Sum Of Sugars Research Articles

Influence of storage conditions on changes in some quality indicators of apple tree fruits

The article presents the results of studies conducted on apple fruits of late varieties Idared, Golden Spur and Mantuanskoe. It was shown that as a result of the use of the film-forming preparation ,,Pelecol” in fruit tissues, due to a decrease in oxygen concentration and an increase in carbon dioxide, the consumption of sugars (sucrose and the sum of sugars) was reduced compared to the control. A more intense decomposition of sucrose was observed in fruits when stored under normal atmosphere conditions. The data obtained showed that at the end of storage, the sugar consumption of apple fruits of the Idared variety treated with a film-forming preparation at a concentration of 1,0% decreased to a greater extent compared to other varieties.

Comparative evaluation of the biochemical composition of fruits Malus spp.

To determine and compare the content of biochemical compounds in fruits of nine cultivars of M. domestica Borkh. and ten of Malus spp. (given in the research materials), to select the most promising for use in further breeding and recommend for use in various directions, considering the biochemical complex of characters, taste, and marketable qualities of fruits. The dry matter content, a sum of sugars, titratable acids, tannins, and ascorbic acid was evaluated for two years according to generally accepted operating methods. The large-fruited apple cultivars were found to have values of dry matter (11.2-22.8%) and small-fruited (15.5-30.9%); the total amount of sugars in large-fruited cultivars varies from 6.7 to 10.9%, in small-fruited from 7.5 to 12.7%; the amount of ascorbic acid in fruits of M. domestica fruits averaged from 6.0 to 12.2 mg.100 g-1, in crabapple from 6.6 to 22.8 mg.100 g-1; titratable organic acids in fruits of large cultivars ranged from 0.74 to 1.67%, in small ones from 1.50 to 2.34%; tannins content was found in the range from 0.06 to 0.52% in high-fruited cultivars and from 0.29 to 2.61% in lower-fruited ones. Comparative evaluation of the biochemical composition of fruits between large-fruited and small-fruited species and cultivars of apple trees showed that representatives of Malus spp. are more promising for use in breeding and industrial purposes. The dynamics of the decrease of dry soluble substance's weight and the increase of ascorbic acid content in apple tree fruits were also noted.

Metabolite Diversity in Pulp Segments, Peel, Leaves, and Bark of a Red-Fleshed ‘Baya Marisa’ Apple Cultivar

This study investigated the composition of sugars, organic acids, individual and total phenolic compounds in the pulp, peel, leaves, and bark of a red-fleshed ‘Baya Marisa’ apple cultivar. As the fruit is known for its red pulp color, the study focused on comparing the profiles of primary and selected secondary metabolites in three sections along the equatorial fruit plane. The analyses were carried out using HPLC–MS system, and compositional differences were compared among fruit segments. Inner fruit segments accumulated higher levels of sorbitol and the sum of sugars and lower levels of citric acid. However, no differences in the sum of organic acids could be determined among segments. The phenolic composition differed among pulp (hydroxycinnamic acids > dihydrochalcones ≈ anthocyanins ≈ flavanols > flavonols), peel (flavanols > anthocyanins > dihydrochalcones > flavonols > hydroxycinnamic acids), leaves (flavonols > dihydrochalcones > hydroxycinnamic acids > anthocyanins), and bark (dihydrochalcones > flavonols > flavanols > anthocyanins > hydroxycinnamic acids). The greatest phenolic diversity was detected in bark (25), followed by leaves (18), peel (17) and finally, pulp (11). Three anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-galactoside > cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside > peonidin-3-O-galactoside) were determined in all ‘Baya Marisa’ tissues with their content highest in the peel. The innermost sections of the fruit were characterized by higher levels of dihydrochalcones and lower levels of most flavanols, flavonols and anthocyanins. These were predominant in the apple pulp nearest to the peel, with cyanidin-3-O-galactoside being the prevalent representative. Accumulation of anthocyanins in pulp is a rare trait in apples, and therefore, the distinct distribution and diversity of metabolites in this cultivar highlights its potential for high-nutrient products such as juices, apple chips or purees.

Commercial qualities of fruits of different varieties of apple trees in an intensive orchard on the farm of Central Russia “Agrofirma named after 15 years of October”

The studies were carried out in a large fruit-growing farm in Central Russia “Agrofirm named after 15 years of October” in the Lebedyansky district of the Lipetsk region. The farm is switching to intensive horticulture using new varieties of apple trees on low-growing rootstocks. The article analyzed the results of a study of a comprehensive assessment of apple varieties with the necessary technological parameters for the production of products that meet domestic and international standards. We studied the main components of productivity and marketability of four varieties of apple trees on low-growing rootstocks: Ligol, Honey Crunch, Berkutovskoe and Spartan. It was found that all varieties are productive and have high marketability. But the most productive variety was Ligol -75 t/ha, which exceeded Spartan by 24 t/ha, Berkutovskoe - by 39 t/ha and Honey Crunch - by 48 t/ha. It was established that the commercial qualities of fruits depended on the characteristics of the variety, changing from the place of growth and the weather conditions of the year. By the sum of sugars, the best variety of apples was determined - this is Spartan, it had the most sugars (11.9%), the excess over the Ligol variety was 1.0%, Honey Crunch - 1.3%, Berkutovskoe - 1.6%. It was found that the highest content of ascorbic acid was in apples of the Berkutovskoye variety (15 mg/100 g), somewhat less was contained in the fruits of Honey Crunch - 14.5 mg/100 g. The minimum amount (8.8 mg/100 g) of ascorbic acid was in Spartan apples. It was established that with an average value of the sugar-acid coefficient of 13.8, the diversity limits for the studied varieties varied from 12.8 (Ligol) to 14.3 (Honey Crunch and Spartan). It was suggested that two varieties of honey crunch and Spartan are closest to the optimal values for this indicator.

Effectiveness of growth regulators in garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i> L.) production

The results of the studies of new generation growth regulators in the cultivation of planting material of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are presented. The experiments (2019-2021) were conducted in the field trials in the Moscow region. The plants were grown on the soil containing 3.2% humus, 2.9 mg nitrogen/100 g soil, 26.8 mg phosphorus/100 g soil, 3.9 mg potassium/100 g soil, pH of the salt extract - 5.2. During the growing season of the plants three fertilizer applications were made: the first - in the phase of intensive leaf growth with ammonium nitrate (at a dose of 30 g/m2), the second - 2 weeks after the first with nitroammophoska (30 g/m2), the third - 2 weeks after the second with potassium sulfate (50 g/m2). The weather conditions were generally favorable for garlic cultivation. The plants were watered as needed. The experiments were conducted on winter garlic of the Gladiator variety. Seed (aerial bulbs) and planting material (one-toothed bulbs and cotyledons) were treated by soaking for 30 min, and the plants obtained from them were sprayed with growth regulator solutions. The preparations Lostor and Energy M, were used at a concentration of 0.01%, Zircon at a concentration of 0.025% for the treatment of the planting material and at a concentration of 0.1% for the treatment of the above-ground part of the plants. It was found that treatment of aerial bulbs and plants with Lostor promotes an increase in the yield of one-toothed bulbs by 18.8%, and by 8.1 % with Energy M. Treatment of single-toothed bulbs and plants with Lostor increases the yield of multitoothed bulbs by 24.3%, and with Energy M by 16.2%. Application of Lostor promotes an increase in the dry matter content by 8.0% and an increase in the sum of sugars by 9.2%.

Prediction of chemical and sensory properties in strawberries using Raman spectroscopy

Non-destructive methods for assessing the chemical composition of fruit and berries are being developed for use in e.g., sorting, storage management or as part of decision making in autonomous harvesting systems. In this study, Raman spectroscopy (RS) was used to estimate a selection of chemical components using partial least squares regression (PLSR) from early (June) and late (September) in the Norwegian strawberry harvesting season. Satisfactory PLSR models were made for total soluble solids (TSS), fructose, glucose, sum of sugars (SS), citric acid and sum of acids (SA) with coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.81 to 0.92 when evaluated by cross validation. PLSR models for total acid content, sucrose and malic acid did not perform as well, with R2 ranging from 0.42 to 0.68, when evaluated by cross validation. Strawberries harvested in September showed significant difference between samples in sweet, sour, and acidic taste (p < 0.001). Results from RS demonstrated that the method can be used to determine sensory properties, where e.g., the correlation between predicted values of TSS and SS/SA with sensory sweet taste were 0.80 and 0.87, respectively. In conclusion, RS performed very well for characterization of both chemical and sensory properties in fresh strawberries.

The prospects of using apples and pears to obtain biologically active substances

Relevance. Apples and apple juices are healthy food products with a large amount of biologically active substances. The polyphenols contained in them are powerful natural antioxidants. They prevent the development of many chronic heart diseases and have many pharmacological properties. Thus, polyphenols increase the resistance of blood vessels, improve blood circulation, protect elastin and collagen fibers, and serve as fundamental elements supporting skin tissues. Apples contain such practically valuable substances as pectins. At the same time, in fresh apples, protopectin prevails over soluble pectin and makes up 52.3– 97.0% of the total amount.Methods. The objects of the study were the fruits of apple varieties: Voskhod, Talgar Bayterek, Sarkyt and Saya, as well as pear varieties: Bostandyk, Nagima, Sylyk, Zhazdyk. The fruits of apples and pears were harvested from September to mid-October 2021 in Saryagash district, in the farm "Tenge". Experimental data were obtained in the laboratory of the South-Kazakhstan University named after M. Auezov. At the first stage of the study, the quality of apples was determined in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 54697–2011. At the second stage, physico-chemical parameters were determined according to standard methods. The content of soluble solids was determined by the refractometric method using a refractometer, at ambient temperature 20±0.5 °C, The mass fraction of dry substances was determined by the refractive index. The sum of sugars — according to the Bertrand method.Result. Studies have established that the fruits of all studied varieties of apples and pears grown in Kazakhstan, according to organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators, contain high levels of chemicals and phenolic compounds, but the most valuable source of biologically active substances were apples of variety Baiterek and pears of variey Zhazdyk.

The effect of mulching materials on yield, biochemical composition and preservation of fruits of bell pepper

Introduction. The use of new covering materials is an important modern agrotechnique for cultivating of bell pepper in the open ground, which allows to minimize chemical treatments, increasing the yield, quality and preservation quality of vegetable products.The purpose of this work is to study the effect of various mulching materials (black polyethylene film and spandbond «Agrotex 60 perforated mulch») on the yield of bell pepper and also on biochemical composition of fruits and on their preservation quality in relation to the ripeness phase.Methods. The objects of the study were the fruits of two bell pepper hybrids of domestic and foreign breeding (respectively Nathalie F1 and Anetta F1), grown in the open ground using mulching materials. The experiments were laid according to standard methods adopted in vegetable growing. Storage was carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines for conducting research on the storage of vegetables.Results. The use of mulching materials contributed to an increase in total yield and the yield of standard products in the crop structure, and also positively affected the accumulation of solids, vitamin C, monosaccharides, disaccharides and as a whole – the sum of sugars. The domestic hybrid Natalie F1 (74.9%), grown using black film as a mulching material, as compared to foreign hybrid Anetta F1 (71.3%), was characterized by better preservation quality. Significant differences in the chemical composition of fruits depending on the ripeness phase were revealed. Fruits laid for storage in full biological ripeness (red) were characterized by an increased amount of weight loss on all storage options. A positive effect on the storage persistence of bell pepper fruits with use of mulching materials on all variants of the experiment was also established.

Impact of Sowing Dates on the Variability of Different Traits of Fenugreek

Abstract The article presents the results of studies of two samples of fenugreek: blue (Trigonella coerulea (Desr.) Ser.) and hay (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) on the set of economic, biological and biochemical parameters. The researched samples of fenugreek have a wide range of variability of indicators depending on the terms of sowing and weather conditions. More rapid development was shown by fenugreek species on the summer sowing dates (III decade of June) with a vegetation period of 36–37 days. To obtain a high yield of green mass of fenugreek plants, the early spring (II–III decade of April) and late spring (I decade of May) sowing terms were more suitable. The obtained green mass yield was: 5.7–6.9 t∙ha–1 – blue fenugreek, and 7.3–9.3 t∙ha–1 – hay fenugreek, with the content of the dry matter being 12.4–28.4%, the sum of sugars 2.5–5.0% and vitamin C – 38.0–51.8 mg∙(100 g)−1. To obtain spices called “mushroom grass”, it is promising to use hay fenugreek with early spring (II–III decade of April) and late spring (I decade of May) terms of sowing, as a more developed vegetative mass is formed with the dry weight yield of plants 1.3–1.4 t∙ha–1. An increase in the amount of precipitation by 1 mm resulted in fluctuations of green mass yield from 15.0 to 77.3 kg∙ha–1 and dry mass yield from 0.693 to 25.9 kg∙ha–1.

Influence of Various Forms of Absorbent and Mulching Materials on the Yield of Vining Cucumber and Fruit Quality in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Against the background of global climate change, most of the territory of Ukraine today is semi-arid, which causes a decrease in the efficiency of the vegetable growing industry. Due to aridity and elevated temperatures in summer, the normal growth and development of plants, namely vining cucumber, is disrupted. The efficiency of artificial irrigation is also decreasing due to the rise in the price of fresh water and energy carriers for its supply to plants. Soil absorbents and the use of mulching can solve these issues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various forms of soil absorbent against the background of the use of various mulching materials of organic and synthetic origin on the productivity of vining cucumber. This study involved field, laboratory, statistical, and computational-analytical methods. Studies have established that upon mulching the soil with black polyethylene film together with the introduction of a soil absorbent in the form of a gel, phenological phases of growth and development occur most quickly in vining cucumber plants, and the fruiting period increases by 11 days compared to the control. The combination of film mulching and absorbent gel allowed increasing the height of the main stem by 15.2%, the number of leaves on the plant by 43.9%, and the leaf area by 26.5% compared to the control version. It was established that the highest commercial yield is provided by mulching the soil with a black film together with the introduction of an absorbent in the form of pellets and gel – 56.6-56.8 t/ha, which is 27.5-27.9% more than the control. The marketability of the yield was 99.2-99.4%. Cucumber fruits for mulching with a film and applying an absorbent in the form of a gel had a high content of dry matter (5.3%) and the sum of sugars (2.20%). Lowest nitrate level (N-NO3) in cucumber fruits provided mulching with black agrofibre without an absorbent (53.0 mg/kg)

Biochemical characteristics of introduced cherry varieties in the Astrakhan region

Cherry is a widespread stone culture, cherry fruits are saturated with nutrients with a rel-atively low caloric content. The article presents and summarizes the data of biochemical studies on the nutrient content of 6 varieties of cherries of domestic selection. The studies were carried out for two years (2020–2021). The plantings were planted according to the generally accepted scheme of 3?5 m. The biochemical composition of cherry fruits was studied (the content of soluble solids, titrated acids, the sum of sugars, ascorbic acid). A sugar-acid index was calculated for each variety. According to the results of the conducted studies, the best varieties were identified according to the biochemical composition of cherry fruits: in terms of the content of dry soluble substances - above 18 % in Dubovochka (control), Lubskaya, Turgenevskaya and Molodezhnaya varieties; low acidity (0.8–1.2) in Loznovskaya, Molozhnaya and Dubovochka varieties (control); in terms of sugar content – Lubovskaya, Turgenevskaya, Miracle cherry and Molodezhnaya (the sum of sugars is more than 10 %). The sugar-acid index of cherry fruits ranges from 5.2–12.1, the content of ascorbic acid is above 16 %. The analysis of the data obtained made it possible to identify cherry varieties Loznovskaya and Molodezhnaya, which have a complex of valuable biochemical indicators of interest for further study, performance of breeding tasks and improvement of the assortment in the conditions of the Astrakhan region.

FEATURES OF THE ORGANOMINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE CENOPOPULATIONS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE CASPIAN LOWLAND

Abstract: The plants growing on the Caspian lowland contain all groups of the studied substances: sugars, tannins and extractives, vitamin C. The conducted studies indicate the prospects of using the studied species as medicinal plant raw materials. It was found that the largest number of low molecular weight BAS contain representatives of the sem. Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, etc. The features of the accumulation of macronutrients in medicinal plants have been established. The study showed that the mass concentrations of chemical compounds have a strong variation in indicators and depend on the type of selected plants and the properties of the functional zone of growth. According to the absolute content of reducing sugars, cumin, thyme, tansy and chamomile were in the first place: 2.09, 1.98 and 1.95%, although the relative amount of reducing sugars in these species is not very large: 24.4, 30.7 and 33.9%, respectively, of the total amount of sugars. Thus, we can note a general trend for the medicinal plants studied by us: an increase in the proportion of reducing sugars relative to the total amount of sugars with a decrease in the absolute content of the sum of sugars in plants. The following plant species turned out to be the richest in ascorbic acid: sandy cumin, esparcet astragalus, camel thorn, naked licorice and Marshall's thyme (19.80 mg%), pharmacy chamomile, cardaria krupkovidnaya, chicory, yarrow (18.20) and sandy immortelle (17.00). It should be noted that this. Aster contains two species rich in tannins: common tansy and sandy immortelle (3.60 and 5.40%), the remaining species have an average content of 1.80%. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the accumulation of mineral components in the studied medicinal plants is distributed as follows: N(NO3)&gt;K2O&gt;P2O5 and have high levels of variation, this may depend on the species specificity of plants.

Biochemical Composition of the Pear Fruit at FSBSI FARC of the North-East named after N. V. Rudnitskiy

The pear tree is a relatively new crop for the North-East of the European part of Russia; therefore, the purpose of the work is to study biochemical composition of pear fruit in conditions of Kirov region. The objects of the research are 9 varieties of the pear tree of 2007 planting year: Chizhovskaya (a check variety), Kupava, Perun, Svarog, Karataevskaya, Naryadnaya Efimova (Dressy Efimova), Vidnaya (Prominent), Larinskaya, Povislaya. In conditions of the region the studied varieties of the pear accumulate on overage 9.32% of sugar, 2.73 mg% of ascorbic acid, 17.10% of dry matter and are noted for high titratable acidity – on average 0,96. The varieties Kupava, which combines high amount of sugars sum and dry matter, with excellent gustatory qualities and Povislaya, which is prominent for really high amount of dry matter and high sugar sum, were distinguished. The main stages with maximal quantity of strong interconnections between weather factors and indices of biochemical composition of the mostly varieties of fruit were differentiated, in particular: the sum of effective temperatures during the period from July to August, the sum of effective temperatures separately for July and separately for August and hydrothermal index for June.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF APPLE FRUITS OF ALTAI VARIETIES AS A SOURCE OF NUTRITIOUS AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

A comparative analysis of the varietal variability of the fruits of 71 varieties of apple trees of Altai selection in terms of biochemical composition, according to generally accepted methods using statistical variation analysis based on long-term research, was carried out. Correlations were revealed between the content of chemical elements depending on other characteristics of the fruit and the period of ripening. The average content of soluble dry matter in fruits is from an average 15.5% in summer varieties to a high 16.2–16.3% in varieties with autumn and winter ripening. On average, the content of total sugars in fruits is high and varies insignificantly from 12.7 to 12.9%, the content of titratable acids in fruits is high – 1.0%. The content of ascorbic acid is higher in fruits of varieties with summer ripening and is 24.0 mg / 100 g, with autumn – 19.6 mg / 100 g, with winter – 22.0 mg / 100 g. As a result of selection for the qualitative improvement of fruits apple trees in Altai revealed a negative correlation of the biochemistry of the fetus, depending on its size for all indicators. Fruits of a significant part of varieties created in Altai have good taste, of which 27 have a sugar-acid index of 15–25. The fruits of the varieties Alpek, Altai Velvet, Altai New Year, Altai ruddy, Altai sweet, Gornoaltayskoe, Zolotaya taiga, Pepinka Altai have a very high sugar content of more than 15%, a high value of the sum of sugars – in fruits of 59 varieties from 10.0 to 14.9%. Varieties with high biochemical characteristics are their sources in breeding for improved biochemical composition of fruits.

Influence of nanofertilizers on the yield and quality of broccoli hybrids in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To study the features of the productivity formation of broccoli hybrids depending on the methods of application of “5 element” nanofertilizer in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical.Results. With the introduction of “5 element” nanofertilizer, the head diameter of the ‘Batavia F1’ hybrid increased from 16.6 (var. 2) to 18.3 cm (var. 8), while in the control this indicator was 15.9 cm. The biggest head diameter in the hybrid ‘Orantes F1’ 18.9 and 18.7 cm was noted with foliar feeding with “5 element” nanofertilizer in the phase of 4–6 leaves + beginning of head formation + 10–12 days after the beginning of head formation and in the phase of the beginning of head formation + 10–12 days after the beginning of head formation. Accordingly, in the aforementioned variants, the head mass was 901 and 863 g, which is higher than the control (without treatment) by 166 and 128 g, or 22.3 and 17.4%.The highest yield of the ‘Batavia F1’ hybrid was obtained in 8 and 7 variants of the experiment – 33.5 and 31.9 t/ha, respectively, the yield increase was 5.2 and 3.6 t/ha, or 18.4 and 12.7%. In the hybrid ‘Orantes F1’ the highest yield (37.1 t/ha) was recorded when applying the “5 element” nanofertilizer in the 8th variant of the experiment, which is 6.6 t/ha higher than the control, or 21.6%. Compared to the ‘Batavia F1’ hybrid, the yield in this variant of the ‘Orantes F1’ hybrid was 3.6 t/ha, or 9.7%. The diameter and weight of the head, as well as the yield of the hybrid ‘Orantes F1’ were larger compared to the hybrid ‘Batavia F1’, due to its biological characteristics. A strong correlation (r = 0.97 and 0.96) was revealed between the yield and the diameter of the broccoli head in the ‘Batavia F1’ and ‘Orantes F1’ hybrids. The quality indicators of broccoli (dry matter, sum of sugars and vitamin C) in the ‘Orantes F1’ hybrid were higher compared to the ‘Batavia F1’ hybrid. A tendency towards a decrease in the concentration of nitrates in the heads of broccoli with an increase in the number of treatments with nanofertilizer “5 element” was revealed. The concentration of nitrates in the ‘Orantes F1’ hybrid was lower in all variants of the experiment in comparison with the ‘Batavia F1’ hybrid. The concentration of nitrates in the heads of broccoli in all variants of the experiment did not exceed TLV (400 mg/kg wet weight).Conclusions. With an increase in the number of foliar treatments with “5 element” nanofertilizer, the yield increased and the quality of broccoli hybrids improved. It was revealed that the yield of the ‘Orantes F1’ hybrid in all variants of the experiment was higher in comparison with the ‘Batavia F1’ hybrid. When applying nanofertilizer “5 element” in three stages – foliar feeding in the phase of 4–6 leaves + beginning of head formation + 10–12 days after the beginning of head formation – we got the highest yield of broccoli in the hybrid ‘Orantes F1’ – 37.1 t/ha, an increase over the control variant (without fertilizers) was 6.6 t/ha, or 21.6%. The ‘Batavia F1’ hybrid had a yield of 33.5 t/ha, an increase over the control variant – 5.2 t/ha, or 18.4%.

The influence of the production system on the composition of phytochemicals in Prunus domestica L. fruit

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the production system (organic and integrated) on the composition of sugars, organic acids and phenolics of the fruits ‘Čačanska lepotica’ and ‘President’ plum (Prunus domestica L.). The analysis results show a significant influence of the cultivar on the composition of sugars, organic acids, phenolics and 3 subgroups of phenolics (hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins and flavonols) and the specific response of the cultivar to the production system. In organic fruits, a higher content of hydroxycinnamic acids, cyanidin-3-glucoside, rutin and a lower content of cyanidin-3-rutinoside was found. Furthermore, the summer cultivar ‘Čačanska lepotica’ reacted to the organic production system with a higher content of sucrose, sorbitol, sum of sugars, shikimic acid, fumaric acid, sum of anthocyanins, individual flavonols and sum of flavonols. The production system influenced the cyanidin-3-glucoside/cyanidin-3-rutinoside ratio and the composition of sugars and flavonols in ‘Čačanska lepotica’.

Aliphatic organic acids and sugars in seven edible ripening stages of juçara fruit (Euterpe edulis Martius)

In this study, citric acid, malonic acid, malic acid, fructose, and glucose were detected by a capillary electrophoresis system in seven edible ripening stages of juçara fruits. Citric acid (275.4–500.1 mg 100 g−1) was the dominant aliphatic organic acid (AOA), followed by malonic (184.9–298.4 mg 100 g−1) and malic acids (74.77–93.65 mg 100 g−1). Fructose was the most abundant sugar (0.84–1.09 g 100 g−1), followed by glucose (0.69 to 0.97 g 100 g−1). Principal components analysis demonstrated a clear grouping of later edible ripening stages (5, 6, and 7) due to the high values of citric and malonic acids, sum of quantified AOA, and acidity. In addition, stages 2, 3, and 4 were grouped due to the higher levels of glucose, fructose, and the sum of sugars. Thus, our findings can contribute with information to optimize the harvest time of juçara fruits, suggesting that the fruits harvested from 17 to 30 days after the appearance of red fruits in the bunches are sweeter and less acidic.

Biochemical evaluation of berries of new red currant varieties for their further use in breeding to improve chemical fruit composition

In the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (RRIFCB), twenty-one new red currant varieties with a number of commercially valuable traits and high adaptive potential were created for the period of 1984-2018. The chemical composition of berries of these varieties was studied by the main components: soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds as well as Ratio (sugar-acid index) was calculated. Widespread European varieties Hollandische Rote and Jonkheer van Tets were taken as standards. Genotypes that exceeded average values were revealed by each studied biochemical component. A signifi cant part of the RRIFCB breeding varieties accumulated more than 50.0 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid in berries. In varieties Marmeladnitsa, Niva, Podarok Pobeditelyam, Selyanochka and Ustina this parameter was higher than 60.0 mg/100g. The amount of phenolic substances was higher than the average value (more than 450 mg/100g) in varieties Asya (629 mg/100 g), Marmeladnitsa (466), Niva (473), Osipovskaya (435), Podarok Pobeditelyam (664), Premiyera (538), Selyanochka (593), Ustina (453) and standard Jonker van Tets (484 mg/100 g). Such red currant varieties as Vika, Marmeladnitsa, Orlovchanka and Osipovskaya had high parameters by several components. Varieties Asya and Selianochka were revealed by all studied components: soluble solids (Brix %) – 11.6 % and 12.9 %; sum of sugars – 2.23 % and 2.25 %; ascorbic acid – 54.0 and 62.9 mg/100 g; anthocyans – 95 and 85 mg/100 g; sum of P vitamin – 629 and 593 mg/100 g; Ratio – 3.5 and 4.1, respectively. Varieties Rosa and Bayana with pink and white berries, respectively, were characterized by high Ratio and taste.

INFLUENCE OF PARTIAL SPUR LEAVES REMOVAL ON FRUITLET SHEDDING, FRUIT QUALITY AND SHOOT GROWTH IN APPLE TREES AS A BASIS FOR MECHANICAL THINNING

Knowledge of the physiology of natural fruitlet shedding is especially important to insure thinning efficiency in apple production. The effect of partial spur leaf removal on shedding, as well as on fruit quality and bourse shoot growth, was investigated. Removing spur leaves increased shedding, while there was no effect of partial leaf removal on mature fruit quality in terms of weight, firmness and sum of sugars, detected by HPLC-RI and resulted in lower contents of citric, fumaric and shikimic acids, detected by HPLC-UV. Growth of bourse shoots was poorer in treatments with leaf removal. To summarize, a decreased number of spur leaves caused more intensive fruitlet abscission and poorer bourse shoot growth but had no negative influence on fruit size. These results show the potential use of decreasing spur leaf area to stimulate more intensive natural shedding to support fruitlet thinning, which could be used in combination with prospective mechanical thinning.

The field and laboratory study of the collection samples of onion breed Allium cepa L.

Thirteen collection samples of Allium cepa L. of different ecology-geographical origin grown in the Crimea conditions are given. Morphometric characteristics of the bulbs - the form index, the diameter, the height, the weight, the thickness and the quantity of rich skins are analyzed. The greatest output of standart production (90 - 95.6%) was observed for all breeds. The biochemical values of the Allium cepa L. samples under study were examined by the traditional methods. It is marked that the dry substances, the sugars sum, the mono- and disaccharides in the majority of the samples exceed the standart (Yaltinsky rubin) on 14 - 39%, 11 - 48% and 36 - 150% correspondently. The samples with the high concentration of essential oil are singled out: Yaltinsky rubin (Crimea), Tavrichesky (Crimea), Blood red flat (Netherlands) and Brown Beauty (USA) - 4.5, 6.2, 5.6 and 4.4% correspondently. The microsculpture of Allium cepa L. leaf was studied by the method of raster electron mi-croscopy and the essential breed differences of the stomata quantity and their arrangement towards the leaf level were distinguished. The results of electron-microscopic research indicate the different level of Allium cepa L. samples adaptability. Allium cepa L. samples under study of the southern subspecies are recommended for the development of the new breeds with the advanced nutritional qualities.