Sulfate Suspension Research Articles

302. 胃部造影用バリウム剤に必要な特性について(第 5 報) : 胃部二重造影バリウム像の分類(バリウム造影剤)

302. 胃部造影用バリウム剤に必要な特性について(第 5 報) : 胃部二重造影バリウム像の分類(バリウム造影剤)

The Intraosseous Blood Supply of the Fifth Metatarsal: Implications for Proximal Fracture Healing

Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal can be divided into two distinct groups based on anatomical location and clinical course. Fractures of the tuberosity often heal well with nonoperative treatment, whereas fractures occurring in the proximal diaphysis (up to 1.5 cm distal to the tuberosity) have significantly increased risk for delayed union or nonunion. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the intraosseous vascular anatomy of the fifth metatarsal, and the clinical implications for basilar fracture healing. Ten fresh-frozen amputation or cadaver specimens were studied following arterial injection with India ink or barium sulfate suspension. The intraosseous blood supply to the fifth metatarsal tuberosity arose from numerous metaphyseal vessels penetrating the nonarticular surfaces of the tuberosity in a random, radiate pattern. The blood supply to the proximal diaphysis was derived primarily from the nutrient artery, which gave rise to longitudinal intramedullary branches. The arterial supply to the tuberosity joined the supply of the proximal diaphysis in the area just distal to the tuberosity, corresponding to the region of poor prognosis for fracture healing. This suggests that a relative lack of blood supply following a proximal diaphyseal fracture may contribute to delayed union and nonunion.

304. 注腸用硫酸バリウム造影剤の検討(第 9 報) : バリウム粒子の粒度分布と付着について(バリウム造影剤)

304. 注腸用硫酸バリウム造影剤の検討(第 9 報) : バリウム粒子の粒度分布と付着について(バリウム造影剤)

305. 注腸用硫酸バリウム造影剤の検討(第 10 報) : 造影剤の粘度と浸透圧について(バリウム造影剤)

305. 注腸用硫酸バリウム造影剤の検討(第 10 報) : 造影剤の粘度と浸透圧について(バリウム造影剤)

The value of barium as a gastrointestinal contrast agent in MR imaging: a comparison study in normal volunteers.

Preliminary data suggest that barium sulfate suspension is a potentially useful negative gastrointestinal contrast agent for MR imaging. To evaluate this hypothesis in a controlled fashion, abdominal and pelvic MR studies of 10 normal volunteers were performed before and after both oral (600-900 ml) and rectal (400 ml) administration of barium. Standard spin-echo coronal T1-, axial T1-, proton density-, and T2-weighted images were obtained at 1.5 T. Images obtained were randomized and interpreted by three observers, who evaluated bowel visualization and delineation of normal anatomy. Bowel segments evaluated were stomach, duodenum, proximal small bowel, proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum. Anatomic structures examined were pancreatic head, pancreatic body, pancreatic tail, retroperitoneum, spleen, liver, pelvic side walls, uterus, vagina, bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles. Data concerning barium tolerance and safety were recorded. Descriptive, percent change, and kappa statistics were analyzed. Pairwise agreement techniques and repeated measures analysis of variance were performed. This statistical assessment showed a significant improvement in both bowel visualization (59-123% improvement, depending on the segment) and delineation of normal anatomy (23-68% improvement, depending on the structure) after barium administration, particularly on T1-weighted images. In addition, barium was a well-tolerated and safe contrast agent that did not produce artifacts. Our results show that barium sulfate is a useful negative gastrointestinal contrast agent for MR because it improves bowel visualization and delineation of abdominal anatomy, particularly on T1-weighted sequences.

Rectal barium in pelvic MR imaging: Initial results

Pelvic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is limited by lack of an effective bowel contrast agent. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of rectally administered barium sulfate as a contrast agent in pelvic MR imaging. Thirty-two patients were studied retrospectively to evaluate anatomic definition of the rectosigmoid colon. A commercially available barium sulfate suspension was administered rectally in 19 patients. Thirteen patients were imaged without barium. In the latter patients, anatomic definition of the rectum and sigmoid colon was poor to fair with all pulse sequences. Delineation of the rectum and sigmoid colon improved in patients who received rectal barium, owing to distention and marking of the bowel by the predominantly low-signal-intensity barium. Barium is a safe, inexpensive negative contrast agent for bowel that may improve pelvic MR imaging.

A rapid turbidimetric method for the determination of total sulphur in zinc concentrate

A rapid, simple and reliable routine method for the determination of total sulphur in zinc concentrates, roasted products and leached residues from zinc smelters is described. The method involves the fusion of the ample with sodium peroxide and sodium carbonate or routine acid decomposition and dissolution to give soluble compounds. The absorbance of the barium sulphate suspension produced by the addition of barium chloride powder to a dilute hydrochloric acid solution of the sample, containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution as a dispersing agent, is measured at 420 nm. The results obtained for some zinc concentrates and other products are compared with those obtained by the conventional gravimetric barium sulphate method. Results for a reference zinc concentrate and other samples with various matrices and the results obtained with standard additions to the samples are good.

Upper gastrointestinal examinations: a radiographic study of clinically normal beagle puppies

A total of 24 upper gastrointestinal examinations were performed on four weanling beagle puppies over six weeks, using liquid barium (10 ml/kg bodyweight of 60 per cent w/v barium sulphate suspension] and barium food (8 g/kg of crushed kibble dog food and 7 ml/kg bodyweight of 60 per cent w/v barium sulphate suspension) as contrast media. The radiographic appearance was similar to that noted in adult dogs except for the consistent location of the pylorus on or near the midline. Duodenal pseudoulcers were seen more often with liquid barium and the caecal shadows were identified more often with the longer examination time with barium food. The stomach of the puppies appeared to have discriminatory emptying function; that is, semi-solid food was emptied from the stomach at a slower rate (210 to 450 minutes) than liquid (60 to 90 minutes). Solid meals emptied faster in puppies than in adult dogs. Dosages of 13 to 15 mg/kg bodyweight for the liquid barium examination and 14 g of ground kibble and 16 ml of barium sulphate suspension per m2 of body surface area for the barium food examination are suggested as more appropriate for contrast studies in puppies.

522. 胃部造影用バリウム剤に必要な特性について(第 4 報) : 発泡剤成分による造影効果への影響(単純撮影-7 消化管系造影剤)

522. 胃部造影用バリウム剤に必要な特性について(第 4 報) : 発泡剤成分による造影効果への影響(単純撮影-7 消化管系造影剤)

High density barium sulphate as an MRI oral contrast

High density barium sulphate suspension was investigated as an oral contrast on MRI. On 30 consecutive subjects, the stomach (in all cases) and the two first portions of the duodenum (in 21 cases) were filled with the suspension. This oral contrast behaved as a negative contrast, being hypointense on all pulse sequences (spin-echo T 1-weighted, spin-echo T 2-weighted and STIR). This characteristic is probably due to the low proton density of the suspension (260 ± 40). Since barium sulphate is inexpensive, harmless and available on all radiologic departments, it is recommendable in MRI studies of the liver and head of the pancreas.

Gefäßarchitektur der Haut im Mikroangiogramm post mortem

To demonstrate the detailed vascular architecture of the skin, barium sulphate suspension was injected into the arteries of nine amputated lower limbs. Sections of skin from the foot were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin and then examined by high resolution radiography. Subsequently histological sections were prepared and correlated with the micro-angiographic appearances. This technique provided demonstration of the detailed vascular structure of the skin with very little super imposition. The capillary loops in the papillae, the sub-papillary plexus, the glandular components (with the capillaries surrounding the sweat glands), the fine arteries and smallest veins in the cutis could be demonstrated over a prolonged course. Microangiographic and histologic sections were carried out in parallel. These eliminated artifacts and clarified the micro-angiographic appearances. The value of microangiography for demonstrating the vascularity of the skin under normal, pathological and experimental conditions is the subject of further studies.

Barium sulfate suspension as a negative oral MRI contrast agent: In vitro and human optimization studies

In vitro proton spectroscopy with line-width measurements and MR imaging were performed on various concentrations of commercially available single contrast (SC), double contrast, oral and rectal barium sulfate suspensions, as well as potassium sulfate, barium chloride, barium hydroxide, and 97% pure barium sulfate suspensions. Approximately 500 ml of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 70% w/w suspensions of SC oral barium sulfate suspensions were administered to four normal volunteers, respectively, and MR images were obtained at both 1.5 T and 0.15 T. Subsequently, 500 ml of 60% w/w suspensions of SC oral barium sulfate suspensions were administered to five normal volunteers and imaged at 1.5 T. All of the inert suspensions produced line-width broadening but the SC oral barium sulfate suspension at 50% and 70% stayed in suspension even after hours of standing undisturbed. As much as 80% of the small bowel and the entire colon were well visualized using the combination of 60% or 70% w/w SC barium sulfate suspensions with SE 550/22 and FISP pulse sequences. The effect was less at 0.15 T and also with the SE 2000/45/90 pulse sequences. We conclude that barium sulfate suspensions are useful as oral MRI contrast agents.

Histopathologic findings and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis of experimentally induced foreign-body pneumonias in rats.

To document the diagnostic features of foreign-body pneumonias, four commonly used orally administered medicaments were instilled into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats in each group received a single 0.4 ml dose of either barium sulfate suspension (BaSO4), mineral oil, Pepto-bismol, or Kaopectate inoculated into a lung via a mainstem bronchus. The other lung served as a non-inoculated control. Rats were euthanatized on post-inoculation day 2 or 7 in order to document fully-developed acute pulmonary lesions and developing, chronic pulmonary lesions, respectively. Light microscopic features of BaSO4-inoculated lungs were distinctive from changes in mineral oil-inoculated lungs at both post-inoculation days. On post-inoculation day 2, rats inoculated with BaSO4 had pneumonia characterized by large numbers of alveolar macrophages containing green-to-brown granular material. There was minimal interstitial involvement. On post-inoculation day 2, mineral oil caused pneumonia characterized by giant cells and alveolar macrophages that had cytoplasms distended with variably-sized clear vacuoles. Lungs inoculated with BaSO4 or mineral oil had changed little on post-inoculation day 7 compared to the light microscopic features observed on day 2. On post-inoculation day 2, rats inoculated with either Pepto-bismol or Kaopectate had broncho-interstitial pneumonia with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. On post-inoculation day 7, lungs inoculated with Pepto-bismol or Kaopectate had extensive fibrosis within alveolar lumens. Energy dispersive spectroscopy performed on sections of lung from rats given BaSO4, Pepto-bismol, and Kaopectate yielded a unique elemental spectrum for each compound in situ on post-inoculation days 2 and 7.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Neovascularization in Recurrence of Varices of the Great Saphenous Vein in the Groin: Phlebography

A method of improving radiologic definition in phlebography of recurrent varicose veins in the groin is described. Before injection of contrast material, venous return from the distal part of the limb was temporarily suspended by inflating a tourniquet surrounding the lower part of the thigh to a level higher than the systolic pressure. Toward the end of the injection procedure the patient performed a valsalva maneuver. Phlebography showed that the recurrent varices were more frequently in continuity with the great saphenous vein than collateral to it. Their tortuous or irregular outline did not usually correspond in position or appearance to normal tributaries of the vein. Radiographs of excised great saphenous vein injected with barium sulfate suspension showed that the valves of tributaries proximal to the site of surgical interruption of the vein remained competent. The findings provide further evidence of neovascularization in recurrence of varices of the great saphenous vein at the site of transection.

An Investigation of the Routes of Venous Drainage from the Bone Marrow of the Human Tibial Diaphysis

The routes of venous drainage from the diaphyseal marrow of the human tibia have been investigated by roentgenologic techniques following perfusion with an aqueous barium sulphate suspension. Plain roentgenographs immediately after perfusion revealed that the dye promptly escaped from the marrow into the general systemic circulation through a number of large transcortical routes. The periosteal veins were shown as a delicate network of venules lying on the external surface of the shaft. The perfused dye appeared diffusely scattered throughout the whole width of the medullary canal and extended from metaphysis to metaphysis suggesting the marrow to be an open circulatory system with ill-defined boundaries. A central venous sinus, as commonly perceived, was not demonstrated. Microradiographs revealed an extensive network of cortical sinusoids and venules that were continuous with similar vessels within the marrow and on the external surface of the bone. The injected dye also perfused the haversian venules. Intersinusoidal shunts, fine efferent vessels that did not combine to form larger venules, were observed within the marrow. The principal nutrient veins and their radicles were not demonstrated by this technique.

Biological dosimetry at the tissue-barium sulphate interface: a jejunal crypt survival assay.

Barium sulphate suspensions (BSS) used in gastrointestinal radiography consist of barium microparticles which adhere to the mucosa of the digestive tract, forming a tissue–BSS interface. When irradiated, the interface, which separates two media of different atomic constituents, alters the dose distribution in its immediate vicinity. This interface effect is influenced not only by the atomic compositions and the physical dimensions of the media but also by the quality of radiation (Dutreix & Bernard, 1966). Our in-vitro biological dosimetry has shown a five- to six-fold increase in dose at the interface when the cells were irradiated with 250 kVp X rays in close contact with a thin layer of BSS (Tokita et al 1986). To evaluate the tissue–BSS interface effect in vivo, an intestinal crypt survival assay was carried out using barium-fed mice.

The effect of oral magnesium-containing bowel preparation agents on mucosal coating by barium sulphate suspensions.

Alteration in the quality of mucosal coating by barium sulphate suspension observed during double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) examinations when an oral magnesium-containing purgative (Picolax) was used as sole bowel preparation has been investigated in vivo. Small amounts of Picolax were found to produce a linear increase in apparent viscosity and thixotropy, due to flocculation. The effect of equivalent concentrations of acid was significantly less (p less than 0.01), and of magnesium chloride was significantly greater (p less than 0.05), whereas magnesium citrate was comparable to Picolax, demonstrating the deflocculating effect of citrate on the flocculating action of magnesium ions. It is suggested that colonic residue from orally ingested magnesium-containing purgatives may contain sufficient magnesium ions to increase viscosity of the barium suspension and visibly affect its coating during DCBE.

Radiographic features of gastritis using the biphasic contrast technique

Gastritis is a group of inflammatory disorders that can be diagnosed radiographically. The optimum radiographic examination of the stomach is the biphasic-contrast technique, which includes the use of a medium-dense barium sulfate suspension and a hypotonic agent. Knowledge of the forms of gastritis, a careful application of biphasic-contrast technique, and a perceptive evaluation of information will help the radiologist to detect this entity with great frequency.

SMALL INTESTINAL EMPTYING TIME IN NORMAL BEAGLE DOGS

Gastric emptying time and small intestinal transit time in dogs are frequently discussed. However, it is often of interest to the radiologist to know what normal small intestinal emptying times should be. A total of 15 upper gastrointestinal studies was performed on five internal parasite‐free, normal, standard Beagle dogs with three studies on each dog, 6 days apart. The ages and weights of the dogs ranged from 2–8 years and from 12.4–13.7 kg, respectively. Following 24‐hour fasting, a dose of 10 ml/kg bw of 60% wt/vol barium sulfate suspension was administered through a stomach tube. Then, sequential radiographs were made at 30‐minute intervals until the entire contrast medium column was in the colon and cecum. The mean, standard deviation, and range of gastric emptying time, small intestinal transit time, and small intestinal emptying time were 76 ± 16.7 (30–120), 73 ± 16.4 (30–120), and 214 ± 25.1 (180–300) minutes, respectively. This study offers the possibility that small intestinal emptying time may be used to further evaluate patients with suspected small intestinal partial obstruction, pseudo‐obstruction, ischemia, or lymphangiectasia.

Physical and biological dosimetry at the barium sulphate-culture medium interface.

Barium sulphate suspensions (BSS) used in gastrointestinal radiography consist of barium sulphate microparticles which coat the mucosal surface of the digestive tract. The amount of BSS which adheres to the mucosa depends upon the procedure employed, the type of BSS, the amount and dilutions used, and the surface properties of the mucosa (Gelfand & Ott, 1982). These barium microparticles, once taken internally, penetrate deeply into the intestinal mucosa, even into the crypts between villi (Simmonds & James, 1976), forming tissue-barium interfaces. An interface between a solid metal and a tissue when irradiated yields a region of overdosage at the proximal interface and an underdosed region at the distal side (Dutreix & Bernard, 1966). However, suspended barium (atomic number (Z) = 56) microparticles release secondary electrons in all directions when irradiated, resulting in overdosage regions on both sides of the interface. In this communication, we report the measurement of doses at regions proximal and...