Sugar Levels Research Articles

Oral Anti-Diabetic Semaglutide: A GLP-1 RA Peptide

T2DM has emerged as a global disorder. Although there are many treatment options available for T2DM patients, still several patients complaint about inadequate blood sugar levels. Diabetes management is not limited to just lowering of blood glucose level, it needs a multifactorial approach in treatment. Glucagon- like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are a new category of T2DM drugs that acts on various targets such as body weight reduction, renal and cardiovascular benefits. Despite of being so beneficial the major drawback of semaglutide has been its subcutaneous route of administration. Majority of the patients are unable to continue semaglutide for long because of their reluctance towards daily injectable. To avoid this oral semaglutide is introduced. Oral semaglutide is a GLP- 1RA which is displays high glycaemic control. However, in order to increase its bioavailability, it needs to be co formulated with sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzyol] amino) caprylate (SNAC). Oral semaglutide has gone through a very intense series of clinical trials known as, Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment (PIONEER). These trials have established benefits of oral semaglutide regarding reduction in glycaemic levels and body weight. It is deemed to be fit for regular consumption. In this review we discuss many aspects of oral semaglutide such as, its chemical structure, route of administration, challenges associated with the oral form of semaglutide, dosage, mechanism of oral bioavailability, robust indications, its placement in the line of defence, drug- drug interaction, various clinical trials (Phase trials and PIONEER studies) including their results. It also summarizes the benefits of oral semaglutide beyond glycaemic control and some future scope of research in the field.

Analysis of lettuce transcriptome reveals the mechanism of different light/dark cycle in promoting the growth and quality.

Light/dark (L/D) cycle plays a crucial role in controlling the production and quality of vegetables. However, the mechanism of L/D cycle on vegetable growth and quality is scarce studied. To investigate the impact of L/D cycle on lettuce growth and quality, we designed three diel scenarios, including 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness (L16/D8), 12 hours of light and 6 hours of darkness (L12/D6), and 8 hours of light and 4 hours of darkness (L8/D4). By phenotypic analysis, we found that lettuce grew taller under the L8/D4 scenario than under L16/D8 light cycle scenarios. The physiological indexes showed that the lettuce leaves grown in the L8/D4 scenario exhibited greater enhancements in the levels of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and carotenoid content compared to the other scenarios. By comparing the expression levels under different diel scenarios (L16/D8 vs L12/D6, L16/D8 vs L8/D4, and L12/D6 vs L8/D4), we identified 7,209 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Additionally, 3 gene modules that were closely related to L/D cycle of lettuce were selected by WGCNA analysis. The eigengenes of three gene modules were enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, sphingolipid metabolism, and nucleocytoplasmic transport pathways. Through network analysis, we identified six hub genes (CIP1, SCL34, ROPGEF1, ACD6, CcmB, and Rps4) in the three gene modules, which were dominant in plant circadian rhythms and greatly affected lettuce growth. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the diurnal response patterns of the 6 hub genes in different treatments were significant. This study intensively enhanced our comprehension of the L/D cycle in the growth morphology, nutritional quality, and metabolic pathways of lettuce.

Profiling of Antidiabetic Bioactive Flavonoid Compounds from an Edible Plant Kudzu (Pueraria lobata).

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, known as kudzu and used as a "longevity powder" in China, is an edible plant which is rich in flavonoids and believed to be useful for regulating blood sugar and treating diabetes, although the modes of action are unknown. Here, a total of 53 flavonoids including 6 novel compounds were isolated from kudzu using multidimensional preparative liquid chromatography. The flavonoid components were found to lower blood sugar levels, promote urine sugar levels in mice, and reduce the urine volume. Molecular docking and in vitro assays suggested that the antidiabetic effect of kudzu was attributed to at least three targets: sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2), protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B), and alpha-glucosidase (AG). This study suggests a possible mechanism for the antidiabetic effect that may involve the synergistic action of multiple active compounds from kudzu.

Diabetic retinopathy incidence, predictors and its association with longitudinal fasting blood sugar level changes among diabetes mellitus patients in Ethiopia: joint model.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global public health problem characterized by an elevated blood glucose level. Monitoring blood sugar levels is vital for effective diabetes management and preventing complications. However, the association between longitudinal biomarkers and the incidence of diabetic complications is often overlooked. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the incidence of diabetic retinopathy, predictors, and association with longitudinal fasting blood sugar level changes among diabetes mellitus patients in Ethiopia. A multicenter retrospective follow-up study was carried out in referral hospitals in Amhara region, Ethiopia. A random sample of 462 newly diagnosed DM patients was selected. The proportional hazard assumption was checked for the survival sub-model, and for the longitudinal sub-model, the normality assumption was checked. Then the joint modeling with time-dependent lagged parameterizations was fitted. Model assumptions and comparisons were checked. Finally, the hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) with a corresponding P-value<0.05 was used to identify predictors. In this study, Overall, 54 patients developed DR, and the incidence rate was 2.33 per 1000 person-months over the follow-up period, with a 95% CI of [1.78, 3.05]. Rural residence (AHR = 2.21, 95% CI: [1.21, 4.05]), hypertension co-morbidity (AHR = 3.01, 95% CI: [1.85, 6.53]), and longer duration of DM (>5 years) (AHR = 2.28, 95% CI: [1.91, 5.15]) were important predictors for the incidence of DR. In addition, the incidence of DR was substantially correlated with the time-dependent lagged value of FBS change (AHR = 4.20, 95% CI [1.62, 10.85]). In this study, the incidence of diabetic retinopathy was somewhat high when compared to prior similar studies in Ethiopia. A joint model of longitudinal fasting blood sugar level changes was significantly associated with an increased risk of DR. Besides, being rural residence, hypertension co-morbidity, and a longer duration of DM were significant predictors for the incidence of DR. Therefore, public awareness, an integrated care approach, and prioritizing glycemic control are highly recommended.

Sports Performance and Intermittent Fasting: Impact on Training and Results, Mechanisms and Health Benefits in Weight Management, Metabolic Health, and Chronic Diseases – A Review of Risks, Current Evidence, and Future Research Directions

Introduction: Intermittent Fasting (IF) has become a popular method in the contemporary medical world as an up-to date technique of the health and wellbeing in the last several years. Purpose: This research aims to investigate the both impact of IF on sports performance and therapeutic potential of IF on cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases with focus on obesity, diabetes and impact on cardiometabolic risk. State of Knowledge: Intermittent fasting has been found to extend both life and health span by positively impacting weight management, reducing the risk of cardiovascular incidents, promoting cellular repair, and exhibiting anti-inflammatory actions. It improves blood sugar levels, provides protection against hepatosteatosis, enhances lipid metabolism and has beneficial effects on the brain-gut-microbiome system. IF leads to improved mental performance and offers benefits for neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's, and multiple sclerosis IF has shown beneficial effects on body composition and lean muscle mass without compromising physical performance nor impair strength. However, concerns about nutritional deficiencies, sustainability, and social implications are evident. Common drawbacks of IF include feelings of hunger, irritability, fatigue and hypoglycemia risk. IF is not recommended for pregnant woman and individuals suffering from eating disorders. Conclusions: IF is as a promising tool alongside traditional therapeutic strategies, particularly for addressing obesity, diabetes, and managing cardiovascular risk. For athletes it is a valuable tool in managing fat-mass particularly combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT). However it is not recommended for certain groups. The diverse landscape of IF patterns, coupled with drawbacks, underscores the necessity for long-term research before routinely recommending IF for athletes and patients.

The Relationship between Levels of Knowledge and Anxiety on Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients at RSAU dr. Siswanto

Introduction: Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels in the urine due to disruption of metabolism due to the production and function of the hormone insulin not running as it should. Diabetes can cause psychological problems including anxiety levels and even stress. Patients with diabetes mellitus who have high knowledge can maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle behavior so that blood sugar levels can always be controlled. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between knowledge level and anxiety to blood sugar levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus at RSAU dr. Siswanto. Method: This study is a quantitative research with a correlational approach. The population in this study is 64 people with diabetes mellitus at RSAU dr. Siswanto Karanganyar for the period of March 2024. The sampling technique uses total sampling, so that the number of samples in this study is 64 patients. The instrument used in this study is in the form of a questionnaire. To analyze bivariate data using the Kendal's tau test. Result: The results of the research analysis on the relationship between knowledge level and blood sugar levels obtained a significance value of 0.001 less than 0.05. The results of the research analysis on the relationship between anxiety and blood sugar levels obtained a significance value of 0.031 less than 0.05. The results of the multivariate test showed a significance value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05 and an Fcal value of 30.475. Conclusion: there is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and blood sugar levels of patients with diabetes mellitus in RSAU dr. Siswanto Karanganyar. There was a significant relationship between anxiety and blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus in RSAU dr. Siswanto Karanganyar. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and anxiety on blood sugar levels of patients with diabetes mellitus in RSAU dr. Siswanto Karanganyar.

Microplastics in soil affect the growth and physiological characteristics of Chinese fir and Phoebe bournei seedlings

Pot experiments were conducted using Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) and Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang) to investigate whether soil microplastics adversely affect the nurturing and renewal of plantations. Microplastics composed of polyethylene and polypropylene with a size of 48 μm were used. The treatments included a control group (without microplastics) and groups treated with microplastic concentrations of 1% and 2% (w/w). The effects of microplastics on the growth, photosynthetic pigments in leaves, antioxidant systems, and osmotic regulation substances of the seedlings were analysed by measuring the seedling height, ground-line diameter growth, chlorophyll (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll) contents, antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase) activities, and malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, and soluble protein levels. The results indicated that treatment with 1% polyethylene microplastics increased the chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and soluble protein contents in the leaves of both types of seedlings while inhibiting superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in P. bournei seedlings. Treatment with 2% polyethylene or polypropylene microplastics suppressed the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents; superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities; and soluble sugar and soluble protein levels in the leaves of both types of seedlings, resulting in reduced growth in terms of height and ground-line diameter. The physiological effects of polyethylene microplastics were more evident than those of polypropylene at the same concentration. The results demonstrated that microplastics can affect photosynthesis, the antioxidant system, and osmotic regulation in Chinese fir and P. bournei seedlings, thereby inhibiting their normal growth and development. Exposure to 1% (w/w) microplastics triggered stress responses in seedlings, whereas 2% (w/w) microplastics impeded seedling growth.

Examining the Impact of a Behavior Modification Program on Disease Prevention Behaviors among Individuals at Risk of Diabetes: A Quasi-Experimental Investigation.

This study aimed to develop and test a behavior modification intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among at-risk individuals. The primary goal was to compare diabetes prevention behaviors and fasting blood sugar levels between the intervention and comparison groups. This study utilizes a quasi-experimental design to develop a behavior modification intervention for preventing diabetes. It involves two groups, each with pre- and post-intervention assessments, comprising 60 at-risk individuals equally divided into intervention and comparison groups. The 8-week intervention includes components like risk assessment, dietary skill enhancement, exercise, stress management, and social media platforms (data recording training, follow-up visits, reminders, and visual aids). Data collection includes self-administered questionnaires and blood sugar level measurements. Statistical analysis involved paired t-tests for within-group comparisons and independent t-tests for between-group differences. The findings showed that the intervention group achieved significantly higher average scores in nutrition, exercise, and stress management, and had significantly lower average blood sugar levels compared to the comparison group. These results suggest that healthcare providers and policymakers should develop community health programs and public health policies that incorporate integrative care, leverage social media platforms, and foster collaboration with other health professionals to improve outcomes for individuals at risk of T2DM.

Mildew invasion: Deciphering its influence on primary metabolites and microbial dynamics in fermented cigar tobacco ecosystems

This study aimed to elucidate the impact of mildew on the quality of fermented cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) and identify potential biomarkers. Chemical constituents, microbial communities and metabolites in healthy CTLs (HCTLs) and mildewed CTLs (MCTLs) were systematically analyzed. Compared with HCTLs, the moisture, reducing sugar and total nitrogen contents of MCTLs increased, but the levels of starch, protein, total sugar and carbon-nitrogen ratio decreased. Mildew significantly altered flavor profiles, with 31 volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) and 9 free amino acids (FAAs) showing significant differences. Furthermore, the richness and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities decreased with mildew. The core functional microorganisms, including Pseudomonas, Pectobacterium, Aerococcus, Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Colletotrichum were screened. Notably, 2 chemical components (total acid, reducing sugar), 3 VFCs (2-undecanone,6,10-dimethyl, myosmine, 1-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)ethenone), and 4 FAAs (Asp, Ile, Val, Gly) were proposed as biomarkers indicating mildew tendency in fermented CTLs. These findings provide theoretical foundation for optimizing cigar production.

Factors Related to the Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in the Kebon Baru Primary Health Center in South Jakarta in 2020

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a health problem encountered in Indonesia as well as in the world, it can be seen from the number of sufferers that continues to increase every year. Data from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) shows that the number of people with Diabetes Mellitus in 2015 has reached as many as 415 million people and increased in 2017 to 425 million people worldwide. The Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) showed an increase in the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia from 6.9% in 2013 to 8.5% in 2018. At the Kebon Baru Health Center, Diabetes Mellitus was among the top 10 diseases in 2019 with 529 cases. Various counseling programs to prevent non-communicable diseases are carried out, the priority program is by organizing the Chronic Disease Management Program (Pronalis) and by counseling. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the factors associated with the incidence of Diabetes Mellitus at the Kebon Baru Community Health Center, South Jakarta, in 2020. Method: This study used a quantitative approach with cross sectional design by analyzing the secondary data of the monthly report of Non-Communicable Diseases at Kebon Baru Primary Health Center in 2020. These data were collected in 2020 and analyzed in 2021. Result: The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus at Kebon Baru Primary Health Care in 2020 was 16.5% with the average blood sugar level of 153 mg/dL. The variables that were proven to have a relationship with the incidence of Diabetes Mellitus were the variable age with a p value of 0.001 (OR 3.15; 95% CI 1.56-6.36) and the variable history Diabetes Mellitus with a p value of 0.00 (OR 5.3; 95% CI 2.74-10.37). Conclusion: Patients who go to Kebon Baru Primary Health Care at the age ranging from 45 years and over have a 3.15 times risk of suffering from Diabetes Mellitus than those in the age group under 45 years. In addition, patients who go to the Kebon Baru Primary Health Center and have family members suffering from Diabetes Mellitus have a risk of 5.33 times to suffer from DM than those who do not.

Diabetes Management: Herbal Remedies and Emerging Therapies

Abstract: Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting millions worldwide, characterized by inadequate insulin production or malfunctioning insulin action, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Its prevalence is escalating globally, with estimates projecting a rise from 2.8% to over 5.4% of the world's population by 2025. In India, diabetes poses a significant health challenge, especially in urban areas. While conventional medications are widely available, herbal remedies have gained popularity due to their potential for fewer side effects and lower costs. Herbal remedies have been employed for centuries in diabetes management and have been extensively studied for their blood sugar regulatory properties. Prominent herbs studied for their potential to manage diabetes include gymnema, cinnamon, fenugreek, and bitter melon. These herbs are believed to enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose absorption in the intestines, and improve glucose metabolism. This review highlights emerging alternative treatment options, such as stem cell therapy and gene therapy, in the field of diabetes management. Stem cell therapy aims to regenerate insulin-producing cells or enhance their function, while gene therapy targets the underlying genetic factors contributing to diabetes. These innovative approaches hold promise for more effective and personalized treatments in the future. It is essential to emphasize that any diabetes treatment or remedy should be discussed with a healthcare professional. Diabetes management requires a personalized approach based on individual needs and medical history. The integration of herbal remedies and alternative treatment options into conventional diabetes management warrants further research to determine their efficacy, safety, and potential for widespread implementation

Intake of Dark and Milk Chocolate Differently Affects Autonomic Nervous Control of the Heart During Rest and Mental Stress

Objective Chocolate is a popular food that may affect the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a single dose of dark or milk chocolate on ANS cardiac control during rest and mental stress induced by the Stroop test (ST). Methods Healthy participants, divided into DARK or MILK chocolate groups, ingested corresponding type of chocolate (1 g/kg body weight). They underwent measurement of ANS during relaxation and ST before and 2 h after chocolate consumption. ANS control was assessed by determination of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability using parameters related to complex autonomic modulation (TP, SDNN) or primary vagal modulation (HFnu, RMSSD). Results HR was always increased during ST in both groups. Relaxation HR values after chocolate ingestion were higher only in the DARK chocolate group. During ST, values of TP, SDNN and HFnu decreased before and after chocolate ingestion in the DARK group, but only before chocolate ingestion in the MILK group. RMSSD values decreased during ST before and after chocolate ingestion in both groups. Relaxation TP, RMSSD and HFnu values after chocolate ingestion were lower in the DARK but not in the MILK group. Conclusion The results suggest that even a single dose of milk chocolate attenuates changes in ANS cardiac control induced by mental stress, whereas a single dose of dark chocolate has an activating effect on the heart via modification of ANS cardiac control at rest. Different levels of sugars and cocoa biologically active compounds in the two types of chocolate could explain the observed effects.

Physiological and biochemical characterisation of split and healthy Daisy mandarin (Citrus reticulata Burm.) fruits

ABSTRACT Fruit splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder that has a significant impact on Daisy mandarin fruit production, posing challenges to farmers in terms of productivity and economic viability. Despite its impact, no prior research on fruit splitting in Daisy mandarin has been conducted. This study aimed to assess the effect of fruit splitting on quality, morphological characteristics, biochemical composition and nutrient content in Daisy mandarin. In 2022, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on both split and healthy Daisy mandarin fruits, budded on Rough lemon rootstock, to investigate their morphological characteristics, biochemical characteristics, mineral content and cell wall components. Additionally, the study examined the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), cellulase (Cx) and polygalacturonase (PG). The Results indicated that split fruits exhibited larger fruit size and weight and increased water content in both the fruits and peel compared to healthy fruits. However, split fruits had thinner peel thickness and lower peel content. The peels of split fruits also contained higher level of total soluble sugars, amino acids, and proline content. Furthermore, the peels of split fruits displayed much higher activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes than those of healthy fruits. The nutrient analysis of the split fruits revealed a decrease in boron, calcium and potassium content in the peel compared to healthy fruits. The study provides crucial insights into the mechanisms underlying fruit splitting, identifying biochemical and physiological differences between split and healthy fruits. These findings offer valuable information for developing strategies to mitigate fruit splitting, enhancing fruit quality and reducing economic losses for citrus growers. Future research should explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to fruit splitting and investigate potential interventions to improve nutrient management and fruit integrity in Daisy mandarin cultivation.

Isolation of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors from the Panamanian Mangrove Plant Mora oleifera (Triana ex Hemsl.) Ducke.

Panama boasts an expansive mangrove area and stands as one of the most biodiverse countries in America. While mangrove plants have long been utilized in traditional medicine, there are still unstudied species whose potential medicinal applications remain unknown. This study aimed to extract bioactive compounds from Mora oleifera (Triana ex Hemsl.) Ducke, an understudied mangrove species. Through bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract, we isolated seven active compounds identified as lupenone (1), lupeol (2), α-amyrin (3), β-amyrin (4), palmitic acid (5), sitosterol (6), and stigmasterol (7). Compound structures were determined using spectroscopic analyses, including APCI-HR-MS and NMR. Compounds 1-7 displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme, with IC50 values of 0.72, 1.05, 2.13, 1.22, 240.20, 18.70, and 163.10 µM, respectively. Their inhibitory activity surpassed acarbose, the positive control (IC50 241.6 µM). Kinetic analysis revealed that all compounds acted as competitive inhibitors. Docking analysis predicted that all triterpenes bonded to the same site as acarbose in human intestinal alpha-glucosidase (PDB: 3TOP). A complementary metabolomic analysis of M. oleifera active fractions revealed the presence of 64 compounds, shedding new light on the plant's chemical composition. These findings suggest that M. oleifera holds promise as a valuable botanical source for developing compounds for managing blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Positively Correlates with Hyperglycemia and Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Patients: A Clinical Research Study.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common comorbidity in COVID-19 subjects. Hyperglycemia at hospital admission identified as a major risk factor and is responsible for poor prognosis. Hematological and inflammatory parameters have been recognized as predictive markers of severity in COVID-19. In this clinical study, we aimed to assess the impact of hyperglycemia at hospital admission on hematological and several inflammatory parameters in COVID-19 patients. A total of 550 COVID-19 subjects were primarily categorized into two major groups (normoglycemic and hyperglycemic) based on random blood sugar levels. On the first day of hospitalization, subjects' oxygen saturation, random blood sugar, hematological variables, and inflammatory parameters were recorded. The hyperglycemic group exhibited higher levels of serum ferritin, total leukocyte count (TLC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neutrophil count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). In contrast, oxygen saturation and lymphocyte count were lower compared to the normoglycemic group. Significantly elevated levels of hematological variables (TLC, neutrophil count, NLR) and inflammatory parameters (serum ferritin) were observed in the hyperglycemic group. Among inflammatory parameters, only serum ferritin levels showed statistical significance. This study supports the clinical association between hyperglycemia and an increased severity of COVID-19. Consequently, the identification of these parameters is a crucial and valuable prognostic indicator for assessing disease severity in hyperglycemic subjects.

Correlation between platelet metrics and cardiovascular risk in prediabetes with coronary artery disease: A two-year cross-sectional study

ObjectivesPrediabetes is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), as even a 1% increase in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) may increase CAD severity and associated mortality over ten years. A definite association exists between platelet indices, CAD, and diabetes mellitus. Although research has demonstrated an association between CAD and prediabetes as well as platelet indices, there have been no attempts to assess the association of platelet indices in prediabetic patients who are at risk of CAD. MethodsA cross-sectional study took place between 2019 and 2020 in the medical department of a rural medical college located in Central Maharashtra, India. A total of 180 patients with prediabetes and documented CAD on coronary angiography were enrolled in this study. For all participants, platelet indices, blood sugar levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, lipid profiles, and anthropometric measurements were recorded, and then statistical analysis was conducted. ResultsMean platelet volume had a substantial positive correlation with HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, postprandial blood sugar, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio, with correlation coefficients of 0.2, 0.173, 0.219, 0.218, 0.234, 0.165, 0.182, and 0.164, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between platelet distribution width and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level, with a correlation coefficient of −0.373. ConclusionPlatelet indices, which are routinely available through standard clinical investigations, can effectively predict the risk of CAD in prediabetic patients. Their strong association with multiple risk factors allows for enhanced prognosis and facilitates early intervention planning for CAD in this high-risk group.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kele (Brasica oleracea var. sabellica) Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehide, Profil Gula Darah, SGOT, dan SGPT Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan Yang Diinduksi Aloksan

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to a lack of insulin or caused by insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of kale leaf extract on blood sugar levels, SGOT, SGPT, MDA, and rat liver histology induced by alloxan. This study used 3 months old adult rats weighing 200-300 grams. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and for each treatment, there were 5 replications. Five treatments consisted of K- as a negative control (given 0.2 ml NaCl), K + as a positive control (given alloxan dose 120 mg / kg BW), P1 (given alloxan dose 120 mg / kg BW and kale leaf extract 250 mg / kg BW), P2 (given alloxan dose of 120 mg / kg BW and 500 mg / kg BW of kale leaf extract) and P3 (given alloxan dose of 120 mg / kg BW and kale leaf extract of 1000 mg / kg BW). The treatment given to male rats was carried out for 28 days. Furthermore, checking blood sugar levels, SGOT, SGPT, and MDA The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS 15.0 program. The results showed that giving kale leaf ethanol extract at a dose of 1000 mg/kg BW was the most effective in reducing levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), blood sugar levels, SGOT, SGPT, and liver in alloxan-i

Penerapan Progressive Muscle Relaxation Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di RSUD Dr Moewardi Surakarta

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia which leads to serious complications. One physical activity that can be applied is progressive muscle relaxation, which focuses on sequentially tightening and relaxing muscle groups resulting in controlled blood glucose levels so that holistic treatment is needed. Objective: To determine the results of the application of Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) to reduce blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus at RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta. Method: This research is a type of qualitative descriptive research with a case study approach (Case Study). The design for this application was a control group design which was applied to 1 respondent with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Results: Based on the results of this application, it was found that blood glucose levels decreased after Progressive Muscle Relaxation was carried out, which was indicated by the number of high glucose levels decreasing. Comparison before and after applying Progressive Muscle Relaxation, before being given the application of PMR high blood sugar levels were 415 mg/dl and after being given the application of PMR 2 times a day (morning and evening) for 3 consecutive days normal blood sugar levels were 173 mg/dl etc. Conclusion: Blood sugar levels before the application were given were high and after the application was given the patient's blood sugar levels were normal.

Clinical Features, Investigative Profile and Association with Metabolic Syndrome in Facial Acanthosis Nigricans: A Case–Control Study in Indian Patients

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to study the clinical profile and laboratory abnormalities in patients with facial acanthosis nigricans (FANs). The significance of FAN as a marker of insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components was determined by comparing with controls without FAN. Materials and Methods: Fifty clinically diagnosed cases of FAN of all ages and both sexes were enrolled. Age- and sex-matched obese patients without FAN were included as controls. Waist circumference, blood pressure and body mass index were measured. Venous samples were taken from all patients and controls for measuring fasting glucose level, fasting insulin levels and fasting lipid profile. Statistical analysis was done using the Chi-square test and unpaired t-test. Results: The prevalence of hypertension, dysglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, elevated Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) and MS was significantly higher in cases of FAN than controls (P &lt; 0.05). The mean levels of fasting blood sugar, HOMA-IR, hypertension, high-density lipoprotein and serum triglycerides were significantly higher in patients of FAN than controls (P &lt; 0.05). The odds ratio for FAN cases developing MS was determined to be 5.31. Conclusion: FAN may be considered as a significant clinical marker of IR with increased risk for MS and its component when compared to controls. All patients with FAN should be considered for a thorough biochemical workup to rule out MS. In all detected cases, it is prudent to initiate prompt remedial measures including lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy to prevent long-term morbidity and mortality.

Overexpressing the PRSS1 Protein Specifically in the Pancreatic Islets by Nano-Celery Provided Protection against Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Male Rat

The goal of this study was to find out how giving whole barley grain to rats that had been given streptozotocin (STZ) affected lipid peroxidation (LPO), the activities of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes, and the production of insulin genes in the pancreas. A single shot of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) caused diabetes in the experiment. The oxidative stress was measured by the amount of LPO in the tissue, the amount of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR enzymes in erythrocytes. The most important things that were seen in diabetic control rats were higher blood sugar and LPO levels, lower GSH levels, and lower enzyme functions. When diabetic rats (group G2) were given barley seed whole grain by mouth for 30 days, their LPO level dropped significantly compared to rats that were given STZ (group G3). Furthermore, diabetic rats (group G4) that were fed barley had higher levels of both enzyme- and non-enzymatic antioxidants, as well as higher levels of insulin and regeneration (PRSS1) genes, compared to diabetic normal rats (group G2). The results make it clear that oxidative stress plays a part in causing diabetes and suggest that adding barley to an animal's diet might help protect them.