Sulfate Suspension Research Articles

BARIUM SULFATE BRONCHOGRAPHY IN HORSES

Barium sulfate bronchograms were performed on four 454‐kg (1000‐lb), adult, mixedbreed horses. Approximately 100 ml of 100% w/v premixed barium sulfate suspension was insufflated into a caudodorsal portion of one lung. Excellent bronchograms were obtained through six generations of bronchial divisions. Bronchograms of diagnostic quality were present for at least 30 minutes. Radiographs at 24 hours showed that most of the barium had been removed from the lung. At 48 hours, tiny barium nodules were essentially all that remained. One hundred and thirty milliliters of barium sulfate initially resulted in overfilling of the bronchial tree and prolonged retention of the contrast medium. Six weeks after bronchography, histopathologic examination of the perfused fixed lungs of two horses showed a very mild inflammatory response to the barium. One of the four horses received two barium sulfate bronchograms. This horse was observed and found to be free of any side effects for 15 months after the second bronchogram.

In Vivo Barium Microangiography in the Mouse

Barium microangiography is an accepted method for study of the microcirculation. Nonetheless, no method has been previously described for use in mouse models of renal microangiopathy. Using a midline abdominal approach on each of seven anesthetized A/J mice, we inserted a No. 27 lymphangiogram needle into the infrarenal aorta. Using a Harvard pump, the animals were perfused first with 20 ml of 1% glutaraldehyde, then 20 ml of 10% barium sulfate suspension, at 150 mmHg constant pressure. Kidney sections were radiographed onto high-resolution glass plates. Photomicrographs of these images were then enlarged to 5 x 7-inch prints, from which we derived our observations. We observed the normal branching pattern of the renal microcirculation. Mean interlobular artery diameter was 31.89 +/- 2.12 micron SD. Afferent arterioles tapered to a mean preglomerular diameter of 13.55 +/- 1.64 micron. Mean glomerular area was measured to be 2945 +/- 233 sq micron. We have developed a method of renal barium microangiography in the mouse. Desirable features of the technique include its performance on living animals and resolution sufficient to permit objective measurements of microvascular structures.

Etude cinéradiologique quantitative de la motricité antrale

The quantitative determination of antral motility from X-ray pictures was studied in 12 normal fasting subjects whose average age was 25. A sequence of 10 pictures was obtained while the subjects were lying prone, in apnea during 30 sec, and after drinking a barium sulfate suspension. The sinus and antral surfaces were quantitatively determined by a videoplanimeter. The antral area decreased from a relaxed state to 50 p. 100 in 10.4 +/- 2.8 sec and completed emptying in 23.1 +/- 3.6 sec. The maximal surface included a portion of the sinus and was evaluated in a range of 5.5 to 12 cm2. The relaxed period was very short. A coefficient to evaluate the contractile efficiency of the antrum is given by the product of total surface variation per gastric period.

The double contrast meal--new high density barium sulphate powders.

It is clear that there is continuing interest by radiologists in methods of carrying out double contrast barium meals (Saxton, 1977). It is also clear that many radiologists have been disappointed by the results obtained using methods described in the literature. I believe that there are two main reasons for this disappointment: (a) most writers have described rather elaborate, inflexible and time-consuming methods of examination; (b) the barium sulphate preparations currently used give poor mucosal coating. These two reasons are interrelated—poor barium sulphate suspension means that a longer contact with the mucosa is necessary to achieve even reasonable coating. Paralysing agents are thus used to delay gastric emptying in order to prolong the mucosal contact, to assist in uniform distension and to diminish unwanted peristalsis. These are desirable effects but the advantages are outweighed by the consequent increase in time for examination which we have measured to be in excess of 50%. The other problem which has deterred many radiologists is the difficulty in getting consistently good mucosal coating using presently available barium sulphate suspensions even with paralysing agents.

The effect of hyperthyroidism on gastric emptying rates and pancreatic exocrine and biliary secretion in man.

Malabsorption and diarrhea in hyperthyroidism has been attributed in part to an increased rate of gastrointestinal transit as measured with barium sulfate suspension. Data are unavailable on the effect of hyperthyroidism on gastric emptying rates of normal food and pancreatic enzyme secretion. These functions have been studied in 4 hyperthyroid patients and compared to results obtained when treatment achieved euthyroidism. Pancreatic trypsin secretion was half the euthyroid level in the hyperthyroid state. No significant change in bile salts occurred, although there was a tendency for a greater proportion of dihydroxy bile salts while hyperthyroid. Gastric emptying rates of a mixed fat, protein, and carbohydrate liquid meal were normal. Similarly the gastric emptying rate of a beef stew plus chicken liver meal was normal. We conclude that in hyperthyroidism gastric emptying rates of "physiologically active" food is normal. Pancreatic enzyme secretion is depressed in hyperthyroidism and may contribute to maldigestion.

Microradiographic demonstration of pyelolymphatic backflow in the porcine kidney.

Pyelolymphatic backflow occurs when intrapelvic pressure rises acutely. Although peripelvic and hilar lymphatics have occasionally been demonstrated during intravenous urography and retrograde pyelography, the patterns of intrarenal microlymphatic filling have not previously been studied radiographically in multipapillary kidneys. Microradiography was performed after retrograde ureteral injections of barium sulfate suspension in recently excised pig kidneys. Contrast filled the ducts of Bellini and extended in a retrograde fashion as far as the distal convoluted tubules. Intrarenal cortical and corticomedullary microlymphatics, as well as veins, filled following forniceal rupture and interstitial extravasation. These anatomic studies suggest that the renal lymphatics may function as an alternate pathway of drainage of an acutely obstructed kidney.

The radiographic density of plastic materials (author's transl)

The relative radiographic densities of the basic ingredients and commercially available plastic materials were studied with the help of a water phantom. Surprisingly, the relative radiographic density showed a wide spectrum from 0.25 to 7.0, as is shown in an extensive table. Particles with a relative radiographic density of greater than 4.0 can be identified over the lumbar spine. Particles with a density of less than 0.5 as well as greater than 1.5 can be seen in the soft tissues of the hand at 50 kv. All known plastics have higher radiographic transparency than the barium sulphate suspensions used for gastro-intestina examinations.

Scanning electron microscopy of the spreading of barium sulfate suspensions on the gastric mucosa of the rat. Effect of wetting agents, bile salt and lecithine.

Scanning electron microscopy was performed on the rat stomach mucosa after application of BaSO4 and three barium-containing commercial contrast media. The degree of flocculation was assessed; flocculation could be prevented by using synthetic wetting agents and by physiologic, natural emulsifiers, sodium taurocholate and lecithine.

A comparative double-blind study of esophageal barium pastes

To demonstrate esophageal varices barium sulfate suspensions must coat the lower esophagus for as long as 5 to 10 minutes. This study compared the ability of five barium sulfate preparations to resist disappearance by inadvertent swallowing. Three of the special preparations for esophageal examination, Esophatrast, Barosperse Esophageal Paste, and HD-5000 performed satisfactorily. Examiner skill, persistence, and careful technique are the most important factors in examining the lower esophagus. The authors' procedure for examination of the esophagus for varices is described. It takes into account position, time, phase of respiration, occasional use of drugs, and procedures to insure good coating and relaxation of the lower esophagus.

Optimum viscosity of barium suspension for use in the double contrast barium meal.

The effect of viscosity of barium sulphate suspensions on coating was assessed by glass slides as in vitro, and the rat as in vivo models. It was found that below a certain viscosity (as measured by a cup viscometer) coating was impaired. As increasing viscosity is associated with increasing bubble retention and, eventually, when very high viscosities are reached, poor surface flow of suspension, it is recommended that the viscosity of the medium employed should be kept within a narrow range, approximately equal to 70% w/v Baritop, 80% Micropaque, 115% E--Z-paque, 150% Barosperse, or 200% HD 200.

A slow conformation change in the transient state kinetics of soluble ATPase of yeast mitochondria

Received 6 June 1977 1. Introduction Soluble ATPase of mitochondria is now an accepted component of the enzyme system catalyzing oxidative phosphorylation. According to the hypothesis of Boyer and Slater [ 1,2] a conformational transition of the enzyme protein is expected to be involved in ATP synthesis and the kinetic resolution of the ATPase reaction should give further insight into the mechanism of energy conservation in oxidative phosphorylation. The high purity of an ATPase preparation obtained in this laboratory [3] allowed to analyze the transient state kinetics of the hydrolytic reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. We here report that the catalytic process can be resolved into two steps, one of which is a slow conformational transition with a time constant of the order of 10 see-’ followed by a steady state hydrolysis with a turnover number of 200 set-‘. A preliminary report of this work was given elsewhere [4]. 2. Material and methods The soluble ATPase was prepared according to [3]. The specific activity of the enzyme was about 150 U/mg. The turnover number is given under the assumption of three active sites on the enzyme. The overall activity was determined in an ATP regenerating assay system as given elsewhere [ 51. For stopped flow experiments the enzyme protein was obtained from a stock solution and transferred to the appropriate buffer by spinning down the ammonium sulfate suspension of the enzyme, dissolving the pellet in the desired buffer and passing it through a Sephadex G-50 column preequilibrated with the same buffer. The enzyme was used immediately after this treatment in order to avoid significant activity loss occurring in the complete absence of ATP. Protein concentrations are based on a molecular weight of 400 000 [3]. ATP was obtained from Boehringer, Mannheim, E-ATP from Sigma and AMP-PNP (&y-imidoadenosine-5’-tri- phosphate) as well as phenolred from Serva, Heidelberg. All other chemicals were of the purest grade commercially available. The concentrations of ATP, E-ATP, AMP-PNP and phenolred were determined by absorbancy measurements in a Zeiss PMQ II photometer. Stopped flow experiments using phenolred as indicator were carried out with an instrument described elsewhere [6]. The proton release was evaluated by converting the obtained absorbancy changes of the indicator at 560 nm to proton concentrations liberated in the reaction using buffer-capacity of the system. The results were consistent with the end-point of the reaction as calculated from the total amount of ATP present in the reaction mixture. Experiments using the fluorescence change of E-ATP Mn(II) were performed with a Durrum stopped flow instrument connected to a Digital Storage oscilloscope (Nicolet Instrument Corporation Model 1074) allowing signal averaging. Here, the quenching effect of Mn’+- ions upon the fluorescence of E-ATP allows one to follow the reaction [7]. ATP forms a more stable complex with Mn”-ions than ADP, thus changing the amount of nucleotide present as manganese complex at constant manganese-concentrations.

Observations on the behaviour of barium sulphate suspensions in gastric secretion.

A number of barium sulphate suspensions showed varying patterns of stability when provoked with gastric secretion. The stability of the suspensions was affected by the pH, the mucin content and the volume of secretion used. These studies indicate that flocculation of the suspension in the presence of gastric residue decreases as the amount of undiluted barium sulphate in the mixture is increased.

Microangiographic observations on the uterine and maternal placental vasculature in early human pregnancy

Four patients at 12 to 16 weeks' gestation were admitted to the hospital for legal abortion and sterilization. Because of large uterine myomas, hysterectomy was performed. Three intact pregnant uteri thus obtained were successfully perfused through the arteries or veins with a barium sulfate suspension. The filled vascular compartments were studied with microangiography and histologic methods. Arterial perfusion freely filled all the myometrial vessels and the intervillous space and also demonstrated the wide thin-walled veins which drain the latter. Morphologic evidence suggests that these veins are important in transporting humoral substances from the fetoplacental unit to the myometrium. Venous perfusion did not lead to filling of the intervillous space, probably because the dilated veins within the myometrium and decidual plate produced increased intrauterine pressure.

The role of blood platelets in pulmonary responses to microembolization with barium sulphate.

AbstractIntravenous administration to cats of a barium sulphate suspension caused a temporary and marked increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance. On repeated infusions there was a gradual decrease in this pulmonary response. At the same time there occurred a marked fall in the number of circulating blood platelets. Another group of cats were made thrombocytopenic beforehand by treatment with anti‐platelet serum In such cats infusions of barium sulphate gave no or very weak pulmonary vascular response. The presence of a certain number of circulating blood platelets is thus necessary for barium sulphate infusions to have their marked effects on the pulmonary circulation. It appears that the essential effect of barium sulphate in this connection is to cause blood platelet alterations, with aggregation and probably a subseqent release of vasoactive materials.

The acid-barium test as an index of intermittent gastro-oesophageal reflux.

The common symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux are heartburn and regurgitation and these are often readily recognizable. Reflux is also one of the causes of several other symptoms, e.g. globus pharyngis, chronic laryngitis and pulmonary fibrosis, and the knowledge that reflux is present may be of paramount clinical importance in these conditions. Conventional radiographic tests of reflux during barium meal examinations are unreliable, and pH monitoring and manometric tests are not practicable for routine use. In the acid-barium test, oesophageal peristalsis is observed during perfusion with barium sulphate suspension containing 0·35 per cent hydrochloric acid (pH 1·7). Delayed emptying and non-peristaltic contractions are the indicators of a positive test. The test was done in 350 patients and the results compared with the clinical evidence of reflux. The test correlated only moderately well with the clinical features, mainly because of unexpected positive tests in patients without other evidence of reflux. The reasons for this are discussed, and it is concluded that although the test detects sensitivity of the oesophagus to acid perfusion, a positive test does not necessrily indicate symptomatic reflux. Within limitations the test is of value in concert with clinical and other radiological tests, and because of its simplicity and safety, may be a useful screening test in selecting patients in need of more sophisticated and tedious tests of oesophageal function.

Removal of contaminating protein from high titre virus suspensions to be used in the production of antisera for immimofluorescence

A method is described for the removal of contaminating (endogenous) protein from high titre virus suspension. The method depends upon adsorption of the virus to barium sulphate suspension at 37° C and its subsequent elution at 4° C into sodium citrate solution.

An angiographic study of the structure and function of the uterine and maternal placental vasculature in the rabbit.

Summary. The uterine and maternal placental vasculature of the rabbit has been studied by serial angiography after selective catheterization of the urogenital artery or the corresponding vein and in specimens injected with barium sulphate suspension and gelatin. The uterus is supplied with blood through long, spiral arteries. Some of these perfuse the myometrium whilst others enter the placentae, opening into large arterial sinuses which supply the labyrinth through wide efferent vessels. It is suggested that blood pressure is reduced and pulse pressure damped during passage of the blood through the spiral arteries and that the function of the sinuses is to raise the lateral pressure and reduce the linear velocity, so that a slow even perfusion of the placental labyrinth can be achieved. Cross connections between the spiral arteries and a plexus of finer arterial vessels beneath each placenta enable redistribution of blood flow between the myometrium and placentae. In addition, there are probably arteriovenous anastomoses in pregnant as well as non-pregnant uteri. A sphincter mechanism in the placental feeding arteries is postulated to prevent intrapartum haemorrhage after delivery of the placentae and possibly to regulate maternal placental blood flow during pregnancy. Total uterine blood flow was estimated to be about 30 ml/min. Circulation time through the myometrium was much less than that through the placenta.

Movement of segmental constrictions in the human colon.

Changes in the segmental pattern of opaque contents in the transverse colon among patients with diverticulosis were observed by means of time-lapse cinefluorography after ingestion of barium sulphate suspension. In some of them the muscular constrictions separating the opaque masses of bowel contents were seen to relax and later to re-form in a different spatial relationship to fixed points on the bowel wall represented by the necks of diverticula. In other instances ring contractions moved progressively along the bowel wall, temporarily occluding the necks of any diverticula they passed. Bowel contents were seen to be transported ahead of the advancing constrictions at varying rates and in either direction.

Contamination of barium sulfate suspension.

HomeRadiologyVol. 97, No. 1 PreviousNext Technical NotesContamination of Barium Sulfate SuspensionJohn R. Amberg, June Deboer UngerJohn R. Amberg, June Deboer UngerJohn R. AmbergJune Deboer UngerPublished Online:Oct 1 1970https://doi.org/10.1148/97.1.182MoreSectionsPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In AbstractThree incidents of contamination of barium sulfate suspension are presented. Periodic monitoring and prophylactic measures are recommended to prevent the dangers inherent in this situation.Article HistoryAccepted: Oct 1970Published in print: Oct 1970 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited BySome technical aspects in the demonstration of gastric lesionsSeminars in Roentgenology, Vol. 6, No. 2Recommended Articles RSNA Education Exhibits RSNA Case Collection Vol. 97, No. 1 Metrics Altmetric Score PDF download

Radiological Detection of Lactose Malabsorption

Gudmand-Höyer, E. & Folke, Kirsten, 1970. Radiological Detection of Lactose Malabsorption. Scand. J. Gasslroent. 5, 565-571.In 10 patients with lactose malabsorption and in 23 controls the small intestine was examined radiologically with a barium sulphate suspension to which 25 g lactose or sucrose had been added. Dilution of the contrast medium and accelerated intestinal passage was found in all patients with lactose malabsorption, but in patients with ileostomy the intestinal passage was not accelerated. In gastrectomized patients and in patients with diffuse intestinal damage the diagnostic value of a positive finding is doubtful. Apart from these groups the examination seems suitable as a diagnostic procedure, but especially valuable as a screening test.