Substitution Of Ordinary Portland Cement Research Articles

Eco-recycled cement's effect on the microstructure and hygroscopic behaviour of compressed stabilised earth blocks

Recycled cement (RCP) retrieved from old cement waste aims to replace carbon-intensive ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in earth stabilisation, improving the mechanical performance and durability of earth construction, without significantly compromising its ecological character and thermophysical properties. This study analyses the microstructure and hygroscopic behaviour of compressed earth blocks (CEB) stabilised with RC. In addition, soil was partially replaced with construction and demolition waste (CDW) to further improve the CEB sustainability. To this end, the sorption-desorption isothermal behaviour of CEB with different soils, types and contents of stabiliser (0–10 % RCP or OPC), and varying percentage replacements of OPC with RCP (20, 50, 100 %) or soil with CDW (0, 15, 25 %) was analysed and related to their microstructure, which was characterised in terms of scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption analysis. Unstabilised and OPC CEB were considered for comparison purposes. The microstructure of CEB was refined after RCP stabilisation, which influenced their hygroscopicity and adsorption-desorption hysteresis. Depending on the clay content of the soil, stabilisation reduced or increased the hygroscopic capacity of CEB. After stabilisation, the water adsorption decreased up to 25 % in CEB with clayey soil and increased up to 22 % in CEB with sandy soil. However, the hygroscopic behaviour was not significantly affected by the type of stabiliser. The substitution of OPC with RCP increased the volume of water adsorption up to 3 %, due to its slightly finer porosity. RCP has proven to be effective as an earth stabiliser, leading to CEB with adsorption-desorption properties similar to those of OPC CEB.

Utilization of geopolymer in wood wool insulation boards: Design optimization, development and performance characteristics

This study investigates the substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with geopolymer in the production of wood wool geopolymer boards (WWGB), offering insights into manufacturing methods, design parameters, and performance characteristics. The composite formulation involves fibre pre-treatment, adjustment of precursor components, and control of activator compositions. The optimized formulation results in a lightweight composite with a density of 392 kg m−3 and porosity of 76 %, meeting prescribed minimum compressive (20 kPa) and bending strength (1700 kPa) requirements. The inclusion of natural fibres influences the optimal Na2O concentration and modulus for strength, with treated fibres recommended for higher modulus applications and improved strengths. Furthermore, it exhibits low thermal conductivity at 77 mW m−1 K−1, minimal moisture sorption, and low vapour resistance, offering a sustainable alternative in the field of insulation materials.

Flash-calcined sediments versus raw sediments: A comparative life cycle assessment of SCMs

The urgent need for reducing CO2 emissions and achieving sustainable development goals has prompted governments worldwide to adopt strategies such as Net-Zero targets for mitigating the environmental impact of various industries. Cement production, a major contributor to global emissions, has attracted significant attention due to its substantial carbon footprint. Simultaneously, the challenge of sediment disposal poses a pressing environmental concern. This study focuses on the environmental sustainability of cement and mortar production, particularly through the incorporation of dredged sediments as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). This research addresses a knowledge gap regarding the sustainability of flash calcined sediments (FCS) versus dried ground sediments (DGS) as SCMs. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), it examines their environmental performance, benefits, drawbacks, and the impact of sediment treatment. This approach sets it apart from prior research solely focused on the substitution effect of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Substituting OPC with FCS/DGS sediments at 5–30% can reduce CO2 emissions by 6.44–15.51% with respect to the 52.5 MPa equivalent cement functional performance. FCS scenarios have shown a lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) than observed in cement with DGS except at a substitution rate of 15%. The study also highlighted the influence of cement functional performance, fuel type, and flash calcination techniques on the overall environmental performance. For mortar assembly, the findings revealed that utilizing FCS for 30% substitution of OPC has more environmental saving benefits than using DGS. Cement production, as well as the leaching behavior of trace elements, significantly affect the toxicity to ecosystems and human health categories. Future research should address the full burdens of sediments and develop appropriate allocation factors to accurately assess their environmental impact, especially if their classification shifts from waste to a valuable resource. This will ensure a comprehensive evaluation with respect to their effects on marine ecosystems and navigation improvement.

Use and effect of fly ash in concrete: A literature review

Concrete production is characterized by a significant demand for energy and raw materials. The construction, maintenance, and demolition of engineering works cause excessive polluting waste that requires costly disposal. For this reason, alternative reusable materials that improve the mechanical properties of concrete, such as fly ash, are currently being investigated as an effective solution to reduce problems related to environmental impact. This paper analyzed 80 articles indexed in different databases such as ScienceDirect, IOPscience, Scielo, Ebsco, Scopus, SpringerLink, ProQuest, Dialnet, and Semanticscholar, which were not older than seven years since publication, to conduct an updated systematic review of the use, effect, and influence of fly ash on concrete. The methodologies and designs used to obtain the optimum percentages of 5, 10, and 15% were reviewed, analyzing mainly the results obtained when fly ash is used in concrete. Finally, according to the review carried out, it was concluded that fly ashes improve the mechanical and physical characteristics of concrete, and that the optimum dosage is 10% in substitution of ordinary Portland cement applied in simple concrete.

Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of a Stabilized Subgrade Type Soil under a Sustainable Approach for Construction.

This article presents an experimental study to analyze the mechanical properties of a soil stabilized with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) under a sustainable approach consisting of a significant substitution of OPC for sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to reduce the quantity of cement used in the stabilization, reaching the necessary mechanical requirements for its use as a subgrade layer. Soil specimens were elaborated with 3%, 5%, and 7% OPC as a stabilizing agent by weight of the soil. These mixtures were then partially substituted with 25%, 50%, and 75% SCBA, with these percentages being by weight of the stabilizer (OPC). Compaction, compressive strength, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the specimens. The results indicate that a 25% substitution of OPC by SCBA shows a similar performance to the mixture with only Portland cement, so a reduction in OPC use can be made. Further, with a substitution of 100% OPC by SCBA, the CBR of natural soil without stabilizers is improved.

Evaluation of As-Received Green Liquor Dregs and Biomass Ash Residues from a Pulp and Paper Industry as Raw Materials for Geopolymers

This study aimed to investigate the impact of as-received biomass fly ashes (BFA) and green liquor dregs obtained from a pulp and paper plant in Brazil as substitutes for metakaolin in geopolymeric formulations. The properties of this type of waste material vary widely between different industrial plants. This study refrains from subjecting the waste materials to any form of pretreatment, taking into account their organic matter and particle size heterogeneity, requiring extensive characterization to evaluate their influence on the compressive strength, apparent open porosity, and water absorption of the geopolymeric samples. The objective was to assess their potential for upcycling purposes as an alternative to energy-intensive materials, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and advanced ceramics. This potential arises from the ability of alkali-activated materials (AAM) to undergo curing at ambient temperatures, coupled with the possibility of compositions primarily derived from waste materials. To improve the sustainability of the products, the amorphous content of the raw material, which is more reactive than crystalline phases, was quantified and used as the base for mixture ratios. This approach aimed to reduce the requirement for alkaline activators, which have significant environmental impacts, while also increasing the waste content in the formulation. The incorporation of waste materials into the geopolymer matrix generally led to a reduction in the compressive strength compared to the benchmark metakaolin sample (19.4 MPa) but did not present a trend. The dregs led to values of 4.1 MPa at 25 wt% and 7.1 MPa at 50 wt%, a behavior that is somewhat counterintuitive, and BFA at 10 wt% presented 5.7 MPa. Nevertheless, the apparent open porosity remained at high levels for all the samples, close to 50%, and the compressive strength of most of them was over the values obtained for the metakaolin-only samples with mixture ratios calculated from the total composition instead of the amorphous composition. The decrease in strength and the increase in porosity were attributed to the specific characteristics of the waste materials, such as their high crystallinity, presence of organic matter, heterogeneous particle composition, and size. Overall, this study provides insight into the variations in geopolymerization based on the bulk and amorphous content of the aluminosilicate sources and how the characteristics of the waste materials influence the geopolymer matrix. It also highlights how calculating mixture ratios based on the amorphous composition improves the possibility of waste valorization through alkali activation. Additionally, it suggests that BFA and dregs might be effectively utilized in applications other than OPC substitution, such as adsorption, filtration, and catalysis.

A case study for tailored formulation of geopolymers aided by annular displacement simulations

The substitution of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by geopolymer materials for sealing oil and gas wells has the potential to reduce the associated carbon footprint and provide more flexibility and durability at downhole conditions compared to OPC. However, geopolymer materials have chemical incompatibilities when mixed with those drilling muds commonly used. Thus, careful use of spacers is needed. In this work, we present a case study that explores the process of designing compatible spacers for sealing a wellbore with a geopolymer. To ensure negligible mud-geopolymer contamination, the spacer design is backed-up by the results of 2D-gap averaged simulations of annular displacements. Simulation results are post-processed into maps of displacement efficiency for the cementing operation. The results show a broad operating window of eccentricities, density, and rheology for an effective spacer design, i.e. producing near-perfect displacement of the bulk fluids. While qualitatively the results conform to best practices (high standoff, positive density, and rheology hierarchies), the use of simulation allows for quantitative prediction. This highlights the benefits of using 2D flow simulations, in particular reducing the risk of deployment of new materials.

The Role of High Carbon Additives on Physical–Mechanical Characteristics and Microstructure of Cement-Based Composites

Traditional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have been proven to reduce the negative impact of Portland cement production on the environment. However, the availability of SCMs becomes limited due to their extensive usage. For this reason, our work aimed to investigate the effect of partial substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with two different types of carbon-rich waste powders—biochar (BC) and coal dust (CD), dosed separately up to 10 wt.% of OPC, on the physical, microstructural and mechanical properties of hardened specimens. Obtained data pointed out that replacing OPC with small amounts of BC and CD (not exceeding 5.0 wt.% and 2.5% wt.%, respectively) initiated an increment in mechanical strengths due to a decrease in total open porosity and enhanced formation of hydration products of such composites compared with the reference. Overall, both examined alternatives, if added in appropriate amounts, have the perspective to be effectively applied in cement manufacturing and concrete production, and thus to importantly contribute to the long-term sustainability of the construction industry in view of energy savings, reduced releasing of the greenhouse gasses and mitigating of global climate changes.

Development of Sustainable Engineered Cementitious Composites by Incorporating Local Recycled Fine Aggregate.

In this study, sustainable engineered cementitious composites (ECC) exhibiting high tensile strength as well as high tensile strain capacity were successfully developed by incorporating polyethylene (PE) fiber, local recycled fine aggregate (RFA), and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). The improvement in tensile strength and tensile ductility was attributed to the self-cementing properties of RFA as well as the pozzolanic reaction between calcined clay and cement. Carbonate aluminates were also generated owing to the reaction between calcium carbonate in limestone and the aluminates in both calcined clay and cement. The bond strength between fiber and matrix was also enhanced. At the age of 150 days, the tensile stress-strain curves of ECC containing LC3 and RFA shifted from a bilinear model to a trilinear model, and the hydrophobic PE fiber exhibited hydrophilic bonding performance when embedded in RFA-LC3-ECC matrix, which could be explained by the densified cementitious matrix as well as the refined pore structure of ECC. Moreover, the substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by LC3 resulted in energy consumption and equivalent CO2 emission reduction ratios of 13.61% and 30.34%, respectively, when the replacement ratio of LC3 is 35%. Therefore, PE fiber-reinforced RFA-LC3-ECC demonstrates excellent mechanical performance as well as considerable environmental benefits.

Effect of utilizing peanut husk ash on the properties of ultra-high strength concrete

Cement production is classified as a highly contaminating process in recent decades, and numerous efforts have been accomplished to reduce cement used in construction for more sustainability. Cement complementary materials make an ecological impact on its manufacturing, in which the cement production cost can be reduced. In this investigation, peanut husk ash (PHA), as a newly abundant agro-industrial waste ash, was used as a substitution for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC). PHA was heat-treated at various temperatures of 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C and utilized with substitution rates of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%. In addition, recycled granite was utilized as a coarse aggregate in UHSC. Thirteen mixes were prepared and tested to examine the fresh, mechanical, physical, and microstructure characteristics of the proposed UHSC. Concrete slump, compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, bond strength, modulus of elasticity, and water permeability were the measurements in this study. In addition, microstructure characteristics were obtained through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The acquired outcomes revealed that utilizing 5% PHA as a partial substitution of OPC achieved high mechanical characteristics, and the optimal temperature for treating the peanut husk ash was 600 °C. The results of this experimental investigation can contribute well to illustrating the effect of utilizing PHA as a novel agricultural waste ash in UHSC to achieve significant financial benefits and a favorable ecological impact.

3D printing of limestone-calcined clay cement: A review of its potential implementation in the construction industry

The rapid development in 3D printing applications requires exploring a sustainable printable mixture to decrease the environmental impact induced by the existing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) mixtures and enable 3D printing technology to reach its peak efficiency. The high-volume substitution of OPC with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is of significant interest as a promising solution for developing low-carbon feedstock for 3D printing. Yet, those materials share the problem of limited availability. The combination of limestone and calcined clay could be a promising alternative, offering various benefits, including replacing OPC in high ratios. This paper reviews 3D printable limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) mixtures, compositions, and chemical behaviour. The effect of different sand-to-binder ratios, additives content, OPC replacement levels, clay grade and calcination, and admixtures on the fresh, hardened and printing properties of the 3D printed mixtures are critically discussed. The environmental impact and production cost of the LC3 system compared to OPC and other systems are also critically evaluated along with the applications, future directions and research gaps in this field. The findings of this review show that 3D printed LC3 has a similar hardened performance and better microstructure than OPC system. Moreover, cast LC3 system has 30–50% lower environmental impacts depending on the replacement level and better economic feasibility than OPC. Therefore, making it a suitable feedstock for the innovative manufacturing technology of 3D printing.

Strength characteristics of concrete using waste materials

In today's construction world, sustainability is a widely acknowledged idea. The construction industry is innovating in terms of technology and materials utilized as construction costs have risen and harmed the environment. In the present study, a balanced approach was used to have sustainable construction materials. The study involves using ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and coconut fibre (CF) to improve the concrete’s strength characteristics. The partial substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with GGBS and CF was investigated. The strength characteristics of concrete i.e., compressive, and tensile strength were measured by having a proportion (1.75%) of CF and the impact of GGBS with varied proportions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 90%). The study reveals that cement when partially replaced with GGBS at 75% and CF at 1.75% improved the strength characteristics of concrete to 11.38% and 15.26%, respectively. The current study presents the various experimentation details and analyzed observations to have an effective conclusion about the utilization of natural fibre in concrete.

Wood waste ash Re-Use. Mechanical performance and durability for mortars

Wood waste ashes from a thermal biomass heating plant were used as a supplementary cementitious material in partial substitution of ordinary Portland cement. The ashes undergone a chemical analysis with respect to their heavy metal content. They exhibited values below the required legislation limits and could be used for the tests. Mechanical and durability tests were carried out on mortars specimens with the addition of wood waste ashes to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in percentages of 5, 15, and 30%. The strength properties of mortar mixtures increased with age due to pozzolanic actions. This was observed with the 5–15% WWA addition. The OPC reference blend with 5% WWA in substitution of cement exhibited the best data and a satisfactory durability. The values obtained were similar or below the required limits for the resistance as compared to the mortars prepared with the reference Portland cement.

Green Pervious Concrete Containing Diatomaceous Earth as Supplementary Cementitous Materials for Pavement Applications.

Portland cement porous concrete (PCPC) has received immense interest recently due to its environmental aids. Its porous structure helps to reduce the water runoff amount while improving the recharge of groundwater. Earlier studies have concentrated on illustrating and knowing the functional as well as structural properties of PCPC. However, very few studies are available on PCPC in combination with natural silica sources as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Most SCMs are by-products of industrial manufacturing processes and cause some environmental concerns, but with their pozzolanic effect, they could be utilized as partial substitute materials for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to enhance the strength as well as durability performance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of diatomaceous earth (DE) as a supplementary cementitious material for partial substitution of OPC for Portland cement porous concrete application. Compression strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength tests were performed to determine the effect of partial replacement. To investigate the impact of test variables, basic tests, including void content and water permeability, were also performed. Compared to the control concrete, the results show that a 15% replacement of cement with DE significantly increased the compressive strength (by 53%) while also providing adequate porosity and better water permeability. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) and regression analysis showed that there is a significant (p < 0.05) growth within the physical characteristics of concrete upon the replacement of cement by 15% DE. Collectively, the replacement of cement with DE could not only improve the concrete strength but also reduce the consumption of cement, thereby lessening the cost of construction as well as indirectly reducing the carbon footprint.

The effects of silica fume and diatomaceous earth on the mechanochemical activation and pozzolanic activity of kaolin

In this study, the mechanochemical activation of kaolin was combined with the addition of two different pozzolanic substances (silica fume or diatomaceous earth) to modify the structure and pozzolanic activity of kaolinite. The mixtures of kaolin and pozzolanic substances, in mass ratios of 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, were co-ground for the activation. It was performed by high-energy dry grinding to obtain completely (100%) and incompletely (~90%) amorphized kaolinite phases, which were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, as well as by the determination of the specific surface area and particle-size distribution. To characterize the pozzolanic reactivity, the compressive strength of mortar specimens were studied, in which 10% of ordinary Portland cement was replaced by mechanochemically activated materials.The addition of silica fume or diatomaceous earth reduced significantly the required grinding time and energy of the complete and partial amorphization of kaolinite. The accelerated amorphization of kaolinite can be attributed to the action of amorphous silica or hydrous silica grains as grinding bodies. The effect of these amorphous silica grains on the mechanochemical amorphization of kaolinite was found practically the same as that of the crystalline quartz grains. The partial substitution of ordinary Portland cement by the mechanochemically activated materials increased the compressive strength of the mortar specimens due to the higher pozzolanic reactivity caused by the enlarged reactive silica and alumina content. The resulting strength data also demonstrated that the incomplete (~90%) amorphization of co-ground kaolinite, as compared to the complete amorphization, is more favorable to efficiently produce pozzolanic cement substitute materials with a high reactivity due to the high amount of amorphous kaolinite and the relatively weak interaction of particles.

Preliminary Assessment on Durability of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete with CSA Cement

Concrete industry produces a great environmental impact. The total, or partial, substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement could be a possible solution, due to its lower production temperature and thus lower CO2 emission. Therefore, there is an essential need to assess the durability properties of concrete produced with CSA cement. In this work a preliminary study on durability of high performance fiber reinforced concretes produced with CSA cement in total or partial substitution of OPC, also with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), was performed. Compressive strength and electrical resistivity of the different concrete mixes and electrochemical tests to evaluate corrosion condition of the embedded steel fibers, were assessed. The results show that substitution of OPC with CSA cement improves the mechanical properties of concrete but promotes corrosion of the steel fibers, affecting the durability of this material.

Ductility and cracking behavior of reinforced coconut shell concrete beams incorporated with coconut shell ash

Coconut shell concrete beams containing coconut shell ash are a feasible alternative to traditional reinforced concrete beams in structural applications. Coconut shells in reinforced concrete beams are essential in earthquake-prone areas because of their ductility properties, which contribute to enhancing earthquake resistance. This research investigates the flexure, ductility, shear, and cracking behavior of reinforced concrete beams made from the incorporation of a minimum quantity of untreated coconut shell particles (CSP) at 5% substitution of coarse aggregate (CA) modified with coconut shell ash (CSA) at 10% substitution of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Two beams were evaluated for flexural, strain, ductility, and cracking behavior. In contrast, the other two were evaluated for flexural, shear, strain, ductility, and cracking behavior by repositioning the loading point to the distance of 200 mm close to the support. In comparison to control beams evaluated for flexural, shear, strain, ductility, and cracking behavior, the ductility ratio of concrete beams with 10% CSA and 5% CSP improved by 8.8%. The ductile improvement was observed with a 17.3% decrease in flexural load. The shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with 10% CSA and 5% CSP improved compared to the reference literature in the study. Finally, it was discovered that combining 10% CSA and 5% CSP in reinforced concrete beams can improve ductility without significantly reducing ultimate failure load.

Hydration characteristics and microstructure evolution of concrete with blended binders from LCD and OLED wastes

The use of pozzolanic waste materials as partial cement replacement is customary in contemporary concretes from the sustainability perspective. In this study, glass wastes from organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and liquid crystal display (LCD) were used waste as supplementary cementing material (SCM) in concrete. For the first time, detailed microstructural and hydration attributes have been studied for such blended concretes. Concretes with 10%, 20%, and 30% substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by OLED and LCD glass powders were developed. The resulting mechanical properties, hydration attributes, and microstructural features were studied at various ages, up to one year. Superior mechanical properties were shown after 28-day age for blended concretes; however, much profound improvement in compressive and flexural strength was observed at 1-year age. The enhanced mechanical properties of modified concretes are attributed to greater pozzolanic activity and secondary hydrates formation of OLED and LCD glass powders in alkaline cementitious matrix. Greater C-S-H gel formation, lower permeability, and more refined microstructure of the blended concrete were corroborated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Rietveld quantitative phase analysis (RQPA), backscattered electron image analysis (BSE), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). 20 wt% has been found as the optimal value of cement replacement by either LCD or OLED powder. The results clearly indicate LCD and OLED can be successfully used as SCM for developing concrete with improved properties.

Effect of Bacillus Sphaericus Bacteria on the Calcined Clay Incorporated Cement Concrete

The partial substitution of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with Supplementary Cementitious Materials is the most efficient way to reduce CO2 emissions in the worldwide cement production business (SCMs). Calcined clay can be considered one of the successful CO2 emission reduction techniques to achieve this. Calcined clay is used as an SCM in this study to replace cement to varied degrees in the pro-portions of 10%, 15%, and 20%. The self-healing capabilities of concrete are also investigated using calcined clay and Bacillus Sphaericus bacteria with a bacterial population of 108 cells/ml. Samples were evaluated for water absorption and compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively. When bacteria-embedded concrete is used in place of some calcined clay, the compressive strength of the concrete is raised by 21 percent, 24 percent, and 25 percent at 28 days. The bacteria in the calcined clay reduce the concrete's porosity and boost its compressive strength as a result, making concrete building more efficient and cost-effective.

Application of a harmonized life cycle assessment method for supplementary cementitious materials in structural concrete

Substitution of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash and slag, can reduce energy consumption, thus a consequent depletion in carbon footprint. While there are some methods available for assessing sustainability, most studies considered only one or two aspects. Due to a lack of integration and uncertainty analysis, it is difficult for decision-makers to integrate possible mechanical, environmental, economic, and social measures for concrete selection. Therefore, this study performs regression analysis and Monte Carlo simulations on mechanical properties of concrete with different mix proportions of SCMs. The probabilistic distribution of uncertainty analysis shows concrete strength has a higher association with cement mix (r > 0.8) than slag (r = 0.77) and fly ash (r = 0.63) mixes. Harmonized method of life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) has been presented to categorize impacts from short-term to long-term perspectives in terms of human health damage (DALY), ecosystem damage (species.year), and resource availability ($) to take care of both environmental and social aspects. Single objective Pareto analysis determines cement's optimum replacement can happen with 20% fly ash and 30% slag. A total reduction of 2745 megatons CO2 and monetary savings of 209 billion dollars is feasible by replacing 50% of the produced cement globally (4.1 gigatons) with SCMs, which can be rewarded for human health and ecological recoveries.