Medicinal Substances Research Articles

<문둥이 처녀 거둔 남자>에 나타난 활인(活人)의 양상과 전승 인식

This paper examines the aspects of “saving lives” (활인) and the perception of transmission among narrators in the folktale The Man Who Took in the Leper Maiden. The tale revolves around a female character, abandoned by her family due to leprosy, who encounters a man and his family on the road. Thanks to their care, she is eventually brought back to health. In this tale, the aspects of “saving lives” are analyzed from the following two aspects: “treating her as a human” and “providing practical care.” First, “treating her as a human” involves the male character approaching the leper maiden, who was abandoned even by her family, without hesitation. He engages her in conversation, walks alongside her, and sleeps with her. He treats her not as a leper but as a human being. Although the male character might not have intended it, his actions—accepting the “leper body,” which was shunned and isolated—instilled in the female character a strong desire for life. Meanwhile, “providing practical care” includes all the actions that helped the maiden survive, recover from her illness, and regain normalcy. This ranged from taking the homeless maiden into their home and providing her with meals and medicinal food. The narrative especially focuses on the “process of obtaining medicinal substances” by the male character, while the care activities of the female character are not elaborately described, except in versions narrated by female narrators. The maiden's recovery from her illness is depicted as “shedding her skin,” symbolizing her “social rebirth.” She re-enters the community, regains her lost position, unveils her hidden abilities, and restores her status as a social being. This type of tale can vary, depending on the sex and individual characteristics of the narrators, revealing diverse perceptions of the leper and the issue of accepting and embracing them. Female narrators particularly emphasize the care activities of the female character, portraying them prominently in the narrative. By directly expressing the voice of the leper maiden regarding the care provided by the wife, they also highlight the “emotional bond formed through the caregiving relationship.” The female narrator’s tendency to depict such narratives can be interpreted as a reflection of her experiential perception that considers women as primary caregivers. Meanwhile, some narratives depict the relationships between male family members and the maiden as “reciprocal relationships” and “family relationships.” This variation is a reflection of the narrator’s ethical burden to accept the leprous maiden under the premise of “human compassion and duty.”

STUDYING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CERAMIC MEMBRANES IN FILTERING PHARMACEUTICALS

This study assessed the effectiveness of ceramic membranes in removing drugs from water. The effectiveness was assessed by filtration of model solutions with the addition of sulfamethoxazole and aspirin at a concentration of 3 mg/l. The study of drug concentrations was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed 100% and 99.48% removal of aspirin and sulfamethoxazole from the solution, respectively. When filtering model solutions with the addition of medicinal substances, a decrease in the flow of solutions was observed over time and amounted to 19 l/m2-h for sulfamethoxazole and 30 l/m2-h for aspirin, respectively. Overall, the results obtained indicate that ceramic membranes have the potential to purify water from medicinal contaminants.

Synthesis and In-silico Docking Analysis of 2-Phenylindolizine Acetamide Scaffolds: Potent Anticancer and Antibacterial Ta

Background: Although several specialized methods for treating various cancers have been developed, clinical outcomes for patients with colon cancer have shown unfavorable effects in addition to chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Therefore, finding medicinal substances with minimal to no side effects is crucial in the fight against cancer. Further, this study underscores the significance of 2-phenylindolizine acetamide due to the diverse biological features and the extensive application of this moiety as an effective anticancer and antibacterial drug. Objective: The goal of the study was to investigate novel, prospective 2-phenylindolizines as anticancer and antibacterial drugs. Methods: The synthesized compounds were characterized by different spectral analyses like 1 H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetics in-silico studies were performed to predict the drug performance in the body using the SwissADME kit. The molecular docking was performed to check the catalytic binding site between the Topoisomerase-IV from S. pneumoniae and synthesized compounds. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, and the compounds were screened for in vitro anticancer activity using an MTT assay with doxorubicin as a reference. Results: Interestingly, 2-phenylindolizine scaffolds 7c, 7f, and 7g revealed a remarkable antibacterial activity against relevant organisms S. aureus, E. coli, S. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. The target compounds 7e and 7h showed excellent anticancer activity against Colo-205 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with IC50 values of 68.62, 62.91, 54.23, and 46.34 µM, respectively. Compounds 7a, 7f, and 7c exhibited the highest hydrogen bonding amino acid interactions Asp83 (2.23 Å), Asp83 (2.08 Å), His74 (2.05 Å), His76 (1.71 Å), and Ser80 (1.05 Å) with active site of Topoisomerase-IV from S. pneumoniae (4KPE). Conclusion: This research focused on recent advances in drug design and development, as well as Phenylindolizine derivatives and how they work on anticancer and antibacterial sites of action.

Clinical experience of application Holoplant®-Tau for biliary lesions

Biliary diseases refer to the widespread in medical practice. In the absence of primary organic changes in the biliary tract, choledynamic disturbances have a functional nature. However, they usually become the starting point for the progression of pathological processes: metabolic and inflammatory changes in the wall of the gallbladder, onset of biliary sludge and gallstone disease. Holoplant®‑Tau (Propharma Plant, Ukraine) is one of the remedies that make it possible to restore and support the functions of liver, biliary tract and gall bladder. This is a unique hepatocomplex containing artichoke leaf extract 200 mg, angelica root extract 50 mg, ursodeoxycholic acid 100 mg, taurine 100 mg. Owing to the potential of each component, this composition enables achievement of greater effects than the use of large doses of individual medicinal substances. The paper considers therapeutic possibilities of the Holoplant®‑Tau hepatocomplex using clinical examples of patients’ management. The first case concerns hepatic abdominal syndrome; the second presents steatotic liver disease with accompanying chronic cholecystitis with biliary sludge and gastroduodenal pathology. The authors outlined data, that make it possible to confirm the diagnosis and to administer treatment with an assessment of its effectiveness and recommendations to the patients. For each clinical case, the causes and mechanisms of the development of these conditions have been analyzed in detail, and further prognosis was given. It has been concluded that the use of the hepatocomplex Holoplant®‑Tau in biliary disorders is expedient due to its multifaceted effects on the key pathogenetic links of the formation of the group of these diseases and high therapeutic efficiency.

Antiviral Potential of Marine Bacteria Polysaccharides

Intensive population interactions between components of plankton and virioplankton of the World Ocean have formed ancient and, at the same time, versatile mechanisms for protecting marine bacteria and archaea from the effects of ocean viruses on them. One of such mechanisms is exopolysaccharides, which are secreted by marine prokaryotes to interact with surface proteins of viral particles and prevent the binding of viral peplomers to receptors of potential target cells. Therefore, antiviral drugs with a wide spectrum of actions, exhibiting also the ability to modulate intercellular interactions, are found in large numbers among exopolysaccharides of marine bacteria. The review analyzes the modern views on exopolysaccharides of marine bacteria, their antiviral potential, and antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity. A brief description of the structural, physical, and chemical properties of such compounds is given and the main mechanisms of antiviral activity of the best-known representatives of this class of organic polymers are disclosed. Exopolysaccharides of marine bacteria are shown to be a promising and extremely rich source of antiviral medicinal substances.

Comparative In Vitro and In Silico Analyses of Phytochemicals From Butea monosperma for Wound-Healing Potential in Human Cells.

Aim The objective of this study is to investigate the phytochemicals present in Butea monosperma and assess their potential for healing wounds using a computational comparative method. Materials and methods The phytochemical substances derived from B. monosperma were examined using a phytochemical test, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The chemical structures of these substances were investigated in silico using computational techniques to predict their wound-healing capacity. The molecular docking tests evaluate the binding strengths of the phytochemicals to specific proteins that play a major role in wound-healing mechanisms. The pharmacokinetic features of the substances were evaluated by analyzing their ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) profiles. Results The computer analysis found several phytochemicals from B. monosperma that bind strongly to the proteins for wound healing: compounds such as hexanoic acid, 2,7-dimethyloct-7-en-5-yn-4-yl ester, 1,3,5-pentanetriol, 3-methyl-, and 2-butyne-1,4-diol. The ADMET analysis indicated favorable pharmacokinetic properties for the majority of the identified compounds, with low predicted toxicity. Conclusion Based on thein silico analysis, the phytochemicals in B. monosperma possess significant potential for use in wound-healing applications. These findings required additional in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm the effectiveness and safety of these drugs for improving wound healing. This study emphasizes the potential of B. monosperma as a source of innovative medicinal substances for wound care.

Advances in Research Methods of Pharmacodynamic Substances in Traditional Chinese Medicines and Their Application in the Teaching of Traditional Chinese Medicine Analysis

With the continuous progress of science and technology, the research methods of pharmacodynamic substances in traditional Chinese medicine are developing, and the application of these methods in teaching is becoming more and more extensive. By introducing these research methods into the classroom, teachers can help students to deeply understand the nature and mechanism of action of pharmacodynamic substances in traditional Chinese medicine, and improve their interest in and knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine. This paper introduces the definition of pharmacodynamic substances in traditional Chinese medicine, research methods, and their application in the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine analysis.

Current Aspects of Nanotechnology Based Healing Approaches for Diabetic Wounds

Abstract: Diabetic wounds represent a significant clinical challenge due to their chronic nature, slow healing rates, and susceptibility to infections, often leading to severe complications. Nanotechnology plays a transforming role in advancing diabetic wound repair therapies. The field of nanotechnology has shown great promise in the medical field in recent years, offering precise tools and materials at the nanoscale to address the complexities of diabetic wound management. The latest breakthroughs in nanomaterial design and fabrication showcase nanoparticles, nanofibers, and hydrogels tailored to enhance tissue regeneration, promote angiogenesis, and modulate the wound microenvironment. These engineered materials serve as versatile systems for the regulated release of cytokines and antimicrobial agents, offering a multifaceted approach to diabetic wound healing. Nanotechnology enables the growth of smart medication delivery technologies with accurate targeting and sustained delivery of medicinal substances right to the location of the wound. Prolonged injuries in hyperglycemic patients are particularly prone to infections, leading to prolonged healing times and increased morbidity. Some of the nanoscale antimicrobial agents, such as nanozyme-chitosan-derived hydrogel, silver nanoparticles, and antimicrobial peptides that exhibit potent bactericidal properties, reduce the risk of infections and associated complications. Nanosensors and advanced imaging techniques enable real-time monitoring of wound healing progress. These tools provide clinicians with valuable insights into tissue viability, inflammation levels, and treatment efficacy, facilitating timely adjustments to therapeutic regimens. This is an inclusive overview of the current state of nanotechnology for the treatment of diabetic wounds, offering insights into the promise and challenges of this innovative approach, by harnessing the unique properties of nanoscale materials and technologies.

Evaluation of comparative chemical profiling and bioactivities of medicinal and non-medicinal parts of Ampelopsis delavayana

Ampelopsis delavayana, a distinctive Yi medicine, utilized the roots as an essential medicinal substance for trauma treatment of the “Yunnan Hong Yao”. A. delavayana, however, cannot be cultivated artificially presently, and it has been described with a phenomenon of mixed utilization of roots and stems, impeding pharmaceutical quality control. In response to resource scarcity and standardization issues, the research comprehensively compares the material basis and efficacy of medicinal (roots) and non-medicinal (stems) parts by using chemical profiling and pharmacological methodologies. Chemical disparity between two parts was compared by TLC and HPLC. Analgesia and anti-inflammatory capabilities of both parts were comprehensively evaluated through acetic acid writhing test, hot plate test, and xylene-induced mouse ear swelling test. Additionally, all the extracts were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activities by monitoring regulation of the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IgE in ear tissue. Consequently, the findings of TLC and HPLC revealed substantial similarity in the material basis of the medicinal and non-medicinal parts of A. delavayana, and pharmacological activities of anti-inflammatory and analgesic between two parts were consistent. Different extracts remarkably reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IgE, demonstrating no discernible differences. Collectively, the comprehensive exploitation indicated that the medicinal and non-medicinal parts of A. delavayana exhibited identical chemical profiling and bioactivities, providing a theoretical rationale and scientific evidence for using stems as a therapeutic part, thereby holding considerable potential for ameliorating the current status of its medicinal reserves.

Prediction of Protein-Drug Interactions, Pharmacophore Modeling, and Toxicokinetics of Novel Leads for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment.

Small heterocyclic compounds have been crucial in pioneering advances in type 2 diabetes treatment. There has been a dramatic increase in the pharmacological development of novel heterocyclic derivatives aimed at stimulating the activation of Glucokinase (GK). A pharmaceutical intervention for diabetes is increasingly targeting GK as a legitimate target. Diabetes type 2 compromises Glucokinase's function, an enzyme vital for maintaining the balance of blood glucose levels. Medicinal substances strategically positioned to improve type 2 diabetes management are used to stimulate the GK enzyme using heterocyclic derivatives. The research endeavor aimed to craft novel compounds, drawing inspiration from the inherent coumarin nucleus found in nature. The goal was to evoke the activity of the glucokinase enzyme, offering a tailored approach to mitigate the undesired side effects typically associated with conventional therapies employed in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Coumarin, sourced from nature's embrace, unfolds as a potent and naturally derived ally in the quest for innovative antidiabetic interventions. Coumarin was extracted from a variety of botanical origins, including Artemisia keiskeana, Mallotus resinosus, Jatropha integerrima, Ferula tingitana, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Phebalium clavatum, and Mammea siamensis. This inclusive evaluation was conducted on Muybridge's digital database containing 53,000 hit compounds. The presence of the coumarin nucleus was found in 100 compounds, that were selected from this extensive repository. Utilizing Auto Dock Vina 1.5.6 and ChemBioDraw Ultra, structures generated through this process underwent docking analysis. Furthermore, these compounds were accurately predicted online log P using the Swiss ADME algorithm. A predictive analysis was conducted using PKCSM software on the primary compounds to assess potential toxicity. Using Auto Dock Vina 1.5.6, 100 coumarin derivatives were assessed for docking. Glucokinase (GK) binding was significantly enhanced by most of these compounds. Based on superior binding characteristics compared with Dorzagliatin (standard GKA) and MRK (co-crystallized ligand), the top eight molecules were identified. After further evaluation through ADMET analysis of these eight promising candidates, it was confirmed that they met the Lipinski rule of five and their pharmacokinetic profile was enhanced. The highest binding affinity was demonstrated by APV16 at -10.6 kcal/mol. A comparison between the APV16, Dorzagliatin and MRK in terms of toxicity predictions using PKCSM indicated that the former exhibited less skin sensitization, AMES toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Glucokinase is most potently activated by 100 of the compound leads in the database of 53,000 compounds that contain the coumarin nucleus. APV12, with its high binding affinity, favorable ADMET (adjusted drug metabolic equivalents), minimal toxicity, and favorable pharmacokinetic profile warrants consideration for progress to in vitro testing. Nevertheless, to uncover potential therapeutic implications, particularly in the context of type 2 diabetes, thorough investigations and in-vivo evaluations are necessary for benchmarking before therapeutic use, especially experiments involving the STZ diabetic rat model.

Is Camphor the Future in Supporting Therapy for Skin Infections?

The aim of this review is to present the potential application of camphor-a bicyclic monoterpene ketone-in the prevention of skin infections. Skin diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by prolonged symptoms that significantly diminish the quality of life. They affect the dermis, the epidermis, and even subcutaneous tissue. They very often have a bacterial or fungal background. Therapy for dermatological skin disorders is difficult and long-term. Therefore, it is important to find a compound, preferably of natural origin, that (i) prevents the initiation of this infection and (ii) supports the skin's repair process. Based on its documented anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-acne, anesthetic, strengthening, and warming properties, camphor can be used as a preventative measure in dermatological infectious diseases and as a component in medical and cosmetic products. This work discusses the structure and physicochemical properties of camphor, its occurrence, and methods of obtaining it from natural sources as well as through chemical synthesis. The use of camphor in industrial preparations is also presented. Additionally, after a detailed review of the literature, the metabolism of camphor, its interactions with other medicinal substances, and its antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi involved in skin diseases are discussed with regard to their resistance.

Interaction problems of drugs and food in older patients. Short Review

The interaction between drugs and food in the body of older patients is an important therapeutic problem. As a result of this interaction, both the assimilation of food by the patient's body and the effectiveness and safety of drug therapy can change. Older patients may develop several complications and adverse reactions that change the underlying disease course against the background of age-related metabolic and functional disorders that change both the drugs' pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and the metabolism of food substances. Considering the compatibility mechanisms of medicinal substances with certain food products, compliance with appropriate food regimes is a necessary condition for the effectiveness and drug therapy safety for older patients. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: older patients; drugs; food; therapeutic problem; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics

Current state of research in the field of buccal dosage forms and possibility of using dipyridamole as a subbuccal gel (Review article)

Buccal route of drug administration (from Latin «bucca» — the cheek) is the introduction of drugs into the body through the mucous membrane of the inner side of the cheek. The oral mucosa, including the cheeks, has a high absorption capacity. In this case, the absorbed drug substance enters directly into the systemic bloodstream, bypassing the liver, which ensures the rapid development of the effect with high bioavailability of the drug. To hold the medicine on the buccal mucosa, special dosage forms are used, i.e. cheek plates with the medicinal substance. Purpose of the work: to summarize the available literature data on buccal dosage forms and the possibilities of their use. Materials and methods. We conducted a literature review of scientific papers over the last 20 years in the resources of the PubMed and eLIBRARY search engines using the key words below. For this meta-analysis, we used articles that provided evidence on the most current issues related to buccal dosage forms. Results. It has been established that the buccal route of administration is promising and has undeniable advantages. The list of available drugs included in this dosage form is limited. The introduction of dipyridamole into a subbuccal gel is a promising way to expand the range of dosage forms (DF) of dipyridamole, represented only by film-coated tablets and a suspension for oral administration (Rosemont Pharmaceuticals Ltd, UK). Conclusion. The result of the research has been the establishment of prospects for expanding the range of dosage forms through the development of a subbuccal gel with dipyridamole.

EVALUATION OF CEPHALOSPORIN’S LIPOPHILIC PROPERTIES

As a part of the study, a comparative analysis of different generations three representative’s lipophilic properties of cephalosporin antibiotics, namely cefazolin, cefotaxime and cefepime, was carried out. Lipophilicity is a very important physicochemical property of medicinal substances, since it determines their ability to pass through protective barriers, distribute, accumulate in tissues and body fluids, be broken down and excreted, which, in turn, affects the manifestation of antibacterial activity and the cytotoxic effect of antibiotics. During the experiment, a series of drugs aqueous solutions were prepared, then the antibiotics were extracted with highly purified olive oil, after which the aqueous phase was taken and the osmolality value for it was determined. Based on the calibration dependences of the osmolality value on the concentration of the antibiotic in the aqueous phase after extraction, the logarithms of the distribution coefficients in the «oil/water» system were calculated, which is a numerical indicator of the lipophilicity of substances. Using the capabilities of the online platform «Molinspiration Cheminformatics Software», the theoretical values of the studied drugs distribution coefficients logarithms were also determined, and the theoretical values correlated with the experimental ones. Based on the data obtained, it was revealed that the studied antibiotics have low lipophilicity, which decreases in the order: cefotaxime > cefazolin > cefepime. The work also assessed the relationship between solution pH and lipophilic properties. Pearson's r-coefficients between pH and antibiotic concentrations in oil after extraction of cefotaxime and cefazolin show a weak inverse relationship between the studied parameters. For cefepime solutions, a similar linear correlation coefficient demonstrates a direct high relationship between the pH of the solution and the lipophilicity of the antibiotic. The results of the study can be taken into account during antibiotic therapy with appropriate cephalosporins, as well as when creating a new generation of antibiotics. For citation: Kataeva N.N., Naronova N.A., Golitsyna K.O., Belokonova N.A., Shulepova K.E. Evaluation of cephalosporin’s lipophilic properties. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 7. P. 55-62. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.7018.

Herbs in Malay Traditional Medicine: Analysis of Perception, Knowledge and Practice among Generation Z

The Malay community considers herbs to be essential components of their daily life, using them as food ingredients and much more so for medicinal purposes. But it was discovered that only the elderly continued to utilise and believe in the benefits of this herb, while generation Z was the opposite. Allowing this condition to persist will undoubtedly affect the image and identity of Malays. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the types and meanings of herbal plants used in Malay traditional medicine as well as to analyse the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of the herb among Generation Z. This study is conducted through library research method to obtain information about the types and meanings of herbal plants; semi-structured interview with 40 respondents, comprising 10 traditional medicine practitioners and 30 generation Z. Findings have found that Malay people use herbal plants as medicines in three situations: as food ingredients, as external medicinal substances, and as juice or drinking medicine. Generation Z, on the other hand, was found to be the majority not only have no belief that herbal plants may cure illness, but also found to lack awareness and knowledge about their meanings, types and uses. Findings also show that generation Z lacks interest and motivation to learn about herbal plants in addition to experiencing popular culture syndrome in their chosen dietary practices. It is hoped that this study will be able to provide value to herbal plants which are increasingly being overlooked by the younger generation thus broaden the knowledge and awareness of the community so that they continue to appreciate and preserve herbal plants as an element of Malay traditional medicine across the ages.

Multi-wall carbon Nanotube surface-based functional nanoparticles for stimuli-responsive dual pharmaceutical compound delivery

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the potential to serve as delivery systems for medicinal substances and gene treatments, particularly in cancer treatment. Co-delivery of curcumin (CUR) and Methotrexate (MTX) has shown promise in cancer treatment, as it uses fewer drugs and has fewer side effects. This study used MTX-conjugated albumin (BSA)-based nanoparticles (BSA-MTX) to enhance and assess the efficiency of CUR. In-vitro cytotoxicity tests, DLS, TEM, FTIR, UV/Vis, SEM, and DSC studies assessed the formulations' physical and chemical properties. The Proteinase K enzyme was used to severe amidic linkages between MTX and BSA. The findings demonstrated the efficacy of using ƒ-MWCNT-CUR-BSA-MTX as a vehicle for efficient co-delivery of CUR and MTX in cancer treatment. The MTT colorimetric method was used to evaluate the effect of chemical and medicinal compounds. Cell division was studied using the MTT method to investigate the effect of pure MWCNT, pure CUR, MTX-BSA, and ƒ-MWCNT-CUR-MTX-BSA. Studies on cell lines have shown that the combination of curcumin and MTX with CNT can increase and improve the effectiveness of both drugs against cancer. A combination of drugs curcumin and methotrexate simultaneously had a synergistic effect on MCF-7 cells, which indicated that these drugs could potentially be used as a strategy for both prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Also, ƒ-MWCNT-CUR-MTX-BSA was found to have a significant effect on cancer treatment with minimal toxicity compared to pure curcumin, pure MTX-BSA, MTX, and ƒ-MWCNT alone. Unique properties such as a high ratio of specific surface area to volume, high chemical stability, chemical adsorption ability, high capacity of drug and biomolecules of carbon nanotubes, as well as multiple drug loading at the same time The combination of ƒ-MWCNT-CUR-BSA MTX significantly impacts cancer therapy), are desirable as an alternative option for targeted drug delivery and high therapeutic efficiency.

A small review on recent advances in transdermal drug delivery system

Transdermal drug delivery devices (TDDS), often known as "patches," are dosage forms designed to transfer a therapeutically effective amount of medicine over a patient's skin. Transdermal distribution establishes one of the most important channels for a revolutionary medication delivery method. Transdermal drug delivery has various advantages over traditional delivery methods, such as oral and injection; however, its efficacy is restricted. Transdermal administration traditionally entails pushing a patch containing a medicinal substance onto the skin, which is both convenient and painless, as well as therapeutic first-pass metabolism. It can deliver medications through the skin portal to systemic circulation at a predefined rate while maintaining therapeutically efficacious concentrations for an extended period of time. Around 74% of medications are taken orally, and one has been discovered to be less effective than expected.In this present review article, it covers a brief outline of various recent approaches in their development for transdermal patches.

Structural annotation of unknown molecules in a miniaturized mass spectrometer based on a transformer enabled fragment tree method

Structural annotation of small molecules in tandem mass spectrometry has always been a central challenge in mass spectrometry analysis, especially using a miniaturized mass spectrometer for on-site testing. Here, we propose the Transformer enabled Fragment Tree (TeFT) method, which combines various types of fragmentation tree models and a deep learning Transformer module. It is aimed to generate the specific structure of molecules de novo solely from mass spectrometry spectra. The evaluation results on different open-source databases indicated that the proposed model achieved remarkable results in that the majority of molecular structures of compounds in the test can be successfully recognized. Also, the TeFT has been validated on a miniaturized mass spectrometer with low-resolution spectra for 16 flavonoid alcohols, achieving complete structure prediction for 8 substances. Finally, TeFT confirmed the structure of the compound contained in a Chinese medicine substance called the Anweiyang capsule. These results indicate that the TeFT method is suitable for annotating fragmentation peaks with clear fragmentation rules, particularly when applied to on-site mass spectrometry with lower mass resolution.

Biopolymer-Based Hydrogel Incorporated with Naproxen Sodium and Lidocaine Hydrochloride for Controlled Drug Delivery.

Sodium hyaluronate (HA) is a natural polysaccharide. This biopolymer occurs in many tissues of living organisms. The regenerating, nourishing, and moisturizing properties as well as the rheological properties of HA enable its application in the pharmaceutical industry as a carrier of medicinal substances. The aim of this work was to assess the release of naproxen sodium (Nap) in the presence of lidocaine hydrochloride (Lid) from the biopolymer-based hydrogels and to determine the respective kinetic parameters of this process. The possible interaction between the HA polysaccharide carrier and the selected drugs was also investigated. Three hydrogels containing Nap and Lid with different concentrations of the biopolymer were prepared. The release of Nap was studied by employing USP apparatus 5. The infrared study and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of physical mixtures and dried formulations were performed. The highest amount of Nap was released from the formulation with the lowest concentration of the biopolymer. The most representative kinetic model that described the dissolution of Nap was obtained through the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. The release rate constants were in the range of 1.0 ± 0.1 × 10-2 min-n-1.7 ± 0.1 × 10-2 min-n. Lid did not influence the dissolution of Nap from the formulations tested; however, in the desiccated samples of assessed formulations, the interaction between the polysaccharide and both drugs was observed.

Exploration of pyridine-based self-assembled complexes-An overview

Pyridine is a heterocyclic aromatic compound with a six-membered ring that is essential for the design and synthesis of self-assembled complexes because of its unique electrical characteristics and intrinsic capacity to participate in various non-covalent interactions. Pyridine-based complexes have attracted much interest and are being used in modern science. They are invaluable in various industries due to their adaptability and unique qualities. These compounds function as catalysts in catalysis, quickening chemical reactions and promoting effective procedures. Additionally, they are essential to drug delivery systems because they guarantee the precise and regulated release of medicinal substances, improving treatment outcomes and lowering adverse effects. They are also helpful in biomedical imaging and used as contrast agents to produce detailed and crisp diagnostic images. Moreover, pyridine-based compounds play a crucial role in sensing and detection applications by selectively and sensitively identifying particular molecules or ions. Their versatility and wide range of applications highlight their importance in advancing science and technology. This review provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of the synthesis methods employed in creating a diverse range of novel pyridine-based complexes.