Substitution Policy Research Articles

Импортозамещение в высокотехнологичном секторе как фактор устойчивого развития и модернизации транспортного комплекса России

The relevance of the article is due to Russia's desire to counteract the sanctions imposed by the United States and its satellites and rely on its own financial and economic resources. The subjects of the research are the policy of import substitution and its impact on the modernization of the country's transport complex. The purpose of the work is to identify key problems and promising areas for the implementation of import substitution policy in high–tech sectors of the economy as factors of sustainable development and modernization of the Russian transport complex. It is noted that in order to achieve this goal, it is advisable to use an import substitution policy in high-tech industries, which are characterized by a high intensity of internal costs for research and development, a large proportion of workers with higher education, as well as higher innovation activity. It is determined that at present the modernization of the transport complex is largely determined by the development of high-tech sectors of the economy. The interrelation of sustainable economic development and the results of import substitution is substantiated, problems and promising areas of import substitution policy in high-tech sectors of the Russian economy are identified, and the degree of influence of import substitution policy on the development of the Russian transport complex is assessed. The expediency of forming responsible production has been established, which minimizes the negative impact of the activities of economic activities on the environment and allows to prevent the technological lag of the national economy and serves as the basis for the modernization of the transport complex through the use of domestic equipment and vehicles for the development primarily of aviation, rail, water and road transport.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПРОЕКТА ПО ПРОИЗВОДСТВУ СОКОВ В АО ФИРМЕ «АГРОКОМПЛЕКС» ИМ. Н. И. ТКАЧЕВА

This article discusses a project to create a production line for the production of juices at the JSC company “Agrokompleks” named after N. I. Tkachev. The purpose of the economic feasibility study of the project to create a technological line for the production of juices for the JSC company “Agrokompleks” named after N. I. Tkachev is to assess the prospects for the implementation of this proposal by calculating the investment base, determining the payback period in view of the current economic situation and the effectiveness of the entire project as a whole. Since increasing the level of competitiveness and strengthening the position in the industry is closely interconnected with investment activity, we have developed and economically justified a project for creating a production line for the production of juices. The relevance of the project is due to the fact that the products of foreign manufacturers are currently being sold on local markets, since due to unfavorable circumstances the Russian Federation has lost a dense network of distribution channels and was subject to sanctions pressure, the state supports domestic entrepreneurs and promotes a policy of import substitution. Based on the above, it is worth noting that the development of such a project will allow us to occupy a stable position in the selected market segment, diversify the funds of JSC company “Agrokompleks” named after N. I. Tkachev and make a profit from the sale of juice products. For the most vivid presentation, we have developed and reflected a diagram of the production line for the production of juice products, which will be integrated into the production process of JSC company “Agrokompleks” named after N. I. Tkachev. The article also makes the corresponding calculations of indicators: net present value, payback period, profitability index, which reflects the effectiveness of the introduction of product innovation. In addition, calculations related to the study of the financial results and resource base of the JSC company “Agrokompleks” named after N. I. Tkachev. Finally, findings from the effectiveness and implementation of the selected project are described.

Змістові характеристики та особливості інвестиційної привабливості роздрібної торгівлі

The article updates the issues of providing retail trade entities with investments, including in conditions of instability caused by the consequences of the full-scale war. The purpose of the study is to generalize and further develop the content characteristics and features of the investment attractiveness of the retail trade industry. The approaches of leading scientists regarding the definition of the substantive characteristics of the concept of "investment attractiveness" are summarized. The author's definition of the concept of "investment attractiveness of the retail industry" as a combination of institutional, economic, organizational, psychological and other conditions that provide incentives for increasing volumes and improving the structure of investments is substantiated and provided. It was concluded that during the formation and implementation of the State policy in this area, the peculiarities of the functioning and development of retail trade should be taken into account. The specifics of retail trade are determined in accordance with the leading macroeconomic functions of this industry – exchange of labor results for money, satisfaction of consumer needs for goods and services, impact on the balancing of the internal market and socioeconomic development, stimulation of the development of the production and consumption sectors. In accordance with the specified functions of retail trade, the features of the investment attractiveness of this branch of the national economy have been determined. Among them are the high capacity of the domestic market, developed production sector, transport and logistics infrastructure, high quality of life and purchasing power of the population, access to transport and logistics infrastructure, implementation of local economic development programs, effective economic policy of import substitution, development of local integrated systems, presence of competition and free market, cooperation of trade and subjects of the consumer services system, cooperation with the IT sector, activation of the consumer lending segment.

Directed work on breeding of high-blooded rabbit litters in the rabbit breeding laboratory of Belgorod GAU

The rabbit is one of the most common types of laboratory animals used in a number of experimental studies in general biology, medicine and veterinary medicine. And today, the most actively discussed strategy is the policy of import substitution as a factor in ensuring the growth of domestic agribusiness, and of course rabbit breeding is the most promising and rapidly developing industry. Therefore, we believe that the creation of crossbred rabbits of domestic selection that are not inferior in their characteristics to their European counterparts is an extremely urgent task, which served as the driver for the development of the issue of creating a highly productive herd of rabbits (high-blooded crossbreeds) in a relatively short time: until 2024. It should be noted that the selection process began in 2013 and systematically developed until the present time, when it became obvious and relevant for the development of the food cluster of the Belgorod region, including the work on the creation of a specialized, fully adapted line of rabbits. As a result of systematic selection work aimed at growth energy, milk production in rabbits and white dermis, we have a rabbit with a given phenotype (white color with a thickness of 9-15 microns in the area of the withers of the epidermis, dermis -250-350 microns, in accordance with the requirements for the production of resorbing membranes from dermis of rabbits for the dental industry), the live weight of male sires over 8 months of age on average is 4.8-5.8 kg, female rabbits - 4.7-5.5 kg. Today, the obtained economically useful characteristics are being stabilized and consolidated in the offspring.

Marketing audit is a tool for strategic development of an industrial company

The high-tech sector of the economy carries out marketing activities at the operational and strategic management level. The implemented import substitution policy actualizes the marketing expertise of the technical decisions taken. Technological audit is aimed at improving the competitiveness of a particular production. The results of the completed marketing audit determine the main directions of innovative changes in the production landscape. The authors propose a conceptual model of a marketing management system that integrates the results of the evaluation of marketing and technological audit and creates conditions for the release of innovative industrial products. Relationship marketing forms new criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of marketing activities, which is based on increasing the level of consumer perception of the brand. Strategic priorities for the development of industrial companies are based on a marketing platform and ensure the achievement of technological self-confidence.

Импортоемкость регионов российской экономики

In the pre-sanction period, foreign economic relations in Russia were growing in importance. While the country’s gross domestic product increased by 1.75 times in 2013 compared to 2000, imports increased by 5.7 times in comparable prices during this period. Despite actual and potential effects of comparative advantages, the growing dependence on foreign markets also had negative consequences. The study assesses the demand for imported goods, considering the existing interindustry relations in the Russian economy. The paper describes the first stage of comparison of direct and total costs for the Russian economy and presents mathematical tools used to calculate indicators of its import dependence. In the future, we are planning to extend this approach to examine the spatial economy of two macrozones, namely, the European and Asian parts of Russia. Statistics show that the direct import intensity of the Russian economy is approximately 6 %, which is less than the global average. The vertical specialisation index of about 11 % indicates a relatively low dependence of the export of domestic goods on imports. In 2014–2020, total import costs reduced the most in the pulp and paper industry (-5 %) and vehicle manufacturing industry (-3 %) mainly due to a decline in their import intensity. In general, the impact of forced import substitution turned out to be negative for most regions after 2013. The proposed methods can be used to forecast the trade balance and consequences of implementing various import substitution policies. Since that intermediate consumption flows are included in indirect and total costs, it is advisable to develop a methodology accounting for investment goods.

DIGITAL COLONIZATION AS A THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Today, digital transformation is one of the national goals of all developed and developing countries of the world. At the same time, mass digitalization also reveals negative consequences, which include the digital divide, the transformation of labor markets, the technocratization of the social and political spheres, etc., which largely stimulate the process of colonization com- ing from leading IT corporations and countries claiming the status of digital empires. In this vein, new tasks arise for states to ensure national security, due to the need to form sustainable digital sovereignty. This article is aimed at identifying the specifics, main problems and consequences of digital colonialization. The authors pay special attention to the US colonial policy in the context of understanding the phenomenon of digital empires; conceptual understanding of “digital sovereignty”; the risks of the digital age. The key research questions of the work are the following: What challenges does ultra-fast digitalization entail? How is the digital colonial policy formed and implemented? What are the main problems of digital colonialism? How to form and maintain sustainable digital state sovereignty? The significance of the presented study lies in the combination of theoretical approaches and real political practice, which makes it possible to characterize the whole variety of processes and effects of digital colonialization. In conclusion, the authors discuss the possibilities of import substitution in this area, and also offer practical recommendations for the implementation of the import substitution policy in modern Russia, emphasizing the need for a balanced development of the regulatory, legal, technological, competence, political, economic and managerial components of national digital sovereignty.

A Study on the Impact of Economic Policies on Consumers’ Behavioral Intentions on Cross-border E-commerce Platforms

Abstract Given the expanding high-level opening to the outside world, there is a potential correlation between consumers’ behavioral patterns on cross-border e-commerce platforms and economic policies. This paper proposes a model for extracting consumer behavioral willingness features based on a convolutional neural network with sentence vector improvements, which optimizes the effect of cluster analysis on consumer behavioral willingness. The extraction model is utilized to extract consumer behavioral willingness features, and the outcomes demonstrate that the proportion of consumption and recommendation willingness is 47.65% and 52.05%, respectively, with a positive clustering effect. The regression results show that consumers’ behavioral willingness to cross-border e-commerce platforms increases with their preference for free trade and mixed trade policies, with an impact coefficient of 0.095 and 0.096. The degree of free trade simultaneously influences consumers’ willingness to recommend, with an impact coefficient of 0.154. However, the import substitution policy has an impact coefficient of −0.078, indicating that consumers are less likely to recommend cross-border e-commerce platforms to others.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПРОЕКТА ПО ПРОИЗВОДСТВУ СОЕВОГО МОЛОКА

This article discusses a project for the production of soy milk in JSC Rassvet. The purpose of the economic justification of the soy milk production project for JSC Rassvet is to assess the prospects for the implementation of this proposal by calculating the investment base, determining the payback period due to the current economic situation and the effectiveness of the entire project as a whole. Since increasing the level of competitiveness and strengthening the position in the industry is closely interrelated with investment activity, we have developed and economically justified a soy milk production project. The relevance of this project is due to the fact that products from foreign manufacturers are currently being sold in local markets, since due to unfavorable circumstances, the Russian Federation has lost a dense network of sales channels and was subject to sanctions pressure, the state supports domestic entrepreneurs and promotes import substitution policy. Based on the above, it is worth noting that the development of such a project will allow you to take a stable position in the selected market segment, diversify the funds of JSC Rassvet and profit from the sale of alternative milk. Since this project for the production of soy milk provides for the creation of a new production line focused on the production of high-quality and environmentally friendly products, and in demand. Considering in this way, it should be known that the results of the study demonstrate high profitability and potential for further growth. The soy milk production project can be an important step in the strategic development of the enterprise and strengthen its position in the healthy food market.

Теоретические аспекты импортозамещения: многообразие подходов и противоречия

Under modern conditions of economic development of the countries, implementation of import substitution policy is one of the most urgent and priority areas of government activity. This trend is of current importance especially at present in the Russian Federation, whose economy and production are developing under the pressure of adverse factors (geopolitical instability, sanctions pressure, and etc.). All this makes consideration of already formed theoretical approaches and contradictions concerning implementation of import substitution goals relevant. The purpose of the research is to study theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "import substitution", identify contradictions in the opinions of the authors and formulate one’s own conclusions in understanding the essence of the process and influencing factors. The article uses such methods of scientific research as monographic method, abstract-logical method, comparison and correlation methods, and discussion analysis. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that a number of contradictory and versatile definitions of this term was formed in scientific literature, and contradictions are also observed in the study of its nature and essence. The author also concludes that it is necessary to take into account the whole range of factors that, to one degree or another, may affect the development of the economic and industrial sphere (social, economic, political, etc.) when studying the essence of import substitution.

Effect of Foreign Trade on the Economic Growth of Nepal

Foreign trade plays a crucial role in fostering economic growth through increasing innovation, efficiency, market expansion, and optimum use of resources. This paper attempts to deal with the effect of foreign trade on the economic growth of Nepal. This study is based on secondary data for the period of FY 1974/75 to 2021/22. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is used to check the stationary of variables. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach has been applied to establish the long-run relationship between dependent variables: GDP and independent variables, i.e. export and imports. Similarly, an Error Correction Model (ECM) has been conducted to check the speed of correction of short-term fluctuations to the long-run equilibrium. This study found a positive relationship between exports and the GDP of Nepal. However, there is a negative relationship between GDP and imports in Nepal. The negative and significant value of the ECM coefficient explains the equilibrium in the long run, even though there are some fluctuations in the short run. For high economic growth, Nepal should make a proper balance between an export growth strategy and an import substitution policy in foreign trade.

ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЕ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИЙ НЕДРУЖЕСТТВЕННЫХ СТРАН КАК ФАКТОР ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВА

In modern conditions of growing globalization, the interdependence of the national economies of different countries of the world is deepening, simultaneously with the specialization of each country in certain industries and products. However, the global interdependence of economies leads to a situation where changes in operating conditions in the foreign market of one country lead to significant economic problems in other partner countries. We can talk about the policy of protectionism and international sanctions. Analyzing the dynamics of imports in the context of the main importing countries, it was found that in 2021 there was a significant decrease in imports of goods from “unfriendly” countries, while imports from China increased by 47% and currently account for almost one-quarter of all imports. At the same time, it was noted that there is import dependence on imported machinery, equipment and vehicles; this group accounts for more than 48% of imports. The same can be said about the products of the chemical industry (rubber for the most part) and food products. Although in the last group a slight decrease in dependence can be noted. There is a decrease in dependence on imports for the group of consumer goods, while at the same time there is a high dependence for the group of intermediate goods, such as semi-finished products, components for production, etc. In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the production and substitution of imported goods in agriculture, in particular in livestock farming. The main directions for developing an export-oriented import substitution policy include: implementing an effective trade policy, investing in research and development, infrastructure development, developing a qualified workforce, market diversification, export lending, and introducing environmentally sustainable practices.

Import Substitution and Parallel Imports in Various Regions of the World: Economic and Legal Analysis

Introduction. Import substitution is one of the key tasks of Russian politics and the economy of recent decades, which determines the relevance of studying this concept in other regions of the world to create the prerequisites for its most effective integration in our country. Back in 2022, parallel imports in our country began to be legalized by implementing the international principle of exclusive rights exhaustion. The purpose of the work is to analyze various regional approaches to import substitution and parallel import. Materials and Methods. The object of the study is the institutions implementing the legal regulation of import substitution and parallel imports in the Latin American, East Asian, North American and African regions, in particular the institution of exclusive rights exhaustion to trademarks, compulsory licensing, etc. in doctrinal and historical aspects. In the course of the study, an analysis of key legal acts related to the registration of import substitution policy and the legalization of parallel imports in the most representative countries of various regions of the world was carried out. The doctrines and judicial practice of some foreign countries concerning import substitution, exclusive rights exhaustion, parallel imports and compulsory licensing were studied. Results. As a result of the analysis of the import substitution policy in various regions of the world, it was concluded that it is advisable to develop in our country our own most adequate way for introducing import-substituting practices, in particular, combining tariff and non-tariff methods of protectionist influence on the economy. The domestic concept of exclusive law is currently undergoing a stage of transformation from “pro-author” to a kind of “mixed”, giving it uniqueness and identity. The national principle is legislatively enshrined in Art. 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, however, judicial and administrative, in particular customs practice, is already guided by the “pro-market” model, implementing the international principle of exhaustion, laid down in by-laws. Discussion and Conclusion. We consider it expedient to form at the level of the CIS countries and other friendly states the creation of international organizations with similar functions aimed at paternally regulating the economies of the participating countries and creating optimal conditions for the implementation of the import substitution policy. The data obtained by the authors may be of practical significance for representatives of the legal, economic, business community, practicing lawyers, teachers and entrepreneurs, as well as representatives of the lawmaking initiative.

Import substitution Impact on Growth of Production of Mineral Products and Metallurgy: shortTerm and long-Term Forecasting of basic sectors of the National Economy

The purpose of the study is to identify ways of short- and medium-term development of mineral production and metallurgy in the Russian Federation in the context of the policy of sanctions based on economic and mathematical modeling. The impact of sanctions on production in the basic sectors of the Russian economy, as well as the impact of import substitution on production in the short- and long-term is investigated. The research methodology includes panel regression with fixed effects and Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR model). The sanctions index is calculated based on a sentimental analysis of the texts of news publications. This index is based on the results of computer analysis of a set of thematic texts (evaluation of the frequency of words and phrases, correlation analysis, case analysis based on the BERT neural network). The paper demonstrates the importance of an industry-specific approach to the implementation of import substitution policy in view of its time horizon. For example, for the mineral products industry, the current import substitution policy can be considered effective in terms of the production index forecast, and for the metallurgical industry, the import substitution policy needs to be revised, since a sharp decline is expected in the short-term when the baseline scenario is implemented, and in the long-term production stabilizes without showing growth. As a result, the efficiency of the import substitution policy is considered to be completely dependent on the industry in which it is implemented. Fund intensity and other factors affecting industry cycles must be considered in order to forecast policy results. Import substitution also has a long-term positive impact.

Regional bioethanol supply chain optimization with the integration of GIS-MCDM method and quantile-based scenario analysis

This study presents a novel decision-support framework for the bioethanol supply chain network planning and management under uncertainties. Under the holistic framework, the most suitable sites for biorefineries are first screened out by adopting a GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making approach. Then, a mixed-integer linear programming model combined with quantile-based scenario analysis is developed to determine the strategic planning (i.e. locations and size of biorefineries) and tactical management (i.e. biomass purchasing, feedstock transportation, bioethanol production, and product delivery) under uncertainties. The model can effectively search for reliable solutions under uncertainties and achieve tradeoff solutions with the consideration of decision makers’ risk tolerance. The proposed framework is demonstrated through a case study in China. It is suggested to build seven biorefineries with a capacity of 100 million liters in Zhumadian city. Utilizing 41% of local agricultural residues could satisfy the bioethanol requirement in the transportation sector under the E20 policy. However, the estimated production cost of bioethanol in Zhumadian is very high, about 1.11 $/L, which makes it lose cost advantage in the fuel market. Thus, currently, effective subsidies, mandatory energy substitution policies, along other environmental regulatory measures are desired to promote the bioethanol industry development.

Развитие системы менеджмента качества в проектах на фоне глобальных трансформаций

The article highlights the main provisions of building a quality management system in projects. The aim of the study is to build a model of the quality management process in projects in the form of Petri nets, as well as to develop the author’s system of criteria for assessing the quality of the project, adequate to global changes – the reversal of supply chains from West to East and the priority of the development of own production within the framework of the import substitution policy and ensuring Russia’s technological sovereignty. The research methods were formalization and modeling, which allow reflecting the logic of the links between the processes of implementing a quality management system in projects. National standards served as a conceptual basis. As a result, a logical-information model in IDEF0 notation was built, a discrete-event model based on Petri nets was developed and functionally described, including the main stages of quality management in projects, appli-cable in the conditions of automation of production and quality control of projects, processes, results. The mod-el can be integrated into corporate information systems as an additional module. A unique set of project quality assessment indicators covering aspects of import substitution, production localization, engineering staffing, digitalization, sustainable development in the context of project stages is proposed.

Changing priorities of the quality of life in conditions of sanctions and import substitution policy

Changing priorities of the quality of life in conditions of sanctions and import substitution policy

Управление основными фондами в контексте обеспечения финансовой безопасности регионов Севера и Арктики Российской Федерации

This study explores the management of fixed assets in the context of ensuring financial security for sustainable development in the North and Arctic regions of Russia. Its findings can be used by both regional authorities and business entities to formulate effective policies for managing fixed assets. Focusing on the degree of wear as a key indicatorn of the state of fixed assets in the North and Arctic regions of Russia, the article establishes that there are both longstanding systemic issues and emerging threats to economic security in this domain. An analysis of fixed assets depreciation since 2010 shows that many of Russia’s North and Arctic regions have long been demonstrating critical depreciation values. Further examination uncovers a more complex situation than anticipated. Modern threats, such as the global challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the geopolitical tensions leading to sanctioning practices and loss of market access to technologies, add another layer of complexity. To mitigate these threats, the study recommends implementing a comprehensive fixed assets management policy, developing incentive programs for timely fixed assets modernization and renewal, and designing import substitution policies. This approach aims to unlock the financial and economic potential of Russia’s North and Arctic regions, ensuring a high level of economic security in fixed assets management.

Providing food to the population of Kazakhstan: priorities, mechanisms

Goal - the current state and problems of development of agriculture in Kazakhstan are considered - basics of providing food to the population of the republic and development of recommendations for improving agricultural policy. Methods – systematic approach, abstract-logical, monographic, economic-statistical. Results - the authors note that the Republic of Kazakhstan ranks 32nd in the Global Food Security Index for 2022. The country has sufficient natural resources to strengthen agri-food sector, and there is the necessary level of physical availability of food products. At the same time, the share of consumer spending on food products exceeds 50%, which indicates a relatively low degree of economic accessibility of food products. The republic is directly dependent on imports of beef, pork, poultry, fish, seafood, vegetable oils, sugar and chocolate. Dairy products are uncompetitive in comparison with similar Russian and Belarusian products, which leads to significant volumes of imports. Positive results of the functioning of agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan include exceeding gross grain harvest of the threshold level of food self-sufficiency. Conclusions – recommendations prepared as part of the study are aimed at further spreading agricultural cooperation in livestock and crop production, implementing the import substitution policy in agricultural sector, increasing profitability of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, improving domestic technological and resource base, and living conditions in rural areas. Improving food security will be possible if there are effective measures of support from the state for agricultural producers, which implies necessary level of subsidies, reimbursement of capital costs, preferential lending, and provision of targeted financial assistance.

Import Substitution in Circular Economy Perspective: A Study on Textile And Apparel Industry

The import substitution policy has not been effective in controlling imports of textile raw materials. This research aims to build a framework that connects the circular economy with the import substitution of textile raw materials. We carried out a synthesis based on literature studies and in-depth interviews with government representatives and the textile and apparel (TTA) industry. A circular economy can be an instrument for import substitution by producing recycled materials from waste from residues along the TTA value chain. Recycled products include fiber and yarn (secondary raw materials), which are mixed with primary raw materials to produce sheet cloth, which can be an import substitute. Two potential benefits can be achieved simultaneously, namely controlling imports because the demand for recycled materials can be met by domestic industry and export opportunities because of the positive trend in recycled material demand. The results of this research recommend collaboration between stakeholders who are members of the TTA circular value chain. This research contributes to policymakers and decision-makers, especially in terms of controlling imports and adopting a transition to a circular economy.