enhanced Method for Emergency Scheduling of Natural Gas Pipeline Networks Based on Heuristic Optimization

Safety and disturbance issues in system engineering have garnered substantial attention. This study focuses on the analysis of the distinct characteristics of emergency dispatch problems in Natural Gas Pipeline Networks (NGPS). Graph theory serves as a tool to transform the NGPS topology and establish an optimization model for NGPS emergency dispatch. The model also integrates user weights, satisfaction, and reduction factors into the user modeling approach. Its objective is to maximize overall system satisfaction while considering factors such as demand-side requirements and operational constraints. To solve this optimization model, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method is employed. An in-depth exploration of four unique disturbance scenarios provides solid evidence of the effectiveness and practicality of the PSO method. Compared to other methods, the PSO method consistently boosts overall user satisfaction and aligns more fluidly with the real-time demands of emergency scheduling, regardless of reduced supply capacity, complete supply interruptions, sudden surges in user demand, or pipeline connection failures. The developed emergency scheduling optimization method presents two key advantages. Firstly, it proficiently mitigates potential losses stemming from decreased supply capacity at local or regional levels. By adeptly adjusting natural gas supply strategies, it minimizes economic and production losses while ensuring a steady supply to critical users. Secondly, the method is superior at swiftly reducing the affected area and managing the increased demand for natural gas, thus maintaining NGPS stability. This research underscores the importance of considering user characteristics and demands during emergencies and demonstrates the effectiveness of employing the PSO method to navigate emergency scheduling challenges. By strengthening the resilience of the pipeline network and ensuring a sustainable natural gas supply, this study constitutes a significant contribution to energy security, economic development, and the promotion of clean energy utilization, ultimately propelling the achievement of sustainable development goals.

Analysis of Occupational Safety and Health (K3) Risk Management in Construction Industry (Case Study: Construction of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines)

The need for gas in Indonesia is currently quite urgent, but the infrastructure to provide natural gas supplies for industry is inadequate, so the government is encouraging the development of national natural gas infrastructure. In this project, build facilities including Tie-in at the Onshore Receiving Facilities (ORF) and then build a pipeline. The ORF consists of various large instruments, the installation process of which requires the assistance of heavy equipment such as a crane. Instrument installation work at ORF using a crane is included in the critical & extreme risk because the placement will use more than one crane and this work is carried out on a platform. Apart from that, the ORF was built next to an existing LPG station, so this condition has its own potential danger. To find out the source of the biggest risks, risks that may occur, methods of risk mitigation, and the level of effectiveness of the mitigation provided, occupational safety and health risk management analysis could be carried out using the House of Risk (HOR) and Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Determining Control (HIRADC) method. Lifting activities on the ORF platform was the biggest source of danger and there were 15 possible risks that may occur, 3 risk agents were in the mobilization of heavy equipment activities (cranes), 5 risk events were in the crane placement activities and 7 risk events were from material transport activities and there were 36 risks agents in it, 9 risk agents for mobilization activities, 11 risk agents for crane placement activities and 14 risk agents for material transport activities. Of the 36 risk agents, 16 of them have high potential, so suggestions for risk mitigation actions were given using the HOR phase II method. By conducting discussions, there were 48 mitigation action plans that were able to reduce the potential of risk agents with 36 main preventive actions, namely suggestions for mitigation actions that had difficulty value 3 or easy to implement. After assessing the recommended preventive actions, an assessment is carried out that there was a reduction in the level of risk using the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Determining Control (HIRADC) method, where there were 3 medium risk categories and 13 low-risk categories. Before recommendations for risk mitigation actions, there were 3 extreme risk categories and 13 high risk categories.