Substitution Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Spontaneous and enzymatic fermentation of rapeseed cake for broiler nutrition

The present study evaluated effects of fermentation with or without enzymes (phytase, pectinase and β-glucanase) on the nutritional quality of rapeseed cake (RSC). The impact on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers as a consequence of substituting soybean meal (SBM) in the diet with fermented RSC was also investigated. A standard maize-wheat-SBM diet was used as the control (CON). Second experimental diet was produced using untreated RSC (NR; 150 g/kg) as a substitute for SBM. Third and fourth diets were produced using RSC that had been fermented either without (SFR; 321.8 g/kg) or with (EFR; 312.8 g/kg) enzymes. For these two diets, the same diet formulations as NR diets were used. However, since DM content of the fermented products was considerably lower than untreated RSC (355 and 345 vs. 928 g/kg), the inclusion rate of the fermented products in the EFR and SFR diets were adjusted to have the same amount of rapeseed cake DM in the SFR and EFR diets as it was included in the NR diets. A fifth diet (NRE) was produced using 150 g/kg untreated RSC and in-feed inclusion of the same enzymes (at the same inclusion level) as present in the EFR diet. Performance variables were recorded and the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of crude protein, fat, amino acids, Ca and P was determined at the end of the trial (d 35). Data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure. Fermentation of RSC with enzymes effectively reduced its phytate and insoluble-NSP content, but in the absence of enzymes, fermentation had only a moderate effect on reducing insoluble-NSP concentration. The dietary treatments had no impact on body weight gain or feed intake in this study (P > 0.05). At the end of the starter period (d 1–21) and entire experiment (d 1–35), feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers fed the NRE diet was lower compared with those receiving the CON or NR diet (P ≤ 0.05). At d 1–21, broilers in the EFR treatment group displayed lower FCR than those in the CON or NR group, but at d 35, birds fed the EFR diet showed lower FCR compared with those fed the NR diet (P ≤ 0.05). The experimental diets had no impact on CAID of crude protein, fat and all of the amino acids, except cysteine and glycine (P > 0.05). Birds receiving the EFR and NRE diets showed higher CAID of P compared with those fed the CON, NR or SFR diet. Birds in the NRE group showed higher CAID of Ca compared with those in the NR or SFR group, with those in the NR group presenting the lowest CAID of Ca (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, enzymatic fermentation of RSC effectively reduced its anti-nutrient content. Partial replacement of SBM with RSC in broiler diets had no negative impact on digestibility of the nutrients and growth performance of broilers. Furthermore, inclusion of enzymatically fermented RSC in broiler diets and supplementation of the diets containing untreated RSC with a mixture of phytase, pectinases and β-glucanase could improve the CAID of some of the nutrients and led to better feed efficiency for these diets.

PENGARUH TEPUNG DAUN INDIGOFERA (Indigofera zollingeriana) SEBAGAI SUBTITUSI BAHAN BAKU PAKAN MANDIRI TERHADAP LAJU PERTUMBUHAN BENIH IKAN GURAME (Osphronemus gouramy)

The high price of feed raw materials, especially protein sources, causes high commercial feed prices. One effort that can be done to reduce feed costs is to make independent feed by utilizing local forage-based raw materials such as Indigofera leaf flour (I. zollingeriana). The nutritional value of Indigofera leaf flour consists of 28.59% crude protein; crude fiber 8.96%, fat 4.12%, ash 9.33% and water content 9.25%. The purpose of this activity was to determine the effect of indigofera leaf meal (I. zollingeriana) as a substitute for independent feed ingredients on the growth rate of carp (O. gouramy) fry. The combination of treatments in a completely randomized design included: A (Without Indigofera); B (Indigofera Flour Substitutes for Fish Meal and Soybean Meal, 20% each); C (Indigofera Flour Substitute Soybean Meal 40%); D (Indigofera Flour 40% Fish Meal Substitute). Parameters observed for 60 days with sampling intervals every 10 days are Growth Rate, Feed Efficiency and Fish Survival. Data analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA), if the results were significantly different, further tests were carried out using Duncan's test or DMRT. The use of Indigofera leaf flour by 40%, as a substitute for 20% fish meal and 20% soybean meal in treatment B, gave the best growth effect between treatments, with a growth rate of 4.78%, with feed efficiency 39.54% and sustainability. Live 92.22%. The growth rate of treatment B was not significantly different from treatment A (4.59 %), but very significantly different from treatment C (3.55%) and D (3.79 %). Independent feeds with various formulations of feed ingredients, such as fish meal, soybean meal and indigofera flour, are better because they are thought to contain more complex nutrients. Survival between treatments was not significantly different, where the F-count was smaller than the F-table or (P<0.01 or P<0.05). This means that indigofera leaves can be used as a substitute for fish meal or soybean meal and do not contain certain toxins.

Effects of replacing soybean meal protein with cottonseed protein concentrate on the growth condition and intestinal health of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )

With the development of processing technology, cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) has been widely used as a new protein source to replace fish meal in aquaculture. But whether CPC can replace soybean meal still needs investigation. A ten-week experiment was designed to evaluate the impact of replacing soybean meal (SBM) protein with CPC at different levels (CPC0 [0%], CPC15 [15%], CPC30 [30%], CPC45 [45%], CPC75 [75%] and CPC100 [100%]) on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The results showed that 45% or higher CPC substitution significantly retarded the growth performance. Increased intestinal permeability was found in the CPC75 and CPC100 treatments. To investigate whether the residual gossypol is account for the intestinal dysfunction, an 8-week feeding trial including a control diet (CON), a control diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg gossypol (ML) and 300 mg/kg gossypol (MH) treatments, was conducted. The results showed that the transepithelial resistance (TER) was significantly decreased in MH treatment. In conclusion, the replacement of 30% SBM protein by CPC can be used for Nile tilapia's dietary needs, while 45% or higher CPC substitution of SBM influenced the intestinal health and growth condition of Nile tilapia.

514 Late-Breaking: Effects of Feeding a High Canola Meal-containing Diet and Multi-carbohydrase Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Ecology of Piglets

Abstract The objective was to investigate the effects of a high canola meal-containing diet and multi-carbohydrase supplementation on growth performance and intestinal pH, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile, and microbiome in weaned piglets. Twenty-four piglets (7.46 ± 0.23 kg BW) were individually assigned to 1 of 3 diets in a completely randomized design. Diets were fed for 21 d: SB, corn and soybean meal-based diet; CM, 25% canola meal substituting soybean meal and adjusted to meet energy and nutrient requirements of piglets (NRC, 2012); and CM+E, CM supplemented with multi-carbohydrase (0.01%). Feed disappearance and BW were recorded weekly. On d 21, piglets were euthanized to assess digesta pH, SCFA profile, and gut microbiome. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using the piglet as the experimental unit. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in growth performance and digesta pH. Piglets fed CM+E tended to (P = 0.051) or had significantly lower (P < 0.05) butyric acid in the cecum than piglets fed CM and SB, respectively. Piglets fed SB had higher (P < 0.05) isobutyric acid in the colon than piglets fed CM+E. Piglets fed SB and CM tended to have higher (P < 0.05) isovaleric acid in the colon than piglets fed CM+E. Piglets fed SB tended to have lower (P < 0.10) proportion of Bifidobacteria, and had lower (P < 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus than piglets fed CM. Piglets fed CM+E tended to have lower (P < 0.10) Bifidobacteria and higher Clostridium XIVa than piglets fed CM, and had lower (P < 0.05) Enterococcus, but higher (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus than piglets fed CM. In conclusion, feeding 25% of canola meal in substitution to soybean meal with or without multi-carbohydrase supplementation changed the intestinal environment by modifying SCFA profile and relative proportion of microbiome, but without affecting digesta pH or growth performance in nursery piglets.

Manipulation of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Feed Digestibility as Influenced by Yeast Waste-Treated Cassava Pulp Substitute Soybean Meal and Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratio

Cassava pulp (CS) is high in fiber and low in protein; hence, improving the nutritive value of CS is required to increase its contribution to enhancing ruminant production. The present work hypothesized that CS quality could be enhanced by fermentation with yeast waste (YW), which can be used to replace soybean meal (SBM), as well as lead to improved feed utilization in ruminants. Thus, evaluation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and feed digestibility, as influenced by YW-treated CS and different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios, was elucidated. The design of the experiment was a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained three replications and three runs. The first factor was replacing SBM with CS fermented with YW (CSYW) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. The second factor was R:C ratios at 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. The level of CSYW showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b), and cumulative gas production at 96 h than the control group (p < 0.05). There were no interactions among the CSYW and R:C ratio on the in vitro digestibility (p > 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the amount of CSYW to replace SBM up to 75% had no negative effect on in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD) (p > 0.05) while replacing CSWY at 100% could reduce IVNDFD (p > 0.05). The bacterial population in the rumen was reduced by 25.05% when CSYW completely replaced SBM (p < 0.05); however, 75% of CSWY in the diet did not change the bacterial population (p > 0.05). The concentration of propionate (C3) decreased upon an increase in the CSYW level, which was lowest with the replacement of SBM by CSYW up to 75%. However, various R:C ratios did not influence total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the proportion of VFAs (p > 0.05), except the concentration of C3, increased when the proportion of a concentrate diet increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, CSYW could be utilized as a partial replacement for SBM in concentrate diets up to 75% without affecting gas kinetics, ruminal parameters, or in vitro digestibility.

Physical and nutritional qualities of eggs and meats fed shrimp head meal to layer chicken

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of substitution of soybean meal of laying hens ration by shrimp head meal (SHM) on physical and nutritional quality of eggs and meats. Three hundred Hisex White laying hens were divided into five treatment groups and allocated five experimental diets included different levels of SHM. Soybean meal contents of control ration was substituted by SHM meal at the rate of 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Samples of SHM, eggs and meats were subjected to proximate analysis. Physical properties of eggs and meats were also analyzed following the standard procedures. Highest CP contents (%) of eggs were recorded to be 11.39±0.27 and 10.83±0.18 at initial and peak production periods, respectively in laying hens group fed ration substituted SBM by SHM at the rate of 25%. Significantly (p<0.001) highest value of redness (a*) of egg yolk was recorded to be 1.39 in laying hens group fed diet where SBM was completely substituted by SHM and lowest to be -3.11 in control group (no substitution) at initial production stage (18th to 20th week). Significantly (p=0.05) highest CP (%) contents of meats was found to be 19.37±0.36 in laying hens fed diets substituted SBM at the rate of 75% by SHM and lowest in complete substituted group. It can be concluded that substitution of soybean meal of laying hens ration at the rate of 25% by SHM is suitable for better egg and meat quality.
 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2021. 50 (1):12-21

Effects of high level of fermented soybean meal substitution for fish meal on the growth, enzyme activity, intestinal structure protein and immune‐related gene expression and intestinal flora in juvenile pearl gentian grouper

The present study preliminarily investigated the effects of high level of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) protein substituted for fish meal (FM) protein on the growth and intestinal homeostasis of pearl gentian grouper. Seven hundred and twenty juvenile groupers were randomly divided into three groups, including the FM control group, 20% FSBM protein substituted for FM protein group (FSBM20) and FSBM40 group (n = 4). Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were prepared and fed to fish for 10 weeks. Each barrel of cultural water is 1 m3, using natural light and temperature. Results showed that weight gain, specific growth rate, intestine plica length/width and microvilli length in FSBM groups decreased significantly (p < .05), and the lamina propria width in FSBM groups increased significantly (p < .05). The enzyme activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase in distal intestinal tissues and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase in liver tissues increased significantly with dietary FSBM addition (p < .05). The pro-inflammatory and immune-related gene expressions of IL1β, IL12, IL32 and TNF-α increased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05), while the anti-inflammatory and immune-related gene expressions of IL5, IL10, IgM, CD4 and lysozyme decreased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05). The aquaporin protein gene expressions of aqu1, aqu4 and aqu12, and the tight junction protein gene expressions of jam, claudin3, claudin12, claudin15 and ZO-3 decreased significantly (p < .05), while the gene expressions of aqu8, aqu9, aqu10 and ZO-1 increased significantly (p < .05), and the ion transport carrier gene expressions of nkcc and clc decreased significantly (p < .05). 16S high-throughput sequencing showed that at the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05), while that of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria increased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05). At the genus level, the top 10 species were Photobacterium, Stenotrophlomonas, Vibrio, Phyllobacterium, Chromohalobacter, etc. The abundance of Photobacterium in FSBM40 group decreased significantly (p < .05), while that of other species increased significantly (p < .05). High level of FSBM substituted for FM resulted in a significant decrease in the functional abundance of aerobic_chemoheterotrophy and chemoheterotrophy in FSBM40 group (p < .05), while animal_parasites_or_symbiont abundance increased significantly in FSBM40 group (p < .05). Present study showed that experimental level of FSBM had a significantly negative effect on the growth performance, intestinal mucosa structure and intestinal flora composition in pearl gentian grouper.

Effect of replacing dietary soybean meal with pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed cake on growth, feed utilization, haematological parameters and fatty acid composition of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 63-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with pumpkin seed cake (PSC) as an alternative feed ingredient on growth performance, feed utilization, haematological parameters and the fatty acid profile of carp fingerlings. Four experimental diets were designed in which 0% (Control), 33% (PSC33), 66% (PSC66) and 100% (PSC100) SBM protein were replaced by an equivalent percentage of PSC protein. The fish (average weight of 16.24 g) were randomly distributed to 12 tanks in a recirculating aquaculture system and fed twice daily to satiation during the experimental period. The fish fed the PSC diets had better growth and feed utilization parameters compared to those of the control. The FW, WG, SGR and FCR in PSC66 were significantly higher than those in the control, while the haematological parameters were not affected by substitution of SBM with PSC. Serum total protein, albumin, albumin globulin ratio, glucose, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were similar among the treatments, whereas cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased with increasing PSC inclusion. The SFA, MUFA and n-3 PUFA content of fish muscle were not affected by the treatments. Additionally, linoleic acid, n-6 PUFA and the PUFA/SFA ratio in the control were significantly higher than those in the PSC100 treatment, but no significant differences were observed between the control and treatments PSC33 and PSC66. The results of this study indicate that dietary PSC can totally replace SBM without a negative impact on the growth and health status of carp.

SUBSTITUTION OF SOYBEAN MEAL WITH LOCAL PRODUCED LEGUME FORAGES IN EWES RATIONS

Nutrition of intensive sheep farming in Greece is based mainly on feeding forages and concentrates in the stable, while grazing is provided in a low extend. Feeding cost is the major cost factor and from the protein supplementation side is based on alfalfa hay and soybean meal. The aim of the study was to investigate the substitution of soybean meal with local produced legumes forages. Thirty ewes of the “Karagouniko” breed were split in three groups of ten animals each. In the first group (control group), nutrition was based on alfalfa hay and soybean meal. In the second group, alfalfa hay and soybean meal were entirely substituted with vetch hay. In the third group, alfalfa hay was completely substituted with peas hay and the soybean meal inclusion was increased. Body weight was measured in the beginning and at the end of the trial period. Feed consumption and milk production were recorded daily and milk quality was analyzed weekly. No significant differences were found for all the parameters mentioned. Substitution of imported soybean meal with locally produced legumes is possible and will be an advantage in the differentiation of Greek sheep milk. The economic analysis showed that in farm, the cultivation of vetch and pea hay is more preferable than alfalfa.

GOATS FED DETOXIFIED CASTOR CAKE IN DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES: II. NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS, HEPATIC AND RENAL

Evaluated the influence of the substitution of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC) on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, nitrogen balance and function hepatic and renal of goats fed with diets containing DCC by alkaline solutions in confinement regime during different stages of biological development (growth, pregnancy and lactation). The treatments consisted of three diets, a formulated with corn and soybean meal (SM) and the others were formulated with detoxified castor cake by calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 DCC) and another composed by detoxified castor by DCC of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In relation to the biological stages, we observed higher intakes of DM and all the nutrients by goats during lactation, representing up to 4% of body weight. In relation to renal and hepatic parameters showed that there was interaction between the diets and biological stages on the levels of total proteins, direct bilirubin, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase. In a general way, the goats fed with both castor cake, regardless of the stage evaluated had higher levels. The detoxified castor cake by alkaline solutions in replacement of soybean meal proved to be a viable alternative in the feeding of goats in the three-stage biological, because it does not affect the functionality of the liver and kidney function and the nitrogen balance, in spite of the diets formulated with detoxified castor by sodium hydroxide decrease the intake of dry matter and nutrients.

Diet supplementation with canola meal improves milk production, reduces enteric methane emissions, and shifts nitrogen excretion from urine to feces in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of isonitrogenous substitution of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) with solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) on enteric CH4 production, ruminal fermentation characteristics (including protozoa), digestion (in situ and apparent total-tract digestibility), N excretion, and milk production of dairy cows. For this purpose, 16 lactating Holstein cows, of which 12 were ruminally cannulated, were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (35-d periods; 14-d adaptation). The cows averaged (mean ± SD) 116 ± 23 d in milk, 692 ± 60 kg of body weight, and 47.5 ± 4.9 kg/d of milk production. The experimental treatments were control diet (no CM; 0%CM) and diets supplemented [dry matter (DM) basis] with 7.9% CM (8%CM), 15.8% CM (16%CM), or 23.7% CM (24%CM) on a DM basis. The forage:concentrate ratio was 52:48 (DM basis) and was similar among the experimental diets. Canola meal was included in the diet at the expense of SBM and soybean hulls, whereas the percentages of the other diet ingredients were the same. Intake of DM increased linearly, whereas apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) declined linearly as CM inclusion in the diet increased. Total volatile fatty acids concentration and butyrate molar proportion decreased linearly, whereas molar proportion of propionate increased linearly, and that of acetate was unaffected by CM inclusion in the diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was not affected by inclusion of CM in the diet. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield increased linearly (up to 2.2 kg/d) with increasing CM percentage in the diet, whereas milk production efficiency averaged 1.63 kg of ECM/kg of DM intake and was unaffected by CM inclusion in the diet. Daily CH4 production decreased linearly with increasing CM percentage in the diet (489, 475, 463, and 461 g/d for 0%CM, 8%CM, 16%CM and 24%CM diets, respectively). As a consequence, CH4 emission intensity (g of CH4/kg of ECM) also declined linearly by up to 10% as the amount of CM increased in the diet. Methane production also decreased linearly when expressed relative to GE intake (5.7, 5.2, 5.1, and 4.9% for 0%CM, 8%CM, 16%CM and 24%CM diet, respectively). Quantity of manure N excretion was not affected by replacing SBM with CM; however, N excretion shifted from urine to feces as dietary percentage of CM increased, suggesting reduced potential for N volatilization. Results from this study show that replacing SBM with CM as a protein source in dairy cow diets reduced enteric CH4 emissions (g/d, % of GE intake, and adjusted for milk production) and increased milk production. The study indicates that CM can successfully, partially or fully, replace SBM in lactating dairy cow diets, with positive effects on animal productivity and the environment (i.e., less enteric CH4 emission and urinary N excreted). We conclude that compared with SBM, inclusion of CM meal in dairy cow diets can play a key role in reducing the environmental footprint of milk production.

Productive evaluation of dairy cows fed with urea protected by protein nanoparticle in partial replacement of soybean meal

The objective of this study was to evaluate productive and metabolic responses of dairy cows fed a diet with urea protected by protein nanoparticles. The experimental design was a crossover with three groups of 15 cows each and three periods of 21 days. In each period the animals were fed one of the isonitrogenated and isocaloric diets: SM = without substitution of soybean meal; CU = substitution of soybean meal by 0.52% conventional urea; PU = soybean meal substituted by 0.59% urea protected by nanoparticles. The yield and composition of milk, the blood and urine biochemical parameters, as well the allantoin:creatinine ratio as a predictor of microbial protein absorption were measured. No significant differences were found (p &gt;0.05) in milk yield and composition, in urinary biochemistry and in allantoin:creatinine ratio. The average values of plasma ureic nitrogen (PUN) in mg.dL-1 after the morning feeding did not differ significantly (p &gt;0.05) in the CU (20.65) and PU (20.25), but both were higher (p &lt;0.05) when compared to SM (19.52). Inclusions of 0.59% urea protected by nanoparticles do not affect the productive performance of dairy cows. The similar values of PUN between the treatments CU and PU suggest that the behavior of the release and the absorption of ammonia in the rumen is similar between these two types of urea which were evaluated, but the use of ground corn is important to reach these results.

Amino acid composition and protein quality of native chicken meat fed green feed

Amino acid composition can be used to determine protein quality, by comparing with reference amino acid values. This research was conducted with the aim to evaluate and study the composition of amino acids and protein quality of native chicken meat by giving Indigofera zollingeriana powder (IP) and turmeric phytobiotics (TP) as green feed. Treatment ration study: R0 = control ration (research ration without green feed; Treatment R1 = substitution of 10% protein of soybean meal with IP + 2.5% TP; Treatment R2 = substitution 15% of soybean meal protein with IP + 2.5% TP, treatment R3 = substitution of 20% protein of soybean meal with IP + 2.5% TP. The variables observed were amino acids composition and protein quality of native chicken meat. The raw material for rations was prepared according to the needs of native chicken with iso-protein and iso-energy. The study used 160 native chickens which were divided into 4 treatments and 5 replications using a completely randomized design (CRD). Chemical scores were 78.91%, 76.39%, 82.66% and 82.66% for the treatment of R0, R1, R2 and R3 respectively, and amino acid scores increased along with the increase in substitution of soybean meal with indigofera powder protein be respectively 98.29%; 97.78%; 102.59% and 107.85%. It concluded that substituting 20% soybean meal protein with indigofera powder protein and added 2.5% turmeric phytobiotic gives a better chemical score and amino acid score.

The effect of soybean meal substitution with Indigofera leaves and turmeric on carcass weight of Indonesian native chickens

This study aims to determine the effect of substitution of soybean meal with Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) leaf flour (ILF) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) flour on the carcass weight of the native chickens. A total of 80 8-weeks-old Indonesian native chicken were fed 4 types of a ration containing ILF and turmeric flour to substitute soybean meal based on the completely randomized design with 5 replication. The formulated ration consisted of basal feed (R0), 10% of ILF and 2.5% turmeric flour (R1), 15% ILF and 2.5% turmeric flour (R2), 20% ILF and 2.5% turmeric flour (R3), respectively. At the end of the experiment, 2 chicken sample from each group were selected and slaughtered for further carcass characteristics measurement. Partial carcass percentages of the chest, thigh, and back were not affected by the substitution of soybean meal with ILF and turmeric flour in the ration, however, wing percentage was significantly higher in the group of chicken fed 15% of ILF and 2.5% turmeric flour (R2) compared to other groups.

The effect of soybean meal substitution with Indigofera zollingeriana and addition of turmeric as phythobiotic on performance of native chicken

The feed well is that protein content is high enough to meet the needs and improve endurance of chickens. This research aims to determine the effect of giving Indigofera zollingeriana with a combination of turmeric flour at different treatment levels in substituting soybean meal usage on performance, protein and fiber consumption of chicken grower phase. This research was conducted from July to September 2020 at the Poultry Production Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. Using 80 grower phase native chickens. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications R0 (control feed), R1 (basal feed + 10% flour Indigofera zollingeriana + 2.5% turmeric flour), R2 (basal feed + 15% flour Indigofera zollingeriana + 2.5% turmeric flour), R3 (basal feed + 20% flour Indigofera zollingeriana + 2.5% turmeric flour). Data using analysis analysis of variant (ANOVA) with Response Test. The results of this research showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) on feed consumption, body weight gain, crude fiber consumption and crude protein consumption and showed not significant differences (P > 0.05) in feed conversion ratio. The mean of feed consumption was 297.89-421.13 g/day. The mean of body weight gain was 88.43-187.18 g/ bird. The mean of feed conversion is 2.65-4.46. The mean of consumption of crude protein was 15.26-23.70 g/bird/day. The mean of consumption of crude fiber is 2.30-4.21 g/bird/day. This research concluded that the R1 treatment (basal feed + 10% flour Indigofera zollingeriana + 2.5% turmeric flour) was the most efficient in optimizing performance, consumption of crude protein and crude fiber in the treated feed.

The effect of soybean meal substitution with Indigofera zollingeriana leaves and turmeric as phytobiotics in digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber of native chickens

Consumer demand for native chicken meat is increasing every year. The availability of protein feed ingredients for poultry is still a major problem, especially for soybean meal which is currently still filled with imports, so that the price of soybean meal is expensive which indirectly increases production costs. One of the feed ingredients that have the potential as a source of protein feed ingredients is the shoot leaves of Indigofera sp, namely Indigofera zollingeriana. This plant is very good as a source of forage for poultry. Apart from paying attention to the nutritional content of the feed given, one of the factors that must be considered is the use of herbal ingredients such as turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.). The active substance content possessed by turmeric is curcumin and essential oils which function as colagoga (can increase bile secretion) to increase appetite which in turn will increase life weight. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The research treatment arrangement was as follows R0: Control feed (without the addition of indigofera leaf shoots and turmeric), R1: 10% ILS substituted soybean meal (protein = 2.82%) + 2.5% phytobiotic turmeric, R2: 15% ILS substitute soybean meal (protein = 4.23%) + 2.5% phytobiotics of turmeric, R3: 20% ILS substitutes soybean meal (protein = 5.64%) + 2.5% phytobiotics of turmeric. The parameters observed were digestibility of crude protein and digestibility of crude fiber. The results showed that the substitution of soybean meal protein with indigofera zollingeriana shoot flour at different levels and the addition of turmeric had no significant effect on crude protein digestibility and crude fiber digestibility (P> 0.05). The average value of protein digestibility was 45.75% -63.25% and the fiber digestibility was 31.37% -51.08%. This study concluded that 10% Indigofera zollineriana shoot flour substituted soybean meal and 2.5% turmeric phytobiotics provided the effective digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in native chickens.

Effect of Graded Substitution of Soybean Meal by Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal on Animal Performance, Apparent Ileal Digestibility, Gut Histology and Microbial Metabolites of Broilers.

Simple SummarySoybean meal (SBM) constitutes the major protein source in European poultry production, meaning a high dependency on imports and a reduced sustainability of produced meat. To cope with this challenge, alternative protein sources are needed, and insects are considered as a novel, alternative protein source in broiler nutrition. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the replacement of 15 or 30% of crude protein (CP) from SBM with Hermetia illucens (HI) defatted larvae meal CP regarding broiler performance, carcass traits, apparent ileal CP and amino acid (AA) digestibility, intestinal morphology, and microbial metabolites. The data showed impaired performance and lower ileal CP and AA digestibility with 30% substitution of CP from SBM with HI larvae meal CP. However, lower substitution, i.e., 15% substitution of SBM CP with HI larvae meal, for broiler feeds seems possible without impairment in animal performance and digestion variables and should be pursued in the future.The usage of insects as an alternative protein source for broiler feeds may help to reduce the dependency on soybean meal (SBM) imports. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the replacement of 15 (SL15) or 30% (SL30) of crude protein (CP) from SBM with Hermetia illucens (HI) defatted larvae meal regarding broiler performance, carcass traits, apparent ileal digestibility, intestinal morphology, and microbial metabolites. Concerning the performance, body weight was similar for the control (CON) and SL15, but lower for SL30 during all feeding phases. In addition, average daily feed intake was higher in SL15 and SL30 compared to CON in the starter phase, but this effect vanished during grower and finisher phase. The apparent ileal digestibility decreased for CP and some amino acids with increasing HI larvae meal in the diet. No or marginal alterations were observed for the intestinal morphometry as well as cecal microbial metabolites. In conclusion, partial replacement of 15% SBM CP with HI larvae meal in broiler diets without impairing animal performance or health seems possible. The growth suppression with 30% CP substitution may be caused by reduced apparent ileal digestibility but could not be clearly associated with adverse effects of hindgut fermentation or altered gut morphology.

Effects of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, ruminal enzyme activities and growth performance of buffalo calves.

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) as a substitution for soybean meal on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen enzyme activity, blood metabolites, growth-related hormones, and growth performance of buffalo calves. Thirty buffalo calves eight to nine months of age with an average body weight of approximately 153.7 ± 0.97 kg were randomly distributed through three dietary treatments (ten calves/treatment). MLM inclusion rates were 15% (M15) and 20% (M20), replacing soybean meal by 50 and 75% in the concentrate mixture, respectively. The results indicated that, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (OM), and crude fiber (CF) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with MLM inclusion, while the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) reduced significantly (p < 0.05) with MLM addition. Dietary supplementation with MLM significantly affected (p < 0.001) rumen fermentation by reducing ruminal enzymes, ruminal ammonia-N, total protozoa, and acetate/propionate ratio and increasing acetic, propionic, and butyric acids and total volatile fatty acid concentrations (p < 0.001). Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 15% MLM significantly improved (p < 0.001) final body weight, dry matter intake of feed, daily weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, blood metabolites, and plasma insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I). It can be concluded that MLM is a multi-purpose protein supplement that provides some nutritional and therapeutic advantages when replacing 50% of soybean meal. Dietary supplementation of 15% MLM improved rumen fermentation, growth performance, blood metabolites, plasma IGF-I and mitigated ammonia and methane without any adverse effects in growing buffalo calves.

36. Substitution of soybean meal with canola meal, cottonseed cake and Vicia faba L. minor seeds and its effects on milk production and quality traits in dairy sheep

36. Substitution of soybean meal with canola meal, cottonseed cake and Vicia faba L. minor seeds and its effects on milk production and quality traits in dairy sheep

By-products of apricot processing in quail feed: Effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat physicochemical quality.

Background and Aim:The rearing of quails can have a stronger attraction for the breeders if we lower the cost prices by introducing by-products in their feed formulas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the partial substitution of soybean meal by apricot kernel cake (AKC) in the diet of quails, applied either sequentially or during all phases of rearing, on their growth performances, carcass characteristics, and meat physicochemical composition.Materials and Methods:A total of 600 one-day-old quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with equal sex ratio and weighing on average 7±0.2 g, were randomly distributed in one control group and three experimental groups, the latter being designed according to the rate of application of AKC in either sequential or non-sequential mode in different rearing phases. Each group was divided into five replicates of 30 quails, randomly distributed according to either substitution rate of soybean meal by the AKC (0%, 10%, 20%, or 30%) or farming phase.Results:The average daily gain from the 1st to 45th days (average daily gain1–45d) was found to be the highest (4.24 g/d/subject, p=0.021) for the 30% AKC-supplemented feed lot in either starter or finish incorporation (DFTAA), having an optimum final live weight of 193.4 g (p=0.028), a lowest feed conversion ratio of 3.08 (p=0.001), and a daily feed intake of 860 g (p=0.01). Carcass yield was recorded the highest (74.4%, p=0.02) with an optimum meat protein level (30.6%, p=0.024) and the lowest fat content (2.26%, p=0.001) for the same group as well.Conclusion:The partial substitution of soybean meal by AKC in the quails’ fattening feeding, during the finishing phase and for all rearing phases, led to a better growth performance, a better carcass yield, and an improved chemical composition of meat.