Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

In Vitro Antioxidant Efficacy of Some Selected Medicinal Mushrooms from India.

Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in aging and in the progression of diseases. Antioxidants, especially of natural origin, are valued for their protective as well as curative health benefits. Numerous mushroom species have shown marked antioxidant effect. This can prove beneficial when mushrooms are used as nutraceuticals or for drug development. In the current investigation the antioxidant potential of some medicinal mushrooms, namely Inonotus pachyphloeus, Phellinus allardii, Ph. fastuosus, Ph. sanfordii and Ph. torulosus was examined employing different assays. The ethanol extracts of the fruiting bodies of these mushrooms were evaluated in vitro for scavenging potential against DPPH, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, as well as the reducing power. The free radical scavenging activity of mushroom extracts followed the trend of Ph. fastuosus > Ph. sanfordii > Inonotus pachyphloeus > Ph. torulosus > Ph. allardii. Ph. fastuosus and Ph. sanfordii extracts exhibited significant DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activities, statistically (P < 0.05) comparable to each other and to the standard catechin. Ph. fastuosus extract (EC50 = 16 ± 1.15 μg/mL) showed the most significant hydroxyl radical scavenging activity even higher than the standard. In reducing power assay, Ph. torulosus extract (EC50 = 320 ± 0.02 μg/mL) exhibited the most significant reducing power statistically (P < 0.05) comparable with the reduced form of glutathione. The tested mushroom extracts were found to consist of appreciable amounts of carbohydrates, phenols and proteins. The free radical scavenging efficacy of the examined mushrooms showed positive correlation with their phenol content. These medicinal mushrooms are good natural antioxidants and can be incorporated in nutraceuticals/pharmaceuticals after detailed studies.

Co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates exhibit good antioxidant activity.

In the present study, the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from the co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko and its polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates were determined. Two polysaccharide fractions named CP-1 and CP-3 were isolated previously from polysaccharide of the fermentation liquid of the co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko. And their chemical structures were measured by FT-IR infrared spectroscopy, TG analysis, X-ray diffraction and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results suggested that polysaccharides were chelated with iron(iii) by –OH and –COOH groups, forming a stable structure of β-FeOOH and improving crystallinity. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates exhibited stronger hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity than the polysaccharides. Therefore, the polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates could be used as a potential iron supplement.

Antioxidant activitiy of Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus sake and Lactobacillus curvatus strains isolated from fermented Turkish Sucuk.

In recent years, it is very important to find more safe and natural antioxidants than biological sources to replace synthetic antioxidants. The antioxidant properties of 22 lactic acid bacteria were investigated in vitro in the present study. The conducted in vitro antioxidant assays included scavenging the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical, metal (Fe+2) ion chelation, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging properties, and anti-lipid peroxidation. Analysis of DPPH free radical scavenging property of microorganisms demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum IH14L (90.34 ± 0.40%) strain exhibited the highest activity. The highest Fe+2 chelation activity was observed with Lactobacillus curvatus GH5L (75.98 ± 5.35%), while the lowest chelation activity was observed with L. plantarum IH14L (19.80 ± 0,05). The highest and lowest hydroxyl radical scavenging strains were L. plantarum IH16L (82.25 ± 1.60%) and L. plantarum IH26L (35.60 ± 4.50) strains, respectively. Comparison of superoxide radical scavenging activities of the microorganisms demonstrated that these activities ranged between 21.63 ± 1.32% and 7.22 ± 0.04%. A positive correlation was identified between the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the microorganisms and the anti-lipid peroxidation property. It was found that they had the potential for use in nutritional and probiotic applications as protective and natural antioxidants.

Optimization of Antioxidant Hydrolysate Produced from Tibetan Egg White with Papain and Its Application in Yak Milk Yogurt.

The objective of the present study was to produce antioxidant hydrolysate from Tibetan egg white protein hydrolyzed with papain, and to investigate the effect of added papain egg white hydrolysate (PEWH) on the quality characteristics and amino acid profiles of yak milk yogurt. A response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to analyze the effects of hydrolysis time (X1), the ratio of enzymes to substrates, and enzyme dosage (X3) on the superoxide anion radical (O2−) scavenging activity of hydrolysates. The predicted maximum value of O2− scavenging activity (89.06%) was obtained an X1 of 2.51 h, X2 of 4.13%, and X3 of 4500 U/g of substrate, almost approaching the experimental value (88.05 ± 1.2%). Furthermore, it was found that the addition of PEWH to yak milk can enhance acidification, sensory score, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and the amino acid content in yak milk yogurt. The results suggested that PEWH displayed an exceptional potential to be developed as a functional food ingredient that could be applied during the manufacturing process of yak milk yogurt.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of an anti-diabetic polysaccharide extracted from Gynostemma pentaphyllum herb

This work aimed to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of an anti-diabetic polysaccharide (GPP) extracted from Gynostemma pentaphyllum herb on diabetic mice. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and ABTS radical scavenging activities of GPP increased in a dose-dependent manner. Animal experiments demonstrated that GPP could efficiently reduce the body weight and fasting blood sugar of diabetic mice and decrease the blood parameters of ALP, ALT, AST, and BUN. Furthermore, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory results indicated that GPP might exert its hypoglycemic effect by enhancing the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities, decreasing the MDA activity, improving the levels of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10, and decreasing the levels of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6. This work provided a good basis for further revealing the prevention and treatment mechanisms of diabetes.

Characterization of Polysaccharides Extracted from Sargassum fusiforme and Its Effective Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy via Enhancing Antioxidant Capacity

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common complication in patients with coronary arteriography, and oxidative stress is involved in the CIN pathogenesis. Sargassum fusiforme (SF) is a brown seaweed with medicinal value, and its polysaccharides have good antioxidant activity. In this study, the crude polysaccharides (cSFP-C) were extracted by cold water, precipitated by ethanol, purified by CaCl2, and detected with high contents of sulfate radical and fucose. cSFP-C is composed of glucose, glucuronic acid, xylose, rhamnose, mannose, galactose, and fucose with a molar ratio of 1.0 : 0.4 : 5.6 : 1.2 : 1.7 : 12.3 : 56.1. The cSFP-C has the typical absorption of polysaccharides. Antioxidation assays in vitro showed that cSFP-C exhibited superoxide radical scavenging activity which was better than the hot water-extracted crude polysaccharides (cSFP-H). 20 rats were divided into 4 groups (n=5): sham group; CIN group; CIN+cSFP-C group, and cSFP-C group. The CIN+cSFP-C group and cSFP-C group were pretreated intragastrically with cSFP-C at a dose of 9.45 g/kg twice daily for 5 consecutive days. Then, the CIN group and CIN+cSFP-C group were given indomethacin to develop CIN. The in vivo results showed that cSFP-C could decrease blood creatinine and urea nitrogen, inhibiting pathological injury in the renal tissues. The MDA content of renal tissues was decreased, while the activity of SOD was increased. The crude sulfated polysaccharides extracted from S. fusiforme have a renoprotective effect on oxidative stress to alleviate the kidney injury in CIN rats.

PYRIDINE AND BENZOISOTHIAZOLE BASED PYRAZOLINES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, MOLECULAR DOCKING AND ADMET STUDY

Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of novel pyrazolines and phenylpyrazoline containing substituted pyridine and piperazine benzoisothiazole moieties have been reported. When these synthesized compounds were exposed for antioxidant screening, some among them exhibited prominent DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide radical (SOR) scavenging activity where ascorbic acid used as standard. During the antimicrobial screening compounds, some derivatives were found to be very active against Cryptococcus neoformans, which was supported on the basis of higher free binding energies with methionyl-tRNA synthetase.

Seasonal Variations in the Chemical Composition of Liangshan Olive Leaves and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities

The seasonal changes in the chemical composition of Olea europaea leaves from January to December at Liangshan (China) have been investigated. The highest total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and free amino acid content (FAAC) levels were found in May and December, while the lowest levels were detected in April and September. The soluble protein content (SPC) and the soluble sugar content (SSC) were highest in spring but lowest in summer and winter. The levels of major phenolic compounds, including oleuropein, and luteolin-4’-O-glucoside, followed by apigenin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin, rutin, luteolin, and apigenin, increased during spring and winter but decreased during summer and autumn. In addition, phenolic extracts (PEs) showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity assays; the reducing power was tested. The anticancer activities of PE at various concentrations were assessed by a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), and the IC50 (50% effective concentration) to HEK293, HeLa, and S180 cells were 841.48, 7139, and 457.69 μg/mL, respectively. PE-treated S180 cells inhibited proliferation through activation of caspase-3/9 and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, PE in Liangshan olive leaves possessed strong antioxidant and anticancer potential, and spring and winter were determined as optimal harvesting seasons.

Impact of Crystalline Structural Differences Between α- and β-Chitosan on Their Nanoparticle Formation Via Ionic Gelation and Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activities.

α- and β-Chitosan nanoparticles were obtained from shrimp shell and squid pen chitosan with different set of deacetylation degree (%DD) and molecular weight (MW) combinations. After nanoparticle formation via ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), the % crystallinity index (%CI) of the α- and β-chitosan nanoparticles were reduced to approximately 33% and 43% of the initial %CI of the corresponding α- and β-chitosan raw samples, respectively. Both forms of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles scavenged superoxide radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The %CI of α- and β-chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles was significantly negatively correlated with superoxide radical scavenging abilities over the range of concentration (0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg/mL) studied. High %DD, and low MW β-chitosan exhibited the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (p < 0.05). α- and β-Chitosan nanoparticles prepared from high %DD and low MW chitosan demonstrated the highest abilities to scavenge superoxide radicals at 2.0–3.0 mg/mL (p < 0.05), whereas α-chitosan nanoparticles, with the lowest %CI, and smallest particle size (p < 0.05), prepared from medium %DD, and medium MW chitosan showed the highest abilities to scavenge superoxide radicals at 0.5–1.0 mg/mL (p < 0.05). It could be concluded that α- and β-chitosan nanoparticles had superior superoxide radical scavenging abilities than raw chitosan samples.

P.544 Morphofunctonal meaning of the cerebellar tonsil

Antioxidants from natural sources exhibits high standards concerning their obligatory roles in the improvement of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, anti haemolytic activity and FT – IR analysis of two medicinal plants namely, Pouteria campechiana and Tricosanthes tricuspidata. In vitro antioxidant activity of PCBE and TTME extract was screened by various antioxidant assays such as 1,1- diphenyl–2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid cation decolorization (ABTS)test, hydroxyl radical scavenging, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, superoxide scavenging assay, reducing power capacity and antihaemolytic activity assay. PCBE exhibited high anti radical activity in DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and superoxide radical scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 41.1, 9, 220, 82 and 48.2 μg/ml respectively where as the TTME showed moderate activity with the IC50 value of 63.3, 47, 130, 161, 84 μg/ml respectively. Linear regression analysis of phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant assays for PCBE and TTME displayed a positive correlation (R > 0.931; R2 > 0.614) which indicate that polyphenols are considered as main antioxidants. The FT-IR spectroscopy analysis confirms the presence of alcohols, phenols, alkanes, amides, amino acids, carboxylic acids, nitro compounds and amines in both the extract. The results suggested that the phytochemicals in both the plants have potent antioxidant activities in correlation with their polyphenolics content.

Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii L. and Ficus carica L.

Summary Introduction: Murraya koenigii L. and Ficus carica L. have been traditionally used in folk medicine for treating several diseases. Objective: The present study was proposed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of leaves of M. koenigii and dried fruits of F. carica. Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed using different methods and antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and superoxide radical-scavenging activity. Results: The results showed that the hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of leaves of M. koenigii and dried fruits of F. carica possess a significant quantity of flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids (9.0%, 0.9%, 0.6% and 7.3%, 8.7%, 0.44%, respectively) and also possess a significant antioxidant activity as evaluated by employing different antioxidant assays. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts of leaves of M. koenigii and dried fruits of F. carica exhibit significant antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant and Antiulcerogenic Activity of the Dry Extract of Pods of Libidibia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. (Fabaceae).

Ethnomedicinal studies in the Amazon community and in the Northeast region of Brazil highlight the use of Libidibia ferrea fruits for the treatment of gastric problems. However, there are no data in the literature of this pharmacological activity. Thus, the aim of this paper is to provide a scientific basis for the use of the dry extract of L. ferrea pods (DELfp) for the treatment of peptic ulcers. Phytochemical characterization was performed by HPLC/MS. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, phosphomolybdenum, and superoxide radical scavenging activity. The gastroprotective activity, the ability to stimulate mucus production, the antisecretory activity, and the influence of -SH and NO compounds on the antiulcerogenic activity of DELfp were evaluated. The healing activity was determined by the acetic acid-induced chronic ulcer model. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity was investigated. HPLC/MS results identified the presence of phenolic compounds, gallic acid and ellagic acid, in DELfp. The extract showed antioxidant activity in vitro. In ulcers induced by absolute ethanol and acidified ethanol, the ED50 values of DELfp were 113 and 185.7 mg/kg, respectively. DELfp (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) inhibited indomethacin-induced lesions by 66.7, 69.6, and 65.8%, respectively. DELfp (200 mg/kg) reduced gastric secretion and H+ concentration in the gastric contents and showed to be independent of nitric oxide (NO) and dependent on sulfhydryl (-SH) compounds in the protection of the gastric mucosa. In the chronic ulcer model, DELfp reduced the area of the gastric lesion. DELfp also showed anti-H. pylori activity. In conclusion, DELfp showed antioxidant, gastroprotective, healing, and antiulcerogenic activities. The mechanism of these actions seems to be mediated by different pathways and involves the reduction of gastric secretion and H+ concentration, dependence on sulfhydryl compounds, and anti-H. pylori activity. All these actions support the medicinal use of this species in the management of peptic ulcers.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF TERMINALIA BELLERICA

Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidative activity of fruit pulp, seed and bark of T. bellerica.&#x0D; Methods: Methanol (70%) and water were used for the extraction, and the respective extracts were analyzed for total phenolic contents along with the antioxidant activities through different assays.&#x0D; Results: Amongst the tested extracts, methanolic extracts were found to be better than aqueous with the highest total phenolic contents (TPC). Methanolic fruit pulp showed lower IC50 for free radical (118.7 µg/ml), superoxide anion radical (77.65 µg/ml) and hydroxyl radical (73.76 µg/ml) scavenging activities. Methanolic fruit pulp also showed lower IC50 for lipid peroxidation (115.6 µg/ml) and ferric thiocyanate (184.98 µg/ml) assay than aqueous extracts in comparison to standard quercetin. Further, correlation between TPC and antioxidant studies revealed that phenolics are mainly responsible for antioxidant activity of T. bellerica.&#x0D; Conclusion: The current study suggests that the methanolic extract of T. bellerica could be a potential source of natural antioxidants for food and pharmaceutical companies.

Preliminary structure, antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities of a polysaccharide fraction from Artemisia selengensis Turcz

Artemisia selengensis Turcz possesses various health-promoting functions. However, the available information regarding the structure and biological activity of polysaccharides from A. selengensis Turcz (APS) is still limited. In the present study, the preliminary structure, antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities of a polysaccharide fraction from APS (APS1) were investigated. Results of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses showed that the main chain of APS1 was made up of T-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → and → 4)-α-D-Galp-(1 → residues). In addition, the moderate superoxide and ABTS radical scavenging activities and noticeable Fe2+ chelating activity of APS1 were observed. Furthermore, the administration of APS1 could significantly restore spleen and thymus indexes, increase the levels of serum hemolysin and lysozyme, and improve the liver function by remarkably preventing the elevation of MDA level and increasing the levels of catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. These results suggested that APS1 exhibits antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities with potential application in functional foods.

Effect of cytokinin and MS medium composition on efficient shoot proliferation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. through cotyledonary node explant and evaluation of genetic fidelity and antioxidant capacity of regenerants

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. is an important member of family Oleaceae. An efficient shoot proliferation response (21.53±0.58 shoots/explant) from cotyledonary node was achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 22.19 µM 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). To optimize the role of ammonium and nitrate on shoot proliferation, the explants were cultured on modified MS media (MS-1 to MS-12). Among these media, MS-3 and MS-9 were found most suitable for shoot-proliferation than others. The microshoots after indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) pulse treatment (1968.11 µM) for 30 min, when sub-cultured on ½ strength MS basal medium were successfully rooted with a maximum frequency of root induction (77.66±1.45), the maximum number of roots/ shoot (10.66±0.88) and maximum root length (1.60±0.05 cm). In-vitro rooted plants were acclimatized and transplanted outside into field with 80 percent survival-rate after 90 days. The genetic-fidelity was confirmed by monomorphic nature of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker pattern. The ethanol extract of leaves of regenerated plants contained good amount of phenol (118.00±0.82 µg/mg gallic acid equivalent) and flavonoid (17.34±0.64 µg/mg rutin equivalent) and possess strong antioxidant activity. The EC50 value for 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, superoxide radical (SOD) scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition activity was 339.98±3.27, 755.80±75.50 and 689.67±2.46 µg/ml respectively. Hence, these findings suggest that regenerated plants can be used as a therapeutic and inhibitory agent against free radical-induced disease progression.

Synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of 6-bromo-1-cyclopentyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxylic acid-substituted amide derivatives as anticancer, antiangiogenic, and antioxidant agents

A series of novel indazole derivatives has been synthesized and evaluated for anticancer, antiangiogenic, and antioxidant activities. The capability of the synthesized compounds 11a–x to hinder the viability of three human cancer cells lines, HEP3BPN 11 (liver), MDA 453 (breast), and HL 60 (leukemia), were assessed by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Among the compounds 11a–x screened, 11c and 11d showed the higher inhibitory activity on the viability of HEP3BPN 11 (liver), when compared with the standard methotrexate. These compounds were further tested to evaluate their potential to inhibit the proangiogenic cytokines associated with tumor development. Compound 11c was found to be a potent antiangiogenic agent against TNFα, VEGF, and EGF, whereas 11d showed potent antiangiogenic activity against TNFα, VEGF, IGF1, TGFb, and leptin inhibition. All the compounds 11a–x were screened for their antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazine (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), and superoxide radical (SOR) scavenging activity. Compounds 11n, 11p, 11q, and 11v have shown significant OH radical scavenging activities, also compounds 11c, 11h, and 11k were found to have a DPPH radical scavenging activity and compounds 11a and 11m exhibited better SOR scavenging activity when compared with the reference compound ascorbic acid. In silico molecular docking analysis revealed important structural insights behind observed anti TNFα effect by present indazole compounds.

A mild and efficient extraction method for polysaccharides from Sinonovacula constricta and study of their structural characteristic and antioxidant activities

The aim of this paper is to develop a mild and efficient extraction method for polysaccharides from Sinonovacula constricta (SCP) using enzyme extraction, and analyze the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of the two purified polysaccharide fractions (SCP-1 and SCP-2). Firstly, enzyme extraction conditions were optimized, and the conditions were found to be, as follows: enzymolysis time 173.0 min, pH 8.2, enzymolysis temperature 50.0 ℃ and enzyme content 4.0%. Comparison between enzymatic extraction and water extraction was obtained from visual, UV–visible and IR spectrum images. The results clearly indicate that there is no significant difference between them with regard to the composition of the SCP fraction, but the polysaccharide content produced by enzymatic extraction is higher. Then, the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of SCP-1 and SCP-2 were investigated using FT-TR, UV, GC and HPGPC. The carbohydrate content, sulfuric radicals and uronic acids of the two fractions were detected. Both SCP-1 and SCP-2 were mainly consisted of glucose, but their molecular weights were different. In addition, compared the Fe2+ chelating activity, ABTS+ radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity, and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity of SCP-1 and SCP-2, it turned out that SCP-2 had stronger antioxidant activity than SCP-1.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut): Evaluation of their antibacterial, antioxidant and drug release system activities.

Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles is expected as a cost efficient and ecofriendly option in the research study. Therefore, the aqueous extracts made from leaf of Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) were used as the reducing factors to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their antioxidant, antibacterial and the application of resveratrol combined AgNPs as efficient delivery vehicles have also been evaluated. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The AgNPs were found to be stable at -29.1 mV through zeta potential study. According to the UV-Vis measurements, AgNP formation was observed at a wavelength range of 420-470 nm. The Ag NPs were spherical with a size of 50 ± 5 nm. AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial species but have no effect against fungal strains. AgNPs showed an important inhibitive activity counter the DPPH radical and thereby indicate a source for antioxidants. The free radical scavenging activity of AgNP was calculated as 54.72% at the highest concentration (100 ppm). The superoxide radical scavenging activity of AgNPs was found to be increased with increasing concentrations and the average inhibition was about 62.9% as compared to the activity of plant extract. In vitro investigations on the drug delivery from AgNPs exhibited pH dependency; the release was significant (45.6%) below acidic terms (pH 5.2) when in proportion to physiological terms (pH7.4). It was observed that the resveratrol-combined to AgNPs stays on the nanoparticle surface for a lengthy time in the plasma at physiological pH (7.4), so very reducing the flank influence on the normal tissues. It can be concluded that horse chestnut leaves has reduction potential as well as being a capping agent to produce well-defined nanoscale silver particles. Our biosynthesized Ag NPs can be used antibacterial, antioxidant agent and also for as effective delivery vehicles in the near future.

An Insight for Potent In-Vitro Antioxidant Status of Short-Chain Peptides

Peptides test drug 1, 2, 3 and 4 coded as RK, KH, RRH, and RRK were subjected to in-vitro antioxidant screening methods for the assessment of their potency using Ascorbic acid as the standard drug. Antioxidant screening in-vitro methods used are such as Superoxide radical scavenging activity, Reducing power method, Phosphomolybdenum method, Ferric thiocyanate method, Thiobarbituric acid method, β-Carotene linoleic acid method/conjugated diene assay, and Fenton's reagent method. Different concentrations of test drugs were made and antioxidant activity was calculated by estimating inhibition percentage and IC50 values which were consequently compared with standard drug. The entire test drug RK, KH, RRH, and RRK showed relatively better antioxidant competence with that of the standard drug. Based on the above estimations, KH and RRH could be considered as the best potent drug for the diverse formulations of antioxidant effect suitable for the avoidance of various human diseases.

Increasing antioxidant activities of the glutamine-cysteine mixture by the glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

In this study, we found that glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens could increase antioxidant activities of Gln-Cys mixture, demonstrated by the higher superoxide anion and DPPH radical scavenging activities, Fe2+-chelating and reducing power. According to UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS results, we identified γ-[Glu](n=1,2,3,4)-Cys in Gln-Cys mixture in the presence of glutaminase. The yields of γ-Glu-Cys (GC) and γ-Glu-γ-Glu-Cys (GGC) were 40.92% and 22.79% respectively, under the established optimum conditions: pH 10, 37 °C, 3 h, 0.1 mol/l Gln: 0.1 mol/l Cys = 1:1, and glutaminase at 0.1% (m/v). The antioxidant properties of GC, GGC, glutathione and Gln-Cys mixture in the presence of glutaminase were further compared and we found GC exhibited the highest superoxide anion and DPPH radical scavenging activities, and Fe2+-chelating and reducing power. Therefore, glutaminase caused the increase of antioxidant activity of Gln-Cys mixture and might be attributed to GC which was synthesized by glutaminase via transpeptidation, and GC has the potential to be used in food and nutraceutical applications as an antioxidant peptide.