Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Potential biological applications of environment friendly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles using Sageretia thea root extract.

The green synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) has shown numerous advantages over conventional physical and chemical synthesis methods as these methods non-ecofriendly and uses toxic chemicals and complicated equipments. In present study, Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were created using simple, sustainable, eco-friendly and green chemistry protocol. The roots of novel medicinal plant Sageretia thea was used as a bio-template for the preparation of IONPs. Further, the synthesis of IONPs was confirmed using different analytical tools like UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, EDX, and SEM. The average sizes of (NPs) were found to be 16.04nm. Further, asynthesized IONPs were evaluated for several biological potentials including antibacterial, antifungal Anti-radical potentials (DPPH) and cytotoxicity assays. Antibacterial potencies were investigated using bacterial strains (in the concentration range of 1000-31.25µg/mL) revealing significant antibacterial potentials. ABA and SAU was reported to be least susceptible while KPN was observed to be most susceptible strain in bactericidal studies. Further, different fungal strains were used to investigate the antifungal potentials of IONPs (in the concentration range of 1000-31.25µg/mL) and revealed strong antifungal potencies against different pathogenic strains. Furthermore, MRA, FA and ANI were most susceptible and ABA was least susceptible in fungicidal examination. Significant cytotoxicity potential was examined using brine shrimps cytotoxicity assay, thus revealing the cytotoxic potential of asynthesized IONPs. The IC50 for S. thea based IONPs was recorded as 33.85µg/mL. Strong anti-radical potentials (DPPH) assay was performed to evaluate the ROS scavenging potential of S.T@IONPs. The highest scavenging potential was noted as 78.06%, TRP as 81.92% and TAC as 84% on maximum concentration of 200µg/mL. In summary, our experimental results concluded, that asynthesized IONPs have strong antibacterial, antifungal, DPPH scavenging and cytotoxic potentials and can be used in different biological applications. In nutshell, our as-prepared nanoparticles have shown potential bioactivities and we recommend, different other in vitro and in vivo biological and bioactivities to further analyze the biological potentials.

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on ZrO2 as Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation to Lower Olefins

Organic synthesis presents significant opportunities for converting the abundant and hazardous carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere into a more sustainable carbon source. To reduce the carbon footprint, we explored the direct hydrogenation of CO2 to lower (C2‐4=) olefins using various catalysts composed of ZrO2‐supported alkali‐metal‐promoted superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs; Fe3O4). These catalysts are notable for their straightforward preparation; we employed a cost‐effective dry‐mixing method to create a range of alkali metal‐doped SPIONs supported on ZrO2. Results showed that the strong interactions between Fe3O4 and the ZrO2 support enhanced CO2 hydrogenation performance compared to other forms, such as pristine Fe or Fe2O3. Under optimal conditions—using a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 4500 mL/h/gcat and a feed ratio of H2:CO2 = 3:1—this catalyst achieved over 22% CO2 conversion and high selectivity for light (C2‐4=) olefins at 30 bar and 375 ºC, with 30 wt% Fe3O4 loading on ZrO2 and 2 wt% K promoter. We also investigated several variables, including alkali metal concentration, iron content, reaction conditions, and catalyst stability over 96 hours.

Berberine-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles alleviate cuprizone-induced astrocytic reactivity in a rat model of multiple sclerosis.

Berberine (BBN) is a naturally occurring alkaloid as a secondary metabolite in many plants and exhibits several benefits including neuroprotective activities. However, data on the neuromodulating potential of nanoformulated BBN are still lacking. In the present study, BBN loaded within iron oxide nanoparticles (BBN-IONP) were prepared and characterized by transmission electron microscopy FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy particle-size distribution, zeta potential, and HPLC. The remyelinating neuroprotective potential of BBN-IONP relative to free BBN was evaluated against cuprizone (CPZ)-induced neurotoxicity (rats administered 0.2% CPZ powder (w/w) for five weeks). CPZ rats were treated with either free BBN or IONP-BBN (50 mg/kg/day, orally) for 14 days. Cognitive function was estimated using Y-maze. Biochemically, total antioxidant capacity lipid peroxides and reduced glutathione in the brain tissue, as well as, serum interferon-gamma levels were estimated. Moreover, the genetic expression contents of myelin basic protein Matrix metallopeptidase-9 Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and S100β were measured. The histopathological patterns and immunohistochemical assessment of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus CA1 regions were investigated. CPZ-rats treated with either free BBN or IONP-BBN demonstrated memory restoring, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-astrocytic, and remyelinating activities. Comparing free BBN with IONP-BBN revealed that the latter altered the neuromodulating activities of BBN, showing superior neuroprotective activities of IONP-BBN relative to BBN. In conclusion, both forms of BBN possess neuroprotective potential. However, the use of IONPs for brain delivery and the safety of these nano-based forms need further investigation.

Magnetic nanoradiotracers for targeted neutrophil detection in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease characterized by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary artery that can ultimately damage the right ventricle of the heart. PAH is pathophysiologically heterogeneous, which makes early diagnosis and treatment difficult. Inflammation is thought to be an important factor in the development and progression of this disease and may explain some of the observed interindividual differences. In the context of both acute and chronic inflammation, neutrophil recruitment to the lung has been suggested as a potential biomarker for studying PAH progression. However, there are currently no specific probes for its non-invasive in vivo detection. The imaging-based gold standard for assessing inflammation is [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), which is not cell specific. This highlights the urgent need for more specific molecular probes to support personalized medicine. This study investigated the potential of magnetic nanoradiotracers based on ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles, functionalized with N-cinnamoyl-F-(D)L-F-(D)L-F peptide, to detect increased neutrophil infiltration in vivo in different PAH animal models via positron emission tomography. These nanoprobes target formyl peptide receptor 1, which is abundantly expressed in the cell membrane of neutrophils. To assess the benefit of these nanoprobes, their biodistribution was first assessed via magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Then, their lung uptake was compared by positron emission tomography with that of 18F-FDG in two types of PAH animal models with different profiles of inflammation and neutrophil infiltration: monocrotaline and double-hit Sugen-chronic hypoxia PAH rat models. Our targeted magnetic nanoradiotracer detected an increase in pulmonary neutrophil infiltration in both PAH models and distinguished between them, which was not possible with 18F-FDG PET. This study underscores the importance of targeted imaging in providing an individualized and longitudinal evaluation of heterogeneous and multifactorial diseases such as PAH. The use of targeted multimodal nanoprobes, for magnetic resonance/positron emission tomography imaging has the potential to facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, as well as the development of novel therapies.

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide NPs (IONPs) by Using Aqueous Extract of Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus for the In-vitro Antidiabetic and Anti-inflammatory Activities

The Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus is one of the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic ethnomedicine. Therefore the formulation of this plant as nanoparticles will be fruitful anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic as compared to conventional extract. In the current study, the aqueous kernel extract from Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus was subjected to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and explored their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potentials. The results indicate that the aqueous kernel extract effectively produced IONPs, which were verified using standard analytical methods. UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis was used to check the formation of IONPs. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to check numerous functional groups from the valuable phytochemicals present in the extract. These functional groups play crucial roles as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents during the synthesis of IONPs. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to investigate the surface characteristics of the nanoparticles. Notably, the IONPs fabricated from the extract demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting Human RBC by 79% and Heat Induced Hemolysis by 72%, as well as showing anti-diabetic potential with 60% inhibition of yeast glucose uptake and 72% inhibition of α-amylase activity, all at a concentration of 100 μg mL-1. These effects were partly comparable to standard drugs with anti-inflammatory activity of 85% inhibition of Human RBC and 78% inhibition of Heat Induced Hemolysis, and anti-diabetic activity of 67% inhibition of yeast glucose uptake and 78% inhibition of alpha amylase.

Water-Stable Magnetic Lipiodol Micro-Droplets as a Miniaturized Robotic Tool for Drug Delivery.

Magnetic microrobots, designed to navigate the complex environments of the human body, show promise for minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment. However, their clinical adoption faces hurdles such as biocompatibility, precise control, and intelligent tracking. Here a novel formulation (referred to water-stable magnetic lipiodol micro-droplets, MLMD), integrating clinically approved lipiodol, gelatin, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) with a fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships is presented. This formulation demonstrates multiple improved properties including flowability, shape adaptability, efficient drug loading, and compatibility with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. This enables the MLMD as a versatile tool for image-guided therapy, supported by a close-looped magnetic navigation system featuring artificial intelligence (AI)-driven visual feedback for autonomous control. The system effectively performs navigational tasks, including pinpointing specific locations of MLMD, recognizing and avoiding obstacles, mapping and following predetermined paths, and utilizing magnetic fields for precise motion planning to achieve visual drug delivery. The MLMD combines magnetic actuation with an AI-directed close-looped navigation, offering a transformative platform for targeted therapeutic delivery.

Enhanced adsorption of malachite green onto a composite material activated carbon and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

Enhanced adsorption of malachite green onto a composite material activated carbon and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

In Vivo Efficacy of a Nanoconjugated Glycopeptide Antibiotic in Silkworm Larvae Infected by Staphylococcus aureus

To contrast the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, new alternative therapeutic options are urgently needed. The use of nanoparticles as carriers for clinically relevant antibiotics represents a promising solution to potentiate their efficacy. In this study, we used Bombyx mori larvae for the first time as an animal model for testing a nanoconjugated glycopeptide antibiotic (teicoplanin) against Staphylococcus aureus infection. B. mori larvae might thus replace the use of mammalian models for preclinical tests, in agreement with the European Parliament Directive 2010/63/EU. The curative effect of teicoplanin (a last resort antibiotic against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens) conjugated to iron oxide nanoparticles was assessed by monitoring the survival rate of the larvae and some immunological markers (i.e., hemocyte viability, phenoloxidase system activation, and lysozyme activity). Human physiological conditions of infection were reproduced by performing the experiments at 37 °C. In this condition, nanoconjugated teicoplanin cured the bacterial infection at the same antibiotic concentration of the free counterpart, blocking the insect immune response without causing mortality of silkworm larvae. These results demonstrate the value and robustness of the silkworm as an infection model for testing the in vivo efficacy of nanoconjugated antimicrobial molecules.

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Biomedical Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs)

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have garnered significant attention in biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and versatility. This review comprehensively examines the synthesis methods, surface functionalization techniques, and diverse biomedical applications of IONPs. Various chemical and physical synthesis techniques, including coprecipitation, sol–gel processes, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, and sonochemical routes, are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Surface functionalization strategies, such as ligand exchange, encapsulation, and silanization, are explored to enhance the biocompatibility and functionality of IONPs. Special emphasis is placed on the role of IONPs in biosensing technologies, where their magnetic and optical properties enable significant advancements, including in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, and field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors. The review explores how IONPs enhance sensitivity and selectivity in detecting biomolecules, demonstrating their potential for point-of-care diagnostics. Additionally, biomedical applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and stem cell tracking are discussed. The challenges and future perspectives in the clinical translation of IONPs are also addressed, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their properties and ensure safety and efficacy in medical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future potential of IONPs in both biosensing and broader biomedical fields.

EXTH-71. A MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION INTO AUGER THERAPY: 2-DIMENSIONAL THIN-FILMS TO CHARACTERIZE THERAPEUTIC RANGEIN VITRO

Abstract Metallic nanoparticles can improve the accuracy and effectiveness of conventional radiotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors through a light-matter interaction known as the Auger effect. In this work, we present the assembly of an iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle (NPs) layer within a biocompatible polyelectrolyte film using ionic self-assembly to enable the spatial separation of NPs from their target cells. Films exhibited uniform nanoparticle coverage as well as strong stability in cell culture conditions. To investigate the applicability of NMDR with non-internalized NPs, conditions with (NP-PEM) and without (PEM) embedded nanoparticles were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of physically separated nanoparticles on cells cultured on the film surface via a measure of intracellular reactive oxygen (ROS) generation and histone phosphorylation (yH2AX) after irradiation from a 137Cesium source. Cells cultured on NP-PEM demonstrated a 78.4% increase in ROS generation when compared to cells cultured on PEM films. When adjusting for cell count, NP-PEM films induce 70.5% greater ROS generation. In investigating nanoparticle-mediated deposition of radiation (NMDR), these films allow for the determination of the extent of the therapeutic effect when NPs are not internalized into their targeted cells, potentially providing indications with respect to off-target effects. Cells were irradiated on films with nanoparticle distances from 25.9 nm to 97.5 nm to interrogate the NMDR effect size at a range of distances. yH2AX phosphorylation exhibited an exponential decay until 69.8 nm, where there was no difference when compared to nanoparticle-free films. This work highlights the ability of iron oxide NPs to deliver NMDR at a known, quantifiable distance, providing insights for further translational applications.

Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols and Olefins Using Ru NPs Decorated on Functionalized PNIPAM Grafted Magnetic Nanoparticles

ABSTRACTA thermo‐responsive ruthenium catalyst was produced by immobilizing poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) on the silica surface coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Si). After being exposed to ethylenediamine, the amino‐modified support (Fe3O4@Si‐PNIPAM‐NH2) was produced, and Fe3O4@Si‐PNIPAM‐NH2‐EDTA was made in the ensuing reaction with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Ru NPs were introduced to the modified magnetic support to create a well‐organized heterogeneous catalytic system with several advantages, such as enabling catalyst recycling and simple separation. This new catalyst was characterized by means of various techniques, including TGA, ICP, FT‐IR, DLS, TEM, SEM, EDX, VSM, XRD, CHN, and XPS. In the presence of H2O2 or air alone, this catalyst showed a significant effect in the oxidation of various alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited outstanding capacity in the aerobic oxidation of olefines to the carbonyl or oxirane counterparts. A main aspect of this catalytic system is the reusability of the catalyst at least eight times in consecutive runs without causing any discernible loss of activity, structural change, or leaching.

Precise Methylation Detection of Tumor Suppressor Gene Promoters by Magnetic Enrichment and Nano Silver Adduct-Promoted Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering.

Noninvasive liquid biopsies can be used for early tumor diagnosis by identifying the methylation level of the tumor suppressor genes (TSGs)-a reliable index for cancer evaluation. However, identifying trace circulating genes from specimens remains challenging. This work introduces a novel method that combines magnetic isolation and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to concentrate and detect the methylated TSG promotors. A superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle modified with streptavidin is prepared as a universal magnetic bead. Biotin-terminated probe single-strand DNA (ssDNA) is immobilized on the magnetic beads through biotin-streptavidin bioconjugation. Artificial target ssDNA fragments with various methylation levels are applied as a promoter gene model. Concentrated double-strand DNA (dsDNA) is produced by a hybridizing probe and target ssDNA on magnetic nanobeads, as well as an additional magnetic isolation process. The well-prepared DNA adduct, which consists of 3nm cisplatin-modified Ag nanoclusters, can specifically bind with guanine-cytosine base pairs of dsDNA. Ag-nanoparticle-induced localized SERS amplified signals of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) from the dsDNA in Raman spectra, enabling accurate methylation level measurement in mixtures of 0-1µm methylated DNA, with a detection limit of 0.05µm. This method shows promise for enabling the methylation level evaluation of various TSGs and promoters in early cancer liquid biopsies.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Potential Toxicity of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Medical Applications: Cellular Mechanisms and Systemic Effects

Owing to recent advancements in nanotechnology, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), are currently widely employed in the field of medicine. These MNPs, characterized by their large specific surface area, potential for diverse functionalization, and magnetic properties, have found application in various medical domains, including tumor imaging (MRI), radiolabelling, internal radiotherapy, hyperthermia, gene therapy, drug delivery, and theranostics. However, ensuring the non-toxicity of MNPs when employed in medical practices is paramount. Thus, ongoing research endeavors are essential to comprehensively understand and address potential toxicological implications associated with their usage. This review aims to present the latest research and findings on assessing the potential toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles. It meticulously delineates the primary mechanisms of MNP toxicity at the cellular level, encompassing oxidative stress, genotoxic effects, disruption of the cytoskeleton, cell membrane perturbation, alterations in the cell cycle, dysregulation of gene expression, inflammatory response, disturbance in ion homeostasis, and interference with cell migration and mobility. Furthermore, the review expounds upon the potential impact of MNPs on various organs and systems, including the brain and nervous system, heart and circulatory system, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, skin, urinary, and reproductive systems.

The Long-Term Impact of Polysaccharide-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Inflammatory-Stressed Mice

The Long-Term Impact of Polysaccharide-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Inflammatory-Stressed Mice

Advanced Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy: Gold, Silver, and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Oncological Applications.

Cancer remains one of the most challenging health issues globally, demanding innovative therapeutic approaches for effective treatment. Nanoparticles, particularly those composed of gold, silver, and iron oxide, have emerged as promising candidates for changing cancer therapy. This comprehensive review demonstrates the landscape of nanoparticle-based oncological interventions, focusing on the remarkable advancements and therapeutic potentials of gold, silver, and iron oxide nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles have garnered significant attention for their exceptional biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and distinctive optical properties, rendering them ideal candidates for various cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Silver nanoparticles, renowned for their antimicrobial properties, exhibit remarkable potential in cancer therapy through multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and drug delivery enhancement. With their magnetic properties and biocompatibility, iron oxide nanoparticles offer unique cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy opportunities. This review critically examines the recent advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical applications of these nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Moreover, the challenges are discussed, including toxicity concerns, immunogenicity, and translational barriers, and ongoing efforts to overcome these hurdles are highlighted. Finally, insights into the future directions of nanoparticle-based cancer therapy and regulatory considerations, are provided aiming to accelerate the translation of these promising technologies from bench to bedside.

Amino Acid Adsorption Onto Magnetic Nanoparticles Reveals Correlations With Physicochemical Parameters

AbstractWe analyze the adsorption of the proteinogenic amino acids (AAs) glutamine, glutamic acid, lysine, tyrosine, proline, and valine onto bare iron oxide nanoparticles (approx. 10 nm). Aiming to identify the governing principles of low molecular weight coronae, which remain underinvestigated, our study covers broad concentration ranges up to the solubility limit of the AAs. Isothermal experiments reveal that the highly soluble AAs valine, proline, and lysine form extensive multilayers on the nanoparticle surface, and infrared measurements indicate intermolecular interactions, particularly with valine and lysine, for higher AA contents. Conversely, the low solubility of tyrosine and glutamic acid restricts their adsorption capacity, despite their higher partitioning on the solid surface. Parameters derived from fitting a classic saturation model seem to align with well‐documented physicochemical properties such as the hydrophobicity and the complexity indices – a promising first step towards formulating design principles. Scaling these parameters by the AA solubility reveals a clear correlation with the adsorption behavior. In adsorption experiments with AA model mixtures, sequential incubation increases the adsorption capacity for valine and proline, whereas simultaneous incubation with these AAs reduces tyrosine's capacity. Future studies should seek to elucidate adsorption patterns to advance our understanding of corona growth and evolution mechanisms.

Prospective evaluation of MRI artefacts following breast conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node dissection with the magnetic technique

IntroductionSuperparamagnetic Iron Oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles serve as a promising tracer for sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection in breast cancer. Concerns exist regarding artefacts on postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), especially following breast conservation (BCS). Materials and methodsIn this prospective observational study, 97 women with DCIS or invasive breast cancer underwent BCS and SLN detection with peritumoral SPIO injection administered up to four weeks before surgery. Postoperatively, patients were followed with MRI and mammograms, and imaging outcomes were evaluated by four, independent breast radiologists, blinded to clinical data, using a predefined, standardized questionnaire. ResultsIn 97 patients included, there was inter-rater discordance in the prevalence of “any artefact” (range: 24.1–74.4 %; weighted average: 32.4 %) and “SPIO specific artefact” (range: 12.0–49.4 %; weighted average: 20.9 %). The median area of “any artefact” was 9.24 cm2 (iqr 4.72, 15.50) and SPIO specific artefact 9.88 (iqr 5.32, 15.5). Likert scores indicated higher difficulty interpreting MRI if artefacts were present (OR: 2.295, 95 % CI 1.028, 5.123; p = 0.043), but this was reduced if intravenous contrast was administered (OR: 0.177, 95 % CI 0.091, 0.342; p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis identified free-hand SPIO administration as a risk factor (OR 8.929, 95 % CI 2.849, 27.778; p < 0.001). All six patients with local recurrence were successfully diagnosed on MRI by all raters. ConclusionThis prospective cohort study suggests that a targeted peritumoral SPIO injection can result in the removal of SPIO during lumpectomy and address the concerns for artefacts on postoperative MRI follow-up, in the selected patients that MRI may be warranted.

Magnetic Effects in Textile Fibers Filled with Nanoconstituents Based on Iron Oxides

ABSTRACT The paper proves the possibility of providing magnetic properties in the process of saturation of textile fibers with a nanomixture of divalent and trivalent iron oxides. The mechanisms of interaction of nanostructures with natural and synthetic fibers are analyzed. The peculiarities of the introduction of magnetic components into flax, cotton, polyamide, and polyester fibers are determined. The relative number of particles with nanoscale in the total was statistically proved. To evaluate the macro effects of saturation, the relative amount of the accumulated mixture of divalent and trivalent iron oxides was determined, taking into account the previous fiber weight. Two basic constants characterizing the properties of textile fibers to magnetic interaction are proposed. It is proved that flax fibers exhibit the highest magnetic efficiency. The average size of iron oxide nanoparticles is 80–90 nanometers, which is confirmed by studies using electron microscopy. The final magnetization of the obtained textile materials provides an attractive magnetization of 20–30 mPascal. The magnetic field of magnetic textile fibers acts at a height of up to 6–7 mm. The directions of the use of fibers with magnetic properties are shown as a prospect for the development of textile smart products.

Exploring Multi-Parameter Effects on Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis by SAXS Analysis

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) are extensively used in biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic properties. This study optimized ION synthesis via the co-precipitation method, exploring the impact of the reactant concentrations (Fe(II) and Fe(III)), NaOH concentration, temperature (30 °C–80 °C), stirring speed (0–1000 rpm), and dosing rate (10–600 s) on particle size and growth. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we observed, for example, that higher temperatures (e.g., 67 °C compared with 53 °C) led to a 50% increase in particle size, while the stirring speed and NaOH concentration also influenced nucleation and aggregation. These results provide comprehensive insights into optimizing synthetic conditions for targeted applications in biomedical fields, such as drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), where precise control over nanoparticle size and properties is crucial.

Augmenting Protein Degradation Capacity of PROTAC through Energy Metabolism Regulation and Targeted Drug Delivery.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for degrading over 70-80% of cellular proteins. Consequently, proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are developed to induce the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of proteins of interest (POIs) by the UPS. To amplify the therapeutic efficacy of PROTACs, energy metabolism regulation is first harnessed to boost UPS function in tumor cells. Proteomic and ubiquitinome analyzes reveal that total ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome activity are significantly increased in 143B and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells following fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) treatment. As a result, the degradation efficiency of PROTACs targeting focal adhesion kinase (FAK-P) or bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4-P) is significantly enhanced in FMD-treated 143B and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells. Then, silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles are developed modified with tumor cell membranes for targeted delivery of PROTACs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging confirm that nanocarriers significantly improve the delivery efficiency of PROTACs in FMD-treated 143B or MDA-MB-231 tumors. In vivo studies demonstrate that the antitumor efficacy of FAK-P and BRD4-P is greatly augmented when combined with targeted delivery and FMD treatment. Overall, this study presents a strategy to enhance the efficacy of PROTACs in cancer therapy.