Supplemental Doses Research Articles

The addition of Mucuna pruriens seed extract with different dosage on feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency of Rasbora argyrotaenia

The objectives of this research were: 1) determine the effect of feed supplementation using velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) seed extract with different doses on the feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency of silver barb (R. argyrotaenia), 2) determine the optimal dose of feed supplementation using velvet beans seed extract in silver barb on the value of feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency. This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments of commercial feed without any addition (P0), 0.1 ml/kg velvet beans seed extract addition (P1), 1 ml/kg velvet beans seed extract addition (P2), 10 ml/kg velvet beans seed extract addition (P3), 35 ml/kg velvet seed beans extract addition (P4) in four replication for each treatments. The results of the supplementation with a different concentration of velvet beans seed extract addition showed significant difference (P < 0.05) on the specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency of R. argyrotaenia. The highest efficiency and feed conversion ratio of the supplementation of R. argyrotaenia feed obtained from addition of 0.1 ml/kg velvet beans seed extract.

Vitamin B12 deficiency and cognitive impairment: Is there a distinctive cognitive domain affected? A descriptive study in Buenos Aires

AbstractBackgroundVitamin B12 deficiency is associated with cognitive‐behavioral disorders, which may be potentially reversible. No specific associated cognitive domain has been established and alterations in episodic memory, verbal fluency, attention and executive functions, praxia and visuoconstruction have been described. The objective of this work is to evaluate and describe the cognitive domains affected in patients with cognitive impairment associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.MethodCross‐sectional observational study conducted at the Trinidad Mitre sanatorium of Buenos Aires City. Patients with cognitive impairment and vitamin B12 deficiency were analyzed. Information was collected on the cognitive domain affected (taking as altered value the Z score ≤‐1.5 according to age and educational level, obtained in the neurocognitive evaluations), cognitive profile, magnetic resonance imaging features and mean consultation‐supplementation time.Result25 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency and cognitive complaint were analyzed, with a mean age of 68.5 years. 83% presented multidomain mild cognitive impairment being 60% with subcortical pattern. Memory and attention were the most affected domains in 80% of the sample, followed by executive functions with 52%. The most deficient tests were the direct digit test (68%), serial memory (56%), deferred logical memory (52%) and Trail Making B (52%). Nearly 52% presented mild depressive symptomatology. A 56% of the sample presented with severe B12 deficiency with 32% elevation of plasma homocysteine. Supplementation was performed intramuscularly in 68% of the patients with a mean symptomatology‐supplementation onset time of 10.8 months. 92% of the patients presented subjective improvement after supplementation, 32% had control global test evaluation with improvement in all of them and 50% of this group presented control cognitive evaluation with improvement in previously deficient domains.ConclusionAccording to our findings we conclude that these patients with vitamin B12 deficiency present a multidomain pattern with special affectation of memory, attention and executive functions; of mild degree and potentially reversible. The reversibility of the picture could be related to high doses of B12 and early supplementation, using control cognitive assessments as an objective measure of improvement.ReferencesReynolds E. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Nov;5(11):949‐60. Eastley R. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;15(3):226‐33. Robins Wahlin. Biol Psychol. 2001 Jun;56(3):247‐65.

A Single-Laboratory Validation of a UPLC Method for Determination of Folic Acid in Various Dietary Supplement Dosage Forms.

Folic acid is an essential nutrient necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and certain amino acids. There are no scientifically validated analytical methods for folic acid applicable to all dosage forms. A single-laboratory method was validated for the determination of folic acid content in various dietary supplement dosage forms. This method used ultra-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detector (UPLC/PDA) to determine the folic acid content in dietary supplements in the form of tablets, two-piece capsules, powder drinks, softgels, and gummies. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detector method was evaluated for linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), repeatability, recovery, specificity, and system suitability. Linearity of the folic acid standard was shown to be linear in the range of 0.45 µg/mL to 7.37 µg/mL. LOD and LOQ of folic acid were 0.089 and 0.268 µg/mL, respectively. The repeatability of nine samples from five matrixes resulted in 1.15-4.82% relative standard deviation (RSD). Five samples with five different matrixes spiked with 25, 50, and 100% of working standard concentration and had a recovery range of 95.48-104.72%. The chromatograms and spectra of the blank, standard, and sample solutions showed that the method was free of interference for folic acid. The system suitability results of different matrixes showed that the UPLC/PDA system is suitable for folic acid analysis. All the AOAC INTERNATIONAL SMPR® 2022.002 requirements were fulfilled. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detector method compares favorably with the requirements of AOAC SMPR 2022.002. The UPLC/PDA method is fast and suitable for all dietary supplement matrixes studied. The method meets the requirements of SMPR 2022.002.

Systematic review/meta-analysis and a cross-sectional study to assess effects of potassium supplementation on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and blood pressure

Abstract Introduction Nutritional medicine plays a key role in disease prevention and treatment, and we pharmacists must consider our contribution beyond our role in dispensing. Apart from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet1, there is a paucity of data on the benefits of nutritional interventions in hypertension with no clear recommendation on potassium in the NICE guidelines. Potassium has been an area of interest in clinical medicine over the decades because of its effect on cardiovascular disease. However, its mechanism of action is poorly understood, and it is unclear it differs between different ethnic groups. Dietary potassium decreases blood pressure (BP) but can also stimulate aldosterone production2. However, the magnitude of potassium-dependent regulation of aldosterone secretion in humans is not fully characterised and it is not clear whether this is mediated by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) as a result of a reduction in BP or other mechanisms. Aim To perform a (1) systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing effects of potassium on plasma aldosterone and renin in adult individuals alongside a (2) cross-sectional multi-ethnic study to explore the relationship between potassium intake and aldosterone in hypertension. Methods (1) This study was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines3. The full protocol can be found on the PROSPERO database. (2) Self-defined black or white hypertensives were recruited from the hypertension outpatient clinic at St. Thomas’ Hospital and had aldosterone, renin and a 24-hour urinary potassium collected. The systematic review and meta-analysis on already approved clinical trials and did not require ethnical approval. The cross-sectional study was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee in the UK and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Results 6395 articles were retrieved, and 124 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. 36 met the prespecified inclusion/exclusion criteria. Potassium supplementation caused a significant decrease in systolic BP (- 3.69 mmHg [-4.91, -2.46], P&amp;lt;0.001) and increase in serum potassium (+0.37 [0.23, 0.52] mmol/L, P&amp;lt;0.001). There was an increase in plasma aldosterone (standardised difference 0.414 [0.291, 0.537], P&amp;lt;0.001) but no effect on plasma renin activity (+0.033 [-0.07, 0.14], P=0.538]. Meta-regression showed a significant positive correlation between change in plasma aldosterone and change in serum potassium (P&amp;lt;0.001). (2) In 469 subjects (72% black), there was a positive association between the measured 24-hour potassium excretion and aldosterone in black (β = 0.200, P = 0.014) but not in white individuals (P = 0.531). Discussion/Conclusion Potassium supplementation increases plasma aldosterone but not renin. The increase in aldosterone correlates with the raise in serum potassium. In subjects with hypertension, potassium intake is related with aldosterone concentration only in black subjects. Overall, the data supports a RAAS-independent potassium regulation of aldosterone which could be particularly relevant in African origin subjects. Limitations: 1. the systematic review results could not be stratified by ethnicity because most of the studies were performed in Caucasian subjects, 2. Use of background therapy in some studies, variable doses of potassium supplementation and duration of supplementation.

The Effect of Spermidine Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Adults: A Mini-Review

Introduction: Spermidine, a naturally occurring polyamine found in various foods, has been linked to enhanced autophagy and has shown potential cognitive benefits in previous human studies. This mini-review aimed to evaluate the evidence on spermidine’s effect on the adult population’s cognitive functions. Methods: Randomized clinical trials, controlled cohort/cross-sectional, and controlled before-after studies assessing spermidine consumption/supplementation compared to placebo, non-placebo comparators, or regular diet evaluating cognitive function in adults were included. A comprehensive search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL yielded 1726 records. After duplicate title/abstract and full-text screening, 17 studies were assessed for eligibility, and three were included in the review. Results: All studies were randomized controlled trials in adults aged 60-96. Doses of spermidine supplementation ranged from 0.9mg to 3.3mg. Wirth 2018 (30 participants) and Pekar 2021 (85 participants) showed an improvement in cognitive performance after three months of spermidine supplementation measured with the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) and the CERAD-Plus test, respectively. Schwarz 2022 (100 participants) did not find a significant change in memory performance after 12 months of spermidine supplementation compared to placebo measured with MST. Two studies were at high risk of bias, while one study was judged to have a low risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of-bias tool for randomized trials 2 (RoB 2). Conclusion: Current evidence of the effect of spermidine on cognitive function shows inconsistent results based on a few studies with low spermidine doses and a small number of participants. Further evidence is needed to assess its actual effect.

Effects of a single supplemental dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in 2 different fixed-time artificial insemination synchronization protocols among beef cows and heifers

Effects of a single supplemental dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in 2 different fixed-time artificial insemination synchronization protocols among beef cows and heifers

The IRONy in Athletic Performance

Iron is an essential micronutrient for athletes, intricately linked to their performance, by regulating cellular respiration and metabolism. Impaired iron levels in the body can significantly hinder athletic performance. The increased demand for iron due to exercise, coupled with potential dietary iron insufficiencies, particularly among endurance athletes, amplifies the risk of iron deficiency. Moreover, prolonged exercise can impact iron absorption, utilization, storage, and overall iron concentrations in an athlete. On the contrary, iron overload may initially lead to enhanced performance; however, chronic excess iron intake or underlying genetic conditions can lead to detrimental health consequences and may negatively impact athletic performance. Excess iron induces oxidative damage, not only compromising muscle function and recovery, but also affecting various tissues and organs in the body. This narrative review delineates the complex relationship between exercise and iron metabolism, and its profound effects on athletic performance. The article also provides guidance on managing iron intake through dietary adjustments, oral iron supplementation for performance enhancement in cases of deficiency, and strategies for addressing iron overload in athletes. Current research is focused on augmenting iron absorption by standardizing the route of administration while minimizing side effects. Additionally, there is ongoing work to identify inhibitors and activators that affect iron absorption, aiming to optimize the body’s iron levels from dietary sources, supplements, and chelators. In summary, by refining the athletic diet, considering the timing and dosage of iron supplements for deficiency, and implementing chelation therapies for iron overload, we can effectively enhance athletic performance and overall well-being.

1737. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Catch-Up Vaccination with the 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Abstract Background A 20-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV20) was approved in April 2023 by the US FDA for use in children &amp;lt; 18 years of age. Routine use in infants consists of a 3-dose schedule followed by a booster dose between 12 and 15 months of age. In addition, a catch-up program for children previously vaccinated with PCV13 who remain at risk of disease associated with the 7 new covered serotypes in PCV20 can potentially improve direct protection and accelerate the onset of indirect effects in the population. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a PCV20 catch-up program in US children aged 14– 59 months who previously completed the recommended PCV13 series. Methods A population-based, multi-cohort, decision-analytic Markov model was developed to estimate the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of a PCV20 catch-up program from both a societal (base-case) and health-care perspective over a 10-year time horizon. In the model a single supplemental dose was assumed to be given to 63% of children aged 14-59 months who had received a complete schedule of PCV13. Input parameters for costs, disutilities, and epidemiology of pneumonia and otitis media (OM) were extracted from published data sources. Data on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) were based on published and unpublished (ABC) data. PCV20 effectiveness estimates were based on PCV7/PCV13 studies. Results The direct and indirect effects of a PCV20 catch-up program was estimated to prevent an additional 5,500 invasive IPD cases, 270,000 pneumonia cases, 0.6 million OM cases, and 1800 deaths compared to a 3+1 PCV20 program without a PCV20 catch-up program. This corresponds to a net gain of 30,000 life years or 55,600 QALYs. Most health gains were achieved due to the assumed accelerated indirect effects because of the catch-up program. Acquisition costs for the PCV20 catch-up program were offset by monetary savings from averted disease cases resulting in $800 million net saving. The catch-up program was also dominant from the health-care perspective. Conclusion Implementation of a PCV20 catch-up program is expected to increase direct impact and accelerated indirect effects, more rapidly reducing pneumococcal disease burden and saving substantial health-care costs across the US population. Disclosures Mark Rozenbaum, Ph.D., M.B.A., Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Liping Huang, MD, MA, MS, Pfizer Inc.: Stocks/Bonds Johnna Perdrizet, MPH, Pfizer Inc: Stocks/Bonds Alejandro D. Cane, MD, PhD, Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Adriano Arguedas, Medical director, Pfizer: Emplyee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Kyla hayford, PhD, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Ownership Interest|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Maria J Tort, PhD, Pfizer Inc: Stocks/Bonds Ruth Chapman, MSc, PhD, Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant Vincenza Snow, MD, Pfizer Vaccines: employee|Pfizer Vaccines: Stocks/Bonds Erica Chilson, PharmD, Pfizer, Inc: Ownership Interest|Pfizer, Inc: Stocks/Bonds Ray Farkouh, PhD, Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Desmond Dillon-Murphy, MSc, PhD, Pfizer: Advisor/Consultant

Effect of guanidinoacetic acid on performance, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition, and nutrient digestibility of aged laying hens fed diets with varying substitution levels of corn with low-tannin sorghum

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in diets containing varying levels of corn replacement with low-tannin sorghum (LTS) for laying hens in the later stage of production. In a 12-wk study, a total of 288 laying hens at 52 wk of age were divided into 6 treatment groups. Each treatment group had 8 replicates, each of which consisted of 6 hens. A 2 × 3 factorial design was used to investigate the impact of substituting corn with LTS at 3 levels (100% corn, 50% LTS, and 100% LTS) with 2 doses of GAA supplementation (0 and 0.6 g/kg). The results indicate that there were interaction effects (P < 0.05) between diet type and GAA supplementation on protein digestibility and AMEn, with the GAA supplement being more effective in the 100% LTS group. Replacing corn with LTS at both levels had no negative effects on performance and metabolic profile. In contrast, the 100% LTS diet increased monounsaturated fatty acids in the yolk (P < 0.05), but decreased the yolk color index, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the yolk, ileal digestibility of energy, and AMEn when compared to the 100% corn diet (P < 0.05). Regardless of the diet, dietary supplementation with GAA resulted in increases (P < 0.05) in shell-breaking strength, the PUFA to SFA ratio in egg yolk, and concentrations of creatine and nitric oxide in serum. There was also a decrease (P < 0.05) in serum malondialdehyde concentration with GAA supplementation. In conclusion, the positive effects of GAA on protein digestibility and AMEn were found to be more pronounced when corn was completely replaced with LTS. However, the positive effects of GAA on egg-laying performance, eggshell quality, antioxidant status, and yolk fatty acid composition remained consistent regardless of the extent to which corn was substituted with LTS.

A Synergistic Botanical Composition Increases Resting Energy Expenditure and Reduces Adiposity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

Objective An imbalance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure may result in body fat gain or obesity. Increasing resting energy expenditure (REE) is an attractive strategy for managing body fat gain. The objective of the current study was to generate proof-of-concept data on a synergistic composition (LN19183) of Citrus aurantifolia fruit rind (CA) and Theobroma cacao seed (TC) extracts to increase REE and reduce body fat gain in a high-fat diet (HFD)–fed rats. Method In in vitro cell-based experiments, CA, TC, or LN19183 were tested for fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) production from 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) protein expressions in LN19183-treated 3T3-L1 lysates were also tested. The 56-day in vivo study in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (age: 12–14 weeks; body weight [b.w.]: 115–197 g) contained 2 phases of 28 days each of induction and supplementation. Seven rats received a regular rodent diet (RD) over 56 days. In the induction phase, 21 rats received HFD; in the supplementation phase, the obese rats (n = 7) received either HFD alone or in concurrence with a daily oral dose of either 100 or 250 mg/kg b.w. of LN19183 for 28 days. Results In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, LN19183 synergistically increased FGF-21 production and dose-dependently increased β3-AR and UCP-1 protein expression. In HFD-fed rats, both doses of LN19183 supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the body weight gain, total fat mass, and liver weight and increased (p < 0.05) REE. High-dose LN19183 also significantly (p < 0.05) increased fat oxidation and UCP-1 protein expression in white fat tissue and reduced liver triglyceride (TG) level. LN19183-supplemented groups substantially reduced serum TG and glucose levels compared to the HFD rats. Conclusions LN19183 reduces body fat mass and weight gain via increased REE and fat oxidation in HFD-fed obese rats.

A third (booster) dose of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicits immunogenicity and T follicular helper cell responses in people living with HIV.

This study sought to explore the immunogenicity of a booster dose of an inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and identify the factors affecting the magnitude of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. A total of 34 people living with HIV (PLWH) and 34 healthy donors (HD) were administered a booster dose of the same SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were measured using the SARS-CoV-2 S protein neutralizing antibody Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and 2019-nCov IgG Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Microparticles, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis was used to measure the correlation between laboratory markers and neutralizing antibody and IgG levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted from each subject using density gradient centrifugation and the numbers of memory T and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells were determined using flow cytometry. PLWH had a marked reduction in CD4 and B cell levels that was accompanied by a lower CD4/CD8 T cell ratio. However, those who received a supplementary dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines exhibited antibody positivity rates that were analogous to levels previously observed. The booster vaccine led to a reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels and the amplitude of this decline was substantially higher in the PLWH than HD group. Correlation analyses revealed a strong correlation between neutralizing antibody levels and the count and proportion of CD4 cells. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels followed a similar trend. The expression of memory T and Tfh cells was considerably lower in the PLWH than in the HD group. PLWH had an attenuated immune response to a third (booster) administration of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, as shown by lower neutralizing antibody and IgG levels. This could be attributed to the reduced responsiveness of CD4 cells, particularly memory T and cTfh subsets. CD4 and cTfh cells may serve as pivotal markers of enduring and protective antibody levels. Vaccination dose recalibration may be critical for HIV-positive individuals, particularly those with a lower proportion of CD4 and Tfh cells.

Evaluating the effects of tannic acid on rabbit growth performance, digestibility, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and caecal fermentation and microbiota.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with tannic acid (TA) on the growth performance, digestibility, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and the caecal fermentation and microbiota in rabbits. A total number of 120 Ira rabbits (30 days of age) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatment groups: TA 0 (control), TA 0.75, TA 1.5 and TA 3, administered basal diets with 0, 0.75, 1.5 and 3 g TA/kg of feed for 28 days. Compared to the control group, dietary 3 g TA/kg inclusion decreased the average daily feed intake (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the digestibility among the groups (p > 0.05). Serum total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the 3 g/kg TA group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the concentration of propionic acid and butyric acid in the 3 g/kg TA group. The addition of TA had no effect on villus height and crypt depth of small intestine (p > 0.05). The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing results showed that at the phylum level, dietary 3 g/kg TA increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes in the caecum of rabbits (p < 0.05). Based on the results, dietary TA is effective in antioxidant capacity of rabbits, improving caecal fermentation and optimizing the caecal microflora. However, the appropriate dosage supplementation of TA in rabbits needs further research.

The Expression of Selected Cytokine Genes in the Livers of Young Castrated Bucks after Supplementation with a Mixture of Dry Curcuma longa and Rosmarinus officinalis Extracts.

The study aims to determine the effect of supplementation with a mixture of Curcuma longa and Rosmarinus officinalis extracts (896:19 ratio) on the expression of 15 cytokine genes in the livers of 20 castrated goat bucks. Two equal groups were created: treated and control groups. The treated group was provided a mixture (1.6 g/day/buck) for 124 days. Liver tissue samples were collected after slaughter. The gene expression was analyzed using RT-qPCR with two reference genes. Variance analysis was conducted using a model with the group fixed effect. IL-2 and IL-8 expression was below the detection level. No differences were found for IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-16, IFN-α, IFN-β, TNF-α, and CCL4 expressions, suggesting that supplementation does not activate cytokine production in the healthy hepatocytes. The treated group demonstrated lower IL-12 expression (p < 0.05) and a tendency for higher IL-18 and INF-γ (0.05 < p < 0.10) expressions, which may indicate a hypersensitivity resulting from excessive supplement dose. The increased IFN-γ expression could be caused by the increased IL-18 expression. If a small dose of extract can induce an allergic reaction in young goat bucks, it is also possible that humans may be susceptible to an overdose of curcumin and/or turmeric extracts.

CTIM-12. IMMUNOGENICITY OF AN ADDITIONAL DOSE OF COVID-19 VACCINE IN FULLY VACCINATED PATIENTS WITH GLIOMA TO EVALUATE NEW NATIONAL VACCINATION GUIDELINES - A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

Abstract Patients diagnosed with glioma belong to a high-risk group during the COVID-19 pandemic. These patients have a compromised immune function due to the malignancy itself, specific anticancer therapies such as temozolomide and symptom-alleviating corticosteroid treatments. While earlier studies have reported successful seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 immunization in oncological patients, inclusive of those with glioma, the resulting antibody titers remain markedly inferior compared to the healthy population. The recent modification of COVID-19 vaccine guidelines in Germany advocates an additional annual vaccination for glioma patients. Our prospective cohort study endeavors to delineate the immunogenicity in fully immunized glioma patients through assessment of humoral and adaptive immune response post-administration of the supplementary vaccine dose. In this single-center study, glioma patients undergoing tumor-specific therapy will receive an adjunctive dose of the COVID-19 vaccine in conjunction with the seasonal influenza vaccine. A cohort of 70 glioma patients is planned for inclusion, and a comparative analysis will be conducted against a control group consisting of healthy relatives and healthcare professionals. Blood samples will be procured at two distinct intervals: T1, preceding the extra vaccine administration, and T2, 28 days following vaccination. Immunogenicity will be assessed by quantifying anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and nucleocapsid protein (N) concentrations and T-cell responses ascertained using the ELISPOT assay and flow cytometry. In parallel, a comprehensive evaluation of clinical data relevant to therapeutic interventions and corticosteroid usage will be undertaken. At the time of abstract submission, patient recruitment is in progress. Preliminary immunological and clinical data from this investigation, which seek to appraise immune competence and ascertain the clinical implications of the revised COVID-19 vaccination guidelines in glioma patients, will be presented.

Zinc Supplementation in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Preterm infants have high zinc (Zn) requirements and are generally believed to be in a negative Zn balance in the early period of life. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of high-dose Zn supplementation in very low birth weight (VLBW: infants with birth weight < 1.5 kg) infants on feeding intolerance and development of mortality and/or morbidities including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and late-onset sepsis (LOS). This is a prospective randomized trial. VLBW preterm infants with gestational age of <32 weeks were randomly allocated on the seventh day of life to receive extra amount of supplemental Zn along with the enteral feedings (9 + 3 mg), besides regular low-dose supplementation (3 mg), from enrollment until discharge. Outcome measures were feeding intolerance, NEC (stage ≥ 2), LOS, and mortality. A total of 195 infants (97 from study group and 98 from control group) were analyzed. A total of 46 (47.4%) infants in the study group and 64 (65.3%) infants in the control group ended up with feeding intolerance (p = 0.012). NEC was observed in 11 infants (11.2%) in the control group and only 1 infant (1%) in the study group (p = 0.003). There was a negative correlation between high-dose Zn supplementation and number of culture-proven LOS episodes (p = 0.041). This significance was also present for clinical sepsis, being higher in the control group (p = 0.029). No relationship between high-dose Zn supplementation and mortality and other morbidities (hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage) was observed. Zn supplementation for VLBW infants is found to be effective to decrease feeding intolerance, NEC, and LOS episodes in this vulnerable population. Current data support the supplementation of VLBW infants with higher than regular dose of Zn. · Higher dose of Zn supplementation is shown to be a beneficial intervention in VLBW infants.. · Zn may decrease feeding intolerance, sepsis or NEC.. · Higher than regular dose of Zn seems to be safe..

188 Optimal Dose and Functional Properties of Yeast Supplementation in Adult Cats

Abstract Yeast cell wall products have shown different health benefits, such as antioxidant properties, increase of short-chain fatty acids production by intestinal microbes, and immune-stimulatory effects. These benefits are mediated by beta-glucan activity. This study aims to evaluate the optimal level of inclusion of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the longitudinal effects of supplementation for skin and coat quality, and oxidative biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), c-reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory biomarkers from a panel of 19 cytokines and chemokines, as well as the fecal metabolites such as phenol, indole, SCFA, and ammonia of adult cats. The study was a complete randomized design with 40 cats divided into 4 treatments (n = 10/trt). Animals were fed complete and balanced extruded diets with yeast inclusion in different levels formulated for maintenance. The 4 different diets were a control diet (CON) with no yeast inclusion, a low dose yeast diet (400 ppm of beta-glucan; LOW), a medium dose yeast diet (800 ppm of beta-glucan; MED), and a high dose yeast diet (1,600 ppm of beta-glucan; HIGH). Longitudinal analyses were performed every 21 days for a total of 42 days. Cats fed CON treatment had greatest scores (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for hair quality and gloss compared with LOW treatment for main treatment effect. Although no significant differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) were observed for oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, as well as fecal fermentative-end products. In conclusion, the optimal dose of yeast supplementation showed no detrimental effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, as well as fecal fermentative end products, and had comparable effects on skin and coat quality among the different dosages for adult cats.

276 Effects of Monoglycerides on Serum Metabolomic Profiles in Weanling Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic Escherichia Coli

Abstract Our previous research suggests that supplementation of monoglycerides may reduce diarrhea severity and intestinal and systemic inflammation in weaned pigs infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) F18. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of monoglycerides on serum metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with E. coli F18. Sixty weaned pigs [body weight (BW) = 6.49 ± 0.74 kg; around 21 d old] were individually housed and fed with one of four diets (15 replicates/diet): 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON+0.3% monoglycerides; 3) CON+3,000 mg/kg ZnO and 4) CON+50 mg/kg antibiotics (carbadox). The experiment lasted 28 days with 7 days before and 21 days after the first inoculation [d 0 post-inoculation (PI)]. All piglets were orally challenged with F18 E. coli (1010 CFU/3 mL) for 3 consecutive days. Serum samples were collected on d 5 and 14 PI to analyze untargeted metabolomics by gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometer (GC-TOF-MS). The metabolomics data were analyzed using different modules of a web-based platform, MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Statistical significance was declared at a false discovery rate q &amp;lt; 0.2 and fold change &amp;gt; 2.0. Pathway and metabolite set enrichment analysis were performed on identified metabolites that had a Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) score &amp;gt; 1. On d 5 PI, supplementation of high dose ZnO up-regulated (q &amp;lt; 0.2) pantothenic acid and fructose, compared with control. Supplementation of monoglycerides altered (q &amp;lt; 0.2) the relative abundances of 14 metabolites (7 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated) compared with high dose ZnO, and upregulated (q &amp;lt; 0.2) lactose and cellobiose compared with antibiotics. On d 14 PI, supplementation of high dose ZnO changed (q &amp;lt; 0.2) abundances of 10 metabolites (7 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated) compared with control. Supplementation of monoglycerides up-regulated (q &amp;lt; 0.2) hippuric acid and indole-3-propionic acid, and down-regulated (q &amp;lt; 0.2) 8 metabolites (including glutaric acid, serotonin, mannose, etc.) compared with the high dose ZnO. Citrate cycle, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and beta-alanine metabolism were the most (VIP &amp;gt; 1) affected pathways when monoglycerides were compared with high dose ZnO on d 5 PI. TCA cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism were the most (VIP &amp;gt; 1) affected metabolic pathways when monoglycerides were compared with high dose ZnO on d 14 PI. Limited differential metabolites were identified when comparing control vs. monoglycerides on d 5 and 14 PI. In conclusion, consistent with performance, diarrhea, and systemic inflammation data, serum metabolomics results indicate that high dose of ZnO supplementation had stronger impacts on the host metabolism of E. coli infected pigs, compared with monoglycerides and antibiotics.

194 Functional Properties of Inositol in Canine Nutrition

Abstract Inositol is a natural extract mainly from Carob, a typical Mediterranean fruit, and small quantities of apples and grapes. Inositol has been associated with several benefits such as antioxidant, capacity, anti-cancer, and hyperglycemia reduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there is little information regarding the effects of inositol on canine nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects of daily supplementation of incremental doses of inositol on serum oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, gut hormones, and postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in overweight dogs. Thirty adult dogs were used in a completely randomized study, with 10 animals per treatment. Dogs were fed a commercial dry extruded complete and balanced diet once daily to maintain body weight. Following a 15-d adaptation to the control diet, dogs were fed their respective treatment diets for 60 d. Three experimental treatments were used: 12 g/d of corn syrup (control), 8 g/d of inositol source, and 16 g/d of inositol source. The treatments supplementation had no detrimental effect on the overall health of the dogs and food intake. Throughout the experimental period, serum oxidative stress biomarkers did not differ among dogs fed different dietary treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05). However, a linear increase across days of the serum cytokine CXCL1 with the supplementation of increasing inositol concentrations was observed (P = 0.0105). Although no differences were observed in the glycemic response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test with the supplementation of increasing concentrations of inositol (P &amp;gt; 0.05), a linear decrease in the average glucose for 24 h measured with interstitial glucose monitors was observed with the supplementation of increasing concentrations of inositol (P = 0.0215). These data suggest that the longitudinal supplementation of inositol may interact with inflammatory response and contribute to the regulation of glucose metabolism.

Vitamin D levels in the pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic periods in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease.

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is common in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) because of multiple factors. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it increased because of medicine shortage and no enough medical service for patients with non-COVID-19 diseases. To analyze the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown on the serum levels and status of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-[OH]D) in children with CKD. This retrospective study included patients (6-18 years old) who were diagnosed with CKD stage 2-5 and routinely measured for serum VD levels between May 2019 and December 2022. Serum 25-(OH)D levels were measured before, during, and after the pandemic (2019, 2020-2021, and 2022, respectively). The daily dose of cholecalciferol supplementation and the readjustment (if required) were recorded. This study included 171 patients (median age: 12 years). Before the pandemic, the median serum VD level was 25.0 ng/mL (19.3% VD deficiency). Then, VD supplementation was adjusted to 400-1,200 UI daily in 98.8% (n = 169) of patients. During the pandemic, the median VD level decreased to 22.5 ng/mL (43.3% VD deficiency). Hence, the supplementation was readjusted, and after the pandemic, the level was 28.7 ng/mL (18.7% VD deficiency), indicating a statistically significant increase in serum VD levels from the prepandemic period (p = 0.007). Decreased serum VD levels and increased VD deficiency frequency were observed in patients with CKD during the COVID-19 but improved after readjustment of supplementation.

Predictions of Serum Phosphate Concentration during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Using a Steady-State Mass Balance Model

Introduction: Hypophosphatemia is common during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), but serum phosphate levels can potentially be maintained during treatment by either intravenous phosphate supplementation or addition of phosphate to renal replacement therapy (RRT) solutions. Methods: We developed a steady-state phosphate mass balance model to assess the effects of CRRT dose on serum phosphate concentration when using both phosphate-free and phosphate-containing RRT solutions, with emphasis on low CRRT doses. Results: The model predicted that measurements of serum phosphate concentration prior to (initial) and during CRRT (final) together with clinical data on CRRT dose, treatment duration, and phosphate supplementation can determine model patient parameters, that is, both the initial generation rate and clearance of phosphate prior to CRRT. Model parameters were then calculated from average patient data reported in several previous publications with a standard or high CRRT dose. Using representative model parameters for typical patients, predictions were then made of the effect of low CRRT dose on the change in serum phosphate levels after implementation of CRRT. The model predicted that CRRT at a low dose using phosphate-free RRT solutions will limit, but not eliminate, the incidence of hypophosphatemia. Further, the model predicted that CRRT at a low dose will have virtually no influence on the incidence of hyperphosphatemia when using phosphate-containing RRT solutions. Conclusions: This report identifies the clinical measurements to be used with the proposed model for individualizing the CRRT dose and RRT phosphate concentration to maintain serum phosphate concentrations in a desired range.