Sun Protection Factor Values Research Articles

Lignin decolorization in organic solvents and their application in natural sunscreen

In order to improve the utilization of industrial lignin as an effective component for ultraviolet (UV) shielding, organic solvent (methanol, ethanol, and acetone) fractionation was applied to improve its UV absorption performance and reduce its apparent color. Physicochemical properties of lignin and lignin-based sunscreens, such as molar mass fraction, functional group content, color change and UV shielding properties, were characterized in detail by GPC, UV spectroscopy, 31P NMR and HSQC-NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that the color and UV-shielding properties of the soluble fraction were significantly superior to those of the original and insoluble fractions. Different lignin fractions were acted as the only active substance in the pure cream and its UV-shielding properties were compared. Among them, the composite sunscreen by adding 5 wt% acetone fractionated lignin had highest sun protection factor (SPF) value of 6.6, approximately 4.5 times higher than those sunscreens mixed with pristine lignin. Overall, this work offers the potential of industrial lignin in value-added applications such as UV protection and cosmetics.

Evaluation of the knowledge of sun exposure and sun protective measures in healthcare workers

Introduction: Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation has a great impact on human life. The sun has always played an important role in Asian culture, so much so, that it is often prayed to as a God. Prolonged sun exposure can cause extensive and chronic harmful effects. Healthcare personnel is supposed to have good knowledge regarding sun protection as they play a key role in society disseminating knowledge to the general public. There are limited data regarding the knowledge of sun protection and sunscreen practice among health care workers. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from June to October 2020 on healthcare workers (medical staff) in Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital. A questionnaire was distributed to the target study population without disturbing or hampering the healthcare worker’s duty. Results: Out of a total of 264 participants in the study, 84 (31.8%) were male and 180 (68.2%) were female. The knowledge of proper terminology for SPF (Sun Protection Factor) was noted in 196 (74.2%) and 57 (21.6%) agreed that the value of SPF was related to age. No significant difference was noted regarding knowledge about the time of sun exposure for Vitamin D synthesis. No significant differences were found in practices of sunscreen use for purposes of fairness, or prevention of tanning, wrinkle, mole, and skin cancer. Conclusion: A higher level of education was associated with better knowledge and proper abiding practices regarding sunscreen use. As healthcare workers play a key role in distributing information in society, they should be targeted in education campaigns regarding sun exposure and sun protection measures; with these efforts focused more on nurses and medical officers.

Myco-Nanofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles by Penicillium brasilianum NP5 and Their Antimicrobial, Photoprotective and Anticancer Effect on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line

Currently, the exploration of fungal organisms for novel metabolite production and its pharmacological applications is much appreciated in the biomedical field. In the present study, the fungal strains were isolated from soil of unexplored Yellapura regions. The potent isolate NP5 was selected based on preliminary screening and identified as Penicillium brasilianum NP5 through morphological, microscopic, and molecular characterizations. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from P. brasilianum was confirmed by the color change of the reaction mixture and UV-visible surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectra of 420 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the functional groups involved in synthesis. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed aggregation of the NPs, with sizes ranged from 10 to 60 nm, an average particle size of 25.32 nm, and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.40. The crystalline nature and silver as the major element in NP5-AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The negative value -15.3 mV in Zeta potential exhibited good stability, and thermostability was recorded by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). NP5-AgNPs showed good antimicrobial activity on selected human pathogens in a concentration-dependent manner. The MTT assay showed concentration-dependent anticancer activity with an IC50 of 41.93 µg/mL on the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Further, apoptotic study was carried out by flow cytometry to observe the rate of apoptosis. The calculated sun protection factor (SPF) value confirms good photoprotection capacity. From the results obtained, NP5-AgNPs can be used in the pharmaceutical field after successful in vitro clinical studies.

Photoprotection effect of Pu’er tea andCurcuma longaL. extracts against UV and blue lights

Plant extracts have been studied due to their potential as photoprotective agents against UV and blue light exposure. Previous studies have revealed that several plant extracts have photoprotection capacities and synergistic effects with synthetic products. However, such results for pu’er tea and Curcuma longa L. have not been reported yet for a cosmetic formulation. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate photoprotection capacities of pu’er tea and C. longa L. extracts for a sunscreen compound. The pu’er tea extract improved sun protection factor value of 2-ethyl-hexyl methoxycinnamate (a synthetic sunscreen compound) by 46% and showed a high antioxidant capability that could help skin recover from photo-induced damage. C. longa L. extract also showed a potential to protect skin from blue light-induced damage because it not only had a maximum absorption peak at the blue light range, but also protected human fibroblasts from blue light-induced damage. The addition of both extracts shifted the critical wavelength of 2-ethyl-hexyl methoxycinnamate from 350 nm to 386 nm, giving it a broad-spectrum feature. Thus, pu’er tea and C. longa L. extracts may enhance the photoprotection ability of synthetic sunscreen products.Keywords : Blue light · Curcuma longa L. · 2-ethyl-hexyl methoxycinnamate · Photoprotection · Pu’er tea, Sun protection factor

In Vitro Photoprotection and Functional Photostability of Sunscreen Lipsticks Containing Inorganic Active Compounds

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a safe inorganic ultraviolet (UV) filter with activity against UV damage. However, the recombination of the carrier’s charge and the tendency for TiO2 aggregation are the main disadvantages. Substrate supports, such as mesoporous silica, are biocompatible strategies to incorporate TiO2, altering its interaction with the skin. Since the lips are sensitive to the adversities of the environment, including UV radiation, the application of lipstick sunscreens is of great importance and expected to provide protection for this particular area against sunburn and photoaging, among other unfavorable responses unprotected UV exposure. We investigated the in vitro photoprotective efficacy and photostability of lipstick formulations containing TiO2 incorporated into mesoporous silica (SBA-15). The samples were the lipstick base; SBA-15; TiO2 (free form); and TiO2 incorporated into SBA-15. The photoprotective efficacy was characterized in vitro using a Labsphere UV2000S. Lipsticks were irradiated in a Suntest CPS+ chamber to evaluate functional photostability. Lipstick base and SBA-15 alone did not display photoprotective efficacy. The sample containing 10.0% TiO2 incorporated into the mesoporous silica generated greater photostability and sun protection factor (SPF) value compared to the one containing only 10.0% TiO2 (free state). Our findings suggest that TiO2 + SBA-15 can be considered a broad-spectrum ingredient for innovative sunscreens, particularly for the photoprotection of the lips.

Analysis of Skin Protection from the Dangers of Sun Exposure Using Color Variations and Types of Cotton Fabrics

Cotton fabric is a comfortable clothing material to wear in tropical climates. In addition to the comfort aspect, cotton cloth is expected to be able to protect the skin from the dangers of sun exposure. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the optimum amount of protection produced by cotton cloth, determining the type and color of cotton cloth that is most effectively used as a protector, and knowing the SPF (sun protection factor) value category based on the type and color of cotton cloth. This study used three types of cotton cloth, each consisting of four colors, as well as a Digital Environment Multimeter which was used to measure the intensity of sunlight in units of lux. The protection value is obtained by comparing the intensity of sunlight without a cotton cloth protector (lux) with the intensity of sunlight using a cotton cloth protector (lux). The results obtained show that the most optimum protection value is found in black toyobo cotton cloth with an SPF value of 54.4 and a transmittance of 1.8%. The cotton fabrics that provided the most effective protection based on type and color were black and blue toyobo, medina and Japanese cotton fabrics. Based on the SPF value obtained, it can be seen that black and blue toyobo cotton fabrics, and black madinah cotton fabrics have a very good protection category. The black and blue Japanese cotton fabrics, as well as the blue medina type, have a good protection category, while the orange Toyobo cotton fabrics have a sufficient protection category.

Green tannins /Avocado oil composites; suncare and skincare materials

Soft skin-friendly green-tea tannins/Avocado oil of antiaging creams were formulated. The active ingredients tannins and Avocado oil were extracted from green-tea and avocado skin, respectively. The active ingredients were carefully investigated for their chemical configurations using 1H NMR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, crystal structure using XRD pattern, and thermal stability using TGA and DTG thermograms. The antiaging effect of the cream were carefully investigated for their nourishing effect and protection against solar UVB radiation. Physicochemical properties of the antiaging effect of cream were explored through; in-vitro sun protection factor (SPF), which demonstrated medium SPF value capable of UVB absorption to high content. Optimum viscosity values in presence and absence of Carbopol® 940 moisturizer were evaluated and appropriate spreadability and microscale particle size distribution were demonstrated. The antiaging soft material has also demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activity. As a result, the advantages and the skin-friendly characteristics; nourishing and protection against solar UVB radiation, and antibacterial and antifungal activity can consider the green-tea tannins/Avocado oil a promising antiaging cream, which not only protects but also nourishable with antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Optimized Baccharis dracunculifolia extract as photoprotective and antioxidant: In vitro and in silico assessment

Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo) leaves contain polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and represents an alternative for the production or enhancement of sunscreen formulations. This study was designed to evaluate the photoprotective and antioxidant action of B. dracunculifolia, using in vitro and in silico methods, and correlate them with its phytochemical profile to obtain the optimized extract. The chemical composition was verified by chromatographic analysis, which confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The B. dracunculifolia extract was optimized using antioxidant potential by eliminating the free radical DPPH, auto-oxidation of linoleic acid, in vitro sun protection factor (SPF), and quimiometric analysis. The optimal extraction conditions were defined, resulting in a value of SPF 18.9 and antioxidant EC50 12.9, and a total polyphenol content of 6%. The stereoelectronic properties involved with the antioxidant action and UV absorption were studied using an in silico approach. The electron donating capacity in silico was observed in the flavonoid quercetin while the greatest antioxidant capacity in phenolic acids was chlorogenic acid. The obtained results suggest the photoprotective and antioxidant effect of B. dracunculifolia and support its use in natural and multifunctional formulations against UV-induced damages.

Highlighting the Cosmeceutical Potential of the Edible Bunium alpinum Waldst& Kit (Apiaceae) Growing in Algeria: in vitro Antioxidant and Photoprotective Effects

The interest of using natural ingredients in cosmetic products has getting increased specially developing in new photoprotective formulations. In this study, it was undertaken to evaluate the cosmeceutical potential of the aerial parts of the species Bunium alpinum Waldst. & Kit (Apiaceae family) growing Algeria, by assessing their photoprotective and antioxidant effects. For this purpose, the total antioxidant capacity and activity were determined by using phosphomolybdenum and DPPH· radical scavenging methods. The in vitro photoprotective effect against UV-B radiations was determined according to the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) by using UV spectrophotometer at the range between 290 and 320 nm and Mansur equation. It was clear that among the tested extract, content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids of butanolic extract (Ba-BuOH) had higher than other extracts and it possessed strong antioxidant activity in DPPH· radical scavenging (20.65±0.017 mg VCE/g) and total antioxidant activity (196.69±4.08 mg VCE/g) assays. Similarly, its major compound Apigenin-7-O-rutinoside exhibited high photoprotective activity in UVB and UVA range and the SPF values were (14.70±0.11 and 32.80±0.5, respectively). The results gathered from our work reveal the using possibility of this extract and its major as antioxidant and sunscreening agent in cosmetic formulations.

Development of NLC- based Sunscreen Gel of Lutein and its in-vitro and ex-vivo Characterisation

Background: In humans, Carotenoids are important in scavenging singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals. Lutein has been demonstrated in multiple studies to help protect the skin from photodamage, as well as provide a variety of other health advantages. In the recent decade, the topi-cal use of Lutein as a new ultraviolet (UV) protectant, anti-stress, and blue light filter capable of protecting skin from photodamage has piqued cosmetic and pharmacological attention. Because Lutein is insoluble, it was integrated into nanocarriers for topical administration. Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate an NLC-based sunscreen gel of Lutein. Method: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were prepared by melt emulsion ultrafiltration tech-nique and were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), drug loading (DL), encapsulation efficacy (EE), and in vitro drug release. The optimised formula was incorpo-rated into a gel base and an in-vitro sun protection factor (SPF) was determined. Ex- vivo permea-tion study was performed on rat skin using a Franz diffusion cell. Cocoa butter and rose oil were chosen as solid and liquid lipids for NLC formulation. Results: The particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release of optimised formulation (NLC5) were found to be 81.64 nm, 0.463, -14.1mV, 79.90 %, and 89.86% respectively. The SPF value of the Lutein-NLC-loaded gel was found to be 27.524. The drug flux Jss from NLC gel was measured in the range of 0.07955 g/cm2/h. Conclusion: The investigation suggested lipid nanoparticles as a suitable carrier for Lutein to be delivered as sunscreen gel.

Formulation cream from extract of red pidada leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) as a sunscreen and analysis of active compounds with Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method

Exposure to intense and prolonged solar ultraviolet rays can cause erythema, premature aging, and skin cancer. The prevention of ultraviolet rays can be done by using sunscreen. Red Pidada leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) have sunscreen properties. The purpose of this study was to preformulate red Pidada leaves into sunscreen cream preparations with the best activity as a cosmetic product prototype. This research will be started with the preparation of the red Pidada leaf ethanol extract formulated into a cream preparation with the extract concentration of Formula 1 (8%), Formula 2 (15%), and Formula 3 (20%). Evaluation of cream preparations includes organoleptic test, pH test, homogeneity test, dispersion test, adhesion test, viscosity test, and sunscreen effectiveness test. Data analysis used the One Way ANOVA test. The results of the physical quality test of cream showed that Formula 1 (8%) and Formula 2 (15%) met the requirements of the organoleptic test, homogeneity test, and adhesion test but did not meet the pH test, viscosity test, and spread ability test. Formula 3 (20%) fulfils the organoleptic test requirements and adhesion test requirements but does not meet the homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, and spread ability test. The sunscreen effectiveness test in formula 1 has the lowest Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of 1.5 (without protection), formula 2 has an SPF value of 2.9 (minimum protection), and formula 3 has the highest SPF value of 7.4 (protection extra). Analysis of bioactive compounds in red Pidada ethanol extracts using LC-HRMS. There were 6 active compounds. Diisobutylphtalat, luteolin, apigethrin, vitexin, choline and bethain. Formula 3 performs better as a sunscreen than Formulas 1 and 2.

A Novel Approach in Skin Care: By-Product Extracts as Natural UV Filters and an Alternative to Synthetic Ones.

The cosmetic industry has been focusing on replacing synthetic ingredients with natural ones, taking advantage of their bioactive compounds. This work assessed the biological properties of onion peel (OP) and passion fruit peel (PFP) extracts in topical formulations as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants and UV filters. The extracts were characterized regarding their antioxidant capacity, antibacterial capacity and sun protection factor (SPF) value. Results revealed that the OP extract exhibited better results, which can result from the high concentrations of quercetin, as identified and quantified in HPLC analysis. Afterward, nine formulations of O/W creams were produced with minor changes in the quantity of additives: OP and PFP extract (natural antioxidants and UV filters), BHT (synthetic antioxidant) and oxybenzone (synthetic UV filter). The stability of the formulations was determined for 28 days; it was verified that they remained stable throughout the study period. The assays of the formulations' antioxidant capacity and SPF value revealed that OP and PFP extracts have some photoprotective properties and are excellent sources of antioxidants. As a result, they can be incorporated in daily moisturizers with SPF and sunscreens replacing and/or diminishing the quantities of synthetic ingredients, reducing their negative effects on human health and the environment.

Determining the ability to differentiate results between independent sun protection factor tests using the ISO24444 method.

The sun protection factor has nowadays become a familiar metric to understand sunscreen effectiveness. This value is displayed on the label of sunscreens and it is established by translating the results obtained from standardized testing methods to regulatory labeling criteria. The ISO24444, a widely accepted method to measure the sun protection factor, is designed to determine the validity of a single test, but it lacks criteria to compare results and many regulators only endorse the method as a valid means to label sunscreens. This supposes a challenge for manufacturers and regulators routinely using the method to take decisions on product labeling when confronted with disparate results for the same product. Analytical review of the statistical criteria used by the method to determine test validity. For the same product, results from independent tests (of 10 subjects each) separated less than ×1.73 can be considered as the same from the point of view of compliance to the standard. This range of sun protection factor values far exceeds the ranges for labeling and categorizing sunscreens as per current regulations and thus opens the possibility that sunscreens are unknowingly mislabeled. These findings can be summarized in a "discriminability map" to assist comparing results from different tests and to better inform the labeling of sunscreen products and thus increase confidence to prescribers and consumers.

Nanotechnology as a Tool for Optimizing Topical Photoprotective Formulations Containing Buriti Oil (Mauritia flexuosa) and Dry Aloe vera Extracts: Stability and Cytotoxicity Evaluations.

Human beings are actively exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is associated with skin cancer. This has encouraged the continuous search for more effective and safer photoprotective formulations. Along with the application of traditional organic sunscreens, there is a growing interest in "green products" containing natural compounds such as plant extracts and oils. This trend is combined with the use of nanotechnology as a tool for optimizing the vehicles of such compounds. Nanoemulsions (NEs) are suitable for the encapsulation of natural compounds, which improves topical treatment. Therefore, we have developed oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions containing 3% buriti oil (BO), incorporated in a 10% vegetal extract of Aloe vera (AV) by means of ultrasonic processing to improve the chemical characteristics of this component and, consequently, its efficacy and safety in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. The composition of the formulation was initially defined in a preliminary study on surfactants where the concentrations of Tween® 80 and Span® 20 were evaluated in relation to particle size and the polydispersity index (PDI). The nanoemulsion was prepared and then chemical sunscreens were incorporated with the aim of developing a sunscreen nanoemulsion called NE-A19. This nanoemulsion was found to be the best formulation due to its stability, droplet size (146.80 ± 2.74), and PDI (0.302 ± 0.088), with a monomodal size distribution. The stability was evaluated over 90 days and showed a low growth in particle size at the end of the study. NE-A19 exhibited good viscosity and organoleptic properties, in addition to an occlusion factor indicating an interesting and higher water holding capacity when compared with a NE without AV (p < 0.05). The in vitro efficacy and safety studies of NE-19A were promising. Its average in vitro sun protection factor value was 49, with a critical wavelength (λc) of 369.7 nm, satisfactory UVA protection, and a UVA/UVB ratio of 0.40, indicating broad spectrum protection against UVA and UVB radiation. Furthermore, NE-19A displayed a good safety profile in dermal keratinocytes. It can be concluded that NE-19A is a promising formulation for carrying natural products, such as buriti oil and AV, associated with synthetic filters in lower concentrations.

Potential of lignin multifunctionality for a sustainable skincare: Impact of emulsification process parameters and oil-phase on the characteristics of O/W Pickering emulsions

Colloidal lignin particles (CLPs) from softwood kraft lignin were evaluated as a multifunctional ingredient to prepare bio-based oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions. After a preliminary screening, three Pickering emulsions systems were formulated using orange, coconut, and paraffin oils, at varying concentration of CLPs, oil/water ratio, and by applying two-step homogenisation processes (rotor-stator homogenisation followed by ultrasonication). Ultrasonication as a second homogenisation step considerably enhanced the emulsification efficiency, generating emulsions with smaller droplet size and less polydisperse distribution. Furthermore, the effect of ultrasonication on the characteristics of emulsions and the stability of the systems was evaluated over time. The oil content and type, the concentration of CLPs, and the homogenisation methods significantly influenced the characteristics of the emulsions and drop size. Higher concentrations of oil and CLPs favoured the formation of the emulsion and contributed to higher physical stability after 120 days of monitoring. The in vitro Sun Protection Factor (SPF) results demonstrated that the incorporation of natural oils containing phenolic compounds in Pickering formulations improves the SPF value of emulsions, showing an interesting synergic effect between lignin particles and vegetable oils, which was not observed in the case of paraffin oil. Furthermore, the broad-spectrum sun blocker of Pickering emulsions was confirmed by the values of UVA/UVB between 0.74 and 0.90 and Cλ > 380.

Potential Extracts of Melastomataceae Species from Mount Merapi National Park as Sunprotection Material with Antioxidation and Antiglycation Activities

Ethanol extracts from the leaves of Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don., and Melastoma affine D. Don., growing in Mount Merapi National Park, Indonesia, had high&nbsp; antioxidant activity similar to ascorbic acid. Natural substances with high&nbsp; antioxidant activity potentially inhibit UV-induced skin photoaging. This study&nbsp; aimed to investigate the sun protection factor (SPF) and antiglycation activity of&nbsp; C. hirta and M. affine ethanol extracts to identify and obtain candidate&nbsp; hotoprotective ingredients for sunscreen products. Proximate analysis of extract&nbsp; simplicial was performed for standardization, and their secondary&nbsp; metabolites quantified to understand their bioactivities. Flavonoids, alkaloids,&nbsp; and saponins were quantified using the aluminum chloride, bromocresol green,&nbsp; and vanillin-sulfuric acid methods, respectively. Phenolic compounds&nbsp; and tannins were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The C. hirta&nbsp; extract showed a higher SPF value in UV spectrophotometry, and antiglycation&nbsp; activity through bovine serum albumin-glucose (BSAglucose) method, than the&nbsp; M. affine extract. An antioxidant assay using the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl&nbsp; (DPPH) radical scavenging method confirmed that the C. hirta and M. affine extracts were more potent and had slightly lower antioxidant activity,&nbsp; respectively, than ascorbic acid. The high bioactivity of C. hirta extract was likely&nbsp; due to phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins, because these metabolites&nbsp; were more abundant in C. hirta extract than in M. affine extract.&nbsp; These results indicated that the ethanol extract of C. hirta leaves has the&nbsp; potential to be developed as an ingredient of sunscreen products for skin&nbsp; photoprotection.&nbsp

Formulation, stability evaluation and characterization of Tween 80® consisting of Neem oil-based emulsion

The pharmaceutical properties of an emulsion ranges from lotion to cream instead of the consistency of the content and the particle size. Neem oil is widely used in Ayurveda medicine due to the presence variety of bioactive compounds which is used in various cosmetic preparations. Due to having considerable Sun Protection Factor value in Neem oil and leaves extract, Neem is used in development of a sunscreen formulation. The objective of this study was to formulation, optimization, stability evaluation and characterization of Tween 80® consisting of Neem oil-based emulsion. Primary emulsions were prepared using Neem oil, distilled water, and Tween 80® according to randomly selected ratios and secondary emulsions were obtained by high shear homogenization of respective primary emulsions. The short term, long term and accelerated stability were visually observed. Creaming, sedimentation, flocculation, coalescence, phase separation and phase inversion were considered as unstable conditions to evaluate stability. The microscopic analysis, pH, viscosity, creaming index and colour change were used to characterize the emulsions. All optimized primary and secondary emulsions were stable throughout the short-term stability evaluation period. All optimized secondary emulsions were stable throughout the accelerated stability evaluation period. Creaming was observed as the major unstable condition in long term stability evaluation. The formula consisted of 30% Neem oil, 40% water and 30% Tween 80® in Oil-in-Water type secondary emulsion was the best formula obtained with the viscosity of 2750 Redwood seconds which is within the non-skin irritating range of pH 4-7.

Optimization of Gelling Agent and Sunscreen Activity Test of 4-OH-chalcone Gel by In Vitro Method

ABSTRACT&#x0D; The 4-OH-chalcone was suspected to absorb and reduce ultraviolet radiation intensity that exposed to the skin. The 4-OH-chalcone was formulated as gel dosage form using combination of carbopol in content of 0.50-1.00% w/w; propylene glycol in content of 19-20% w/w; and CMC-Na in content of 0.50-1.00% w/w. This study’s purpose was to optimize the three gel bases, evaluate physical properties, physical stability, and activity of 4-OH-chalcone gel as sunscreen by in vitro method. Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method was used to optimize gel base with Design Expert software version 10.0. Activity of 4-OH-chalcone gel as sunscreen was determined spectrophotometrically by determining Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) value, percent transmission of erythema (% TE), and percent transmission of pigmentation (% TP). Data were analyzed statistically with SPSS Statistic software. Optimum formula of 4-OH-chalcone gel with 0.50% w/w carbopol content, 0.50% w/w carboxymethylcellulose sodium content, and 20,0% w/w propylene glycol content has pH of 5.59, viscosity of 37.4 dPa.s, spreadability of 28.8 cm2, adhesive time of 1.28 seconds, SPF value of 28.65, %, TE value of 16.44%, %TP value of 0.24%, and relatively stable physical properties.

Light-colored lignin extraction by ultrafiltration membrane fractionation for lignin nanoparticles preparation as UV-blocking sunscreen

A wide range of applications are available for kraft lignin (KL). However, the dark color and wide size distribution of KL make it challenging to use in cosmetics and nanoparticle preparation. In this study, we fractionated KL from a paper-making enterprise using ultrafiltration membrane fractionation, and obtained four kinds of lignin with different molecular weights, namely ultrafiltration lignin (UL). Following that, lignin nanoparticles (ULNPs) were formed by self-assembly from four types of UL. Analyzing the UL and ULNP properties, the low molecular weight lignin, such as ULA, exhibited good antioxidant properties (89.47 %, 5 mg/mL), high brightness (ISO% = 7.55), high L⁎ value (L⁎ = 72.3) and low polydispersity index (PDI = 1.41). The ULNP showed a narrow size distribution (0.8–1.4 m) and high dispersibility in sunscreen. When ULNP was added to sunscreen with 5 % load, its sun protection factor (SPF) value increased from 14.93 to 63.74. Therefore, this study offered an effective way for the comprehensive utilization of pulping waste KL.

Photoprotective Efficacy of the Association of Rosmarinic Acid 0.1% with Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate and Avobenzone

Innovative prototype sunscreens with reduced ultraviolet (UV) filters are required to achieve safer, more effective, and more environmentally friendly formulations. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic antioxidant and potential candidate for multifunctional sunscreens. We used RA (0.1% w/w) in combination with avobenzone (2.5% and 5.0% w/w), a UVA filter, and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (10.0% w/w), a UVB filter, to evaluate in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) and critical wavelength, photostability, and the in vivo SPF. RA, in vitro, improved the SPF of F2 (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate 10.0% w/w + avobenzone 2.5% w/w + RA 0.1% w/w) and F3 (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate 10.0% w/w + avobenzone 5.0% w/w + RA 0.1% w/w), which also presented broad-spectrum profiles; however, no expressive effects were observed for the critical wavelength (nm). By the in vivo trial, RA showed an increment in the F3 SPF value and maintained the F2 effectiveness, even when avobenzone was at 2.5%. Nonetheless, no increase in photostability was observed. Our findings suggest that incorporating natural molecules with antioxidant activities into sunscreens could decrease the proportion of conventional UV filters in the final product, with the advantage of providing other functional properties. Further investigation of higher RA concentrations, even from other sources, and other UV filter combinations could reveal important data for the development of multifunctional sunscreens.